一株多环芳烃芘降解菌的鉴定及其降解特性研究

从红树植物红海榄叶片中分离一株对芘具有较好降解作用的海洋细菌,命名为B11,并对其菌体特征、生长条件及降解效能等进行了系统研究。结果发现该菌株为革兰氏阴性菌,结合其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列比对,表明此菌株属于交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas sp.)。菌株在芘的起始浓度为100 mg/L,pH为中性或偏碱性条件下,盐度35时对芘的降解作用最强。外加碳源对B11对芘的降解效果都具有一定的抑制作用,其中水杨酸的抑制作用更为显著。综合菌株B11的生长特性和降解效能,初步认为B11菌株较适合用于降解多环芳烃芘,可用于红树植物多环芳烃生态污染的原位修复。     

海洋微生物对多环芳烃的降解

从海域沉积物中富集分离出以芘作为唯一碳源和能源的海洋微生物，以ST4富集培养的混合微生物作为研究对象；该海洋混合菌株能利用菲（Phe）、芘（Pyr)、荧蒽（Fla)等多种多环芳烃；在不同浓度的芘的降解中，当芘的浓度为50mg/dm^3时，其生长水平和降解速率最高；当芘的浓度为200mg/dm^3时，其生长受到抑制，芘几乎不能被降解。外加营养盐酵母浸出液和葡萄糖促进降解微生物的生长，提高降解速率。研究表明了海洋微生物在多环芳烃污染环境的生物修复应用前景。     

红树林生境产嗜热纤维素酶芽孢杆菌的筛选及其活性分析

本研究从红树林沉积物样品中筛选获得一株具有较高纤维素酶活性的菌株ms-2,通过革兰氏染色、生理生化试验,以及16S r DNA基因片段比对鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)ms-2。对其产酶性质进行研究表明该菌株所产纤维素酶为胞外酶而非膜锚定酶,该酶具有良好的嗜热性,且在弱酸条件下酶活性较高,最适宜温度和pH分别为65℃和6. 0,在此条件下最高酶活性为0. 655 7 U/cm3;另外,在浓度为1 mmol/dm3Cu2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Fe3+和Mn2+条件下,Cu2+对酶活性无显著影响,Mg2+、Zn2+、Fe3+和Mn2+对酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中Mn2+的抑制最为明显,酶活性下降了29. 96%。由于产业应用中酶解纤维素时通常需要在55～60℃的温度下进行,研究获得的嗜热纤维素酶不仅适合这样的温度环境,还能维持较高的酶活性水平,并且对Cu2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Fe3+较不敏感,有利于产业开发应用。     

西印度洋产纤维素酶细菌的筛选及酶学特性初步研究

本研究从西印度洋表层沉积物中筛选获得1株高抗性、稳定性好的纤维素酶高产菌株XN149，通过形态学、革兰氏染色、生理生化鉴定以及16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行分类鉴定，并研究了其酶学特性。结果表明，菌株XN149为漳州芽孢杆菌（Bacillus zhangzhouensis），具有较高的产纤维素酶能力。酶学特性研究表明，该菌株所产纤维素酶的最适反应温度为65 ℃，最佳pH为6.0，该条件下发酵48 h后粗酶液酶活力为（60.19±0.31） U/mL。在30～60 ℃及pH为5.0～8.0时酶活性稳定性较高，Fe3+、Mn2+对该酶活性有一定的促进作用，Ba2+对其酶活性具有抑制作用。综上，漳州芽孢杆菌XN149是一株高产纤维素酶菌株，所产纤维素酶具有良好的耐热性和一定的酸碱耐受性，具有潜在的产业应用开发价值。     

一株降解刺参残饵的芽孢杆菌分离、鉴定及施用效果

从刺参养殖底泥、肠道、水体中共分离纯化得到36株菌落形态不同的芽孢杆菌,研究36株菌对刺参残饵的降解效果,从中筛选了一株降解效果较好的芽孢杆菌,将其命名为B12,经形态特征、生理生化特性和16SrDNA序列相似性分析,鉴定其为巨大芽孢杆菌,菌株接种浓度为10~(5 )cfu/mL时,在18℃培养2d后,对刺参饵料培养基中的COD的降解率为43.12%,氨氮的降解率为73.13%,将菌株B12于发酵罐发酵,得到菌液在养殖池塘施用,48h后氨氮降至0.0377mg/L,净化水质效果较好。     

生防细菌K2-1对大菱鲆病原菌的抑制作用及其抗菌特性分析

为探讨生防细菌应用于水产养殖动物细菌病防治的可行性,作者从厦门市海沧港口污泥中筛选到一株蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)K2-1,利用琼脂扩散法发现其发酵上清对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)养殖常见致病菌——副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus))有较强拮抗作用。进一步分析抗菌物质的部分特性,结果显示,蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)K2-1发酵产生的抗菌物质含有蛋白(肽)类成分,该抗菌物质具有一定的耐热性,其在温度40~70℃的条件下保持较好的抑菌效果,对酸碱度也有很强的耐受力,pH在3.0~9.0范围内,活性降低少于15%,对紫外线不敏感,对胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶也不敏感,但对蛋白酶K敏感。从实验结果可以初步确定该菌具有较好的开发价值。     

饲料中添加芽孢杆菌和中草药制剂对凡纳滨对虾生长及肠道菌群的影响

研究了饲料中添加中草药和芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei生长和肠道细菌的影响.以基础饲料为对照(C),通过添加中草药和芽孢杆菌Bacillus spp.配制成4种实验饲料:0.2%中草药(M),0.20%中草药制剂+0.30%芽孢杆菌(BMI),0.10%中草药制剂+0.15%芽孢杆菌(BM2),0.30%芽孢杆菌(B).实验分成5组,分别投喂上述饲料,共进行了56d.结果表明,各组对虾的成活率95.83%-98.33%,各处理间无显著差异(P＞0.05);投喂实验饲料的各组对虾终末体重均高于对照组(C),其中BM2与C差异性显著(P＜0.05);M、BM1和BM2的增重率和特定增长率显著高于C和B;M组的对虾肠道异养菌总数和弧菌数均高于其他各组,而共同添加组BM1和BM2的异养菌和弧菌数则最少.从各组选取菌落数在50-100,分布均匀的平板,随机挑取30株细菌进行分类鉴定,结果C、M、BM1、BM2和B组细菌属数分别为11、8、6、5和7个.饲料中添加中草药和芽孢杆菌促进了对虾的生长,且共同添加的效果好于单独添加,它们的使用改变了肠道细菌的数量和组成.     

一株甲胺磷高效降解菌——巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)的分离及其分子鉴定

湘潭南天化工厂的甲胺磷废水未经处理直接排放,对湘江及下游的湖泊造成了一定的污染,利用解磷微生物去除江河湖泊中的甲胺磷污染是一条有效的途径.本文作者从被该厂甲胺磷废水污染的湖泊中分离细菌样品,以甲胺磷为唯一碳源和能源,经过定向筛选,得到一株可高效降解甲胺磷的菌株HN001.气相色谱测定结果表明,此菌株对甲胺磷的降解率在48h和96h分别为49.24%和98.20%.对其进行了常规生理生化测试,结果表明,该菌株与巨大芽孢杆菌的表型特征非常相似.为了进一步确定HN001的分类学地位,测定了其16S rRNA基因序列,分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性,构建了分子系统发生树,结果表明菌株HN001与巨大芽孢杆菌的亲缘关系最近.综合上述结果,菌株HN001可鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium).     

菲与芘在砂基培养的红树植物秋茄中的分布与可视化定位

本研究采用系列浓度盆栽试验研究多环芳烃（PAHs）菲与芘在红树植物秋茄（Kandelia obova-ta）中的迁移与分布规律,采用加速溶剂萃取（ASE）法和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）方法测定秋茄叶片和根中的多环芳烃含量,应用倒置荧光显微镜对秋茄叶片中的多环芳烃进行定位表征.结果表明：秋茄能从培养液中吸收菲和芘,并将根系吸收的菲和芘向叶片运输.秋茄体内菲和芘含量随处理时间（4、8、21 d）呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在培养8 d达到最大值.与4 d和8 d处理相比,在21d试验完成后,秋茄根与叶中的菲和芘含量显著降低,表明在红树植物体内存在明显的PAHs降解或者挥发.秋茄根系中的菲和芘含量随处理浓度提高而增高,与叶片相比,PAHs更多地在根部累积.在叶片中,菲和芘主要储存在叶片的维管束及附近的海绵组织中.     

凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘高效脱氮芽孢杆菌的分离筛选及特性研究

本研究通对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖池塘的底泥进行富集筛选,以菌株对人工海水培养基中的NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N的去除能力为依据,共筛选得到4株具有高效NH~+_4-N或NO~-_2-N去除能力的芽孢杆菌,分别命名为MP2、MP6、MP15和MP21。根据菌株的形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列和特异性序列比对分析,菌株MP2、MP6和MP15被初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumlius)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。进一步研究了不同菌株在人工海水培养基中的生长和脱氮特性,研究发现,4株菌均可同时去除人工海水培养基中的NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N,但不同菌株的脱氮特性有所差异,其中菌株MP2和MP15对人工海水培养基中的NO~-_2-N的去除能力优于对NH~+_4-N的去除能力,最高去除率分别为95.00%和100.00%,与此同时,2株菌株可分别同时去除人工海水培养基中约69.59%和54.97%的NH~+_4-N;而菌株MP6则表现出高效的NH~+_4-N去除特性,去除率高达100.00%,显著优于其对NO~-_2-N的去除率(约53.71%);菌株MP21虽能够同时去除NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N,但去除效果显著低于上述3株菌株,其对NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N的最大去除率分别为56.60%和34.80%。因此,综合菌株对NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N的去除效果,选取菌株MP2、MP6和MP15进行不同比例的配伍。对配伍后复配菌的脱氮特性研究表明,不同菌株经配伍后,通过菌株间功能互补,不仅可以高效的去除人工海水培养基中的NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N,且去除效果更加稳定和持续。本研究结果初步表明,菌株MP2、MP6和MP15不仅具有同时高效去除水体中的NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N的特性,且不同菌株通过一定比例配伍可更好的发挥脱氮特性,在水产养殖水环境调控和微生态制剂开发中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,