天津大神堂海域人工鱼礁区砂壳纤毛虫群落的季节变化

于2015年夏季、秋季和2016年春季在天津大神堂海域人工鱼礁区进行砂壳纤毛虫群落的调查。3个季节共鉴定出砂壳纤毛虫10属31种,拟铃虫属（Tintinnopsis）种类最多,夏季砂壳纤毛虫种类最多。砂壳纤毛虫丰度、生物量和群落多样性指数存在明显的季节差异。砂壳纤毛虫丰度夏季最高[（379±355）个/L],秋季最低[（173±190）个/L];生物量夏季最高[（2.74±2.82）μg C/L],秋季最低[（0.23±0.21）μg C/L]。砂壳纤毛虫壳的平均口径夏季最大[（49.64±6.90）μm],秋季最小（26.76±4.55 μm）。砂壳纤毛虫群落Shannon多样性指数夏季最高（2.025±0.574）,春季最低（0.922±0.437）;Pielou均匀度指数秋季最高（0.682±0.276）,春季最低（0.448±0.266）。春季鱼礁区和对照区砂壳纤毛虫优势种存在差异,夏季和秋季鱼礁区和对照区砂壳纤毛虫优势种相同;3个季节鱼礁区第Ⅰ优势种的优势度均明显高于对照区。3个季节鱼礁区砂壳纤毛虫丰度和生物量均高于对照区,这可能是由于投礁后砂壳纤毛虫的适口饵料——nano-浮游植物丰度增加导致;3个季节鱼礁区Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均低于对照区,可能是因为本次调查是在投礁1~2 a后开展的,时间较短,鱼礁区砂壳纤毛虫群落尚不稳定,鱼礁区独特生态系统的变化尚需更长的时间来进行跟踪监测。     

桑沟湾浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量分布的季节变化

于2011年4、8、10月及2012年1月对桑沟湾进行了浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的季节调查。纤毛虫的平均丰度为(7 552±10 979)个/L,范围为408~61 667个/L;纤毛虫的平均生物量(以碳计)为(4.79±5.77)μg/L,范围为0.35~33.09 μg/L。无壳纤毛虫丰度和生物量主要分布在湾内,湾中和湾外丰度相对较低;砂壳纤毛虫丰度和生物量在盐度较高的海区总体较高,呈现朝向外海分布的趋势。纤毛虫丰度和生物量的高值区春季主要出现在湾的西北,夏季向湾中部迁移,秋季主要出现在湾的西南,冬季主要出现在湾的西部,高值区随季节大致呈顺时针迁移的趋势。纤毛虫的丰度春季最高,冬季最低;生物量夏季最高,冬季最低。无壳纤毛虫夏季粒级较大,冬季粒级较小;砂壳纤毛虫壳的平均口径夏季较大,秋季较小。共鉴定出砂壳纤毛虫8属27种,其中拟铃虫属(Tintinnopsis)种数最多。砂壳纤毛虫在纤毛虫总丰度中的比例平均为16.3%±21.9%,夏季最高(36.3%±27.8%),冬季最低(4.9%±5.9%)。纤毛虫丰度与温度、盐度、Chl a浓度及微微型真核浮游生物丰度均没有明显的相关性,但与蓝细菌及异养细菌丰度呈显著的正相关关系。     

2009年夏季北部湾浮游纤毛虫的丰度和生物量

报道了2009年夏季北部湾A、B两个断面浮游纤毛虫的丰度和生物量。纤毛虫的平均丰度为521±369个·L-1,平均生物量(以碳为单位)为0.63±0.54μg·L-1。表层纤毛虫丰度和生物量的水平分布格局基本一致,高值主要位于湾的北部近岸、西南部近岸及湾中部A5站。两个断面纤毛虫丰度和生物量的垂直分布特点不同,纤毛虫在A断面水体中的垂直分布较均匀,在B断面主要分布在15m层以浅。共鉴定出砂壳纤毛虫13属20种,其中较为优势的种类为原始筒壳虫Tintinnidium primitivum、薄壳真铃虫Eutintinnus tenuis、三亚条纹虫Rhabdonella sanyahensis、未定种砂壳纤毛虫和斯氏拟铃虫Tintinnopsis schotti,且表现出不同的水平分布和垂直分布规律。     

南海北部大型砂壳纤毛虫的水平分布

2007年10月在南海北部设置13个断面(82个站位), 调查大型网采(孔径76 mm)砂壳纤毛虫的丰度、生物量和种丰富度.调查发现砂壳纤毛虫7属, 22种, 南海新纪录7种;其中Tintinnopsis(拟铃虫)最多, 共10种, Codonellopsis(类铃虫)次之, 共6种.砂壳纤毛虫总丰度为0-41 768ind·m-3, 平均为(2 851±7 244)ind·m-3, 生物量为0-609.92mg·m-3(以碳含量计算,下同),平均为(42.75±110.80)mg·m-3;76.83%站位的砂壳纤毛虫丰度低于 1 000ind·m-3.砂壳纤毛虫生物量与丰度分布的总体趋势为近岸高且站位间差异大, 远洋低且站位间差异小.所采集种类集中分布于雷州半岛以东的近岸浅水区, 此区水文状况为高温低盐, 高叶绿素a浓度(Chl a);不同种的分布规律不同, 多呈斑块状分布.各站位种的丰富度为0-12, 水平分布呈现近岸高远岸低的规律;砂壳纤毛虫的丰度、生物量以及种丰富度与Chl a浓度均为正相关关系;Tintinnopsis schotti和Tintinnopsis radix为优势种.     

热带西太平洋浮游纤毛虫的垂直分布

于2014年12月至2015年1月在热带西太平洋沿台湾南部到雅浦海山一个断面和雅浦海山海区研究了浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的垂直分布。浮游纤毛虫丰度变化范围为0—635ind./L,生物量范围为0—1.53μg C/L,丰度和生物量高值分布于200m以浅,其中,砂壳纤毛虫丰度为0—45ind./L,占总纤毛虫丰度的比例在0—14.62%之间。浮游纤毛虫丰度垂直分布均呈现"双峰型"模式:在表层和叶绿素极大值层(DCM)出现高值。共鉴定出砂壳纤毛虫33属76种。雅浦海山海区优势种为纤弱细瓮虫、卢氏真铃虫、管状真铃虫、膨大波膜虫,西太平洋海区优势种为纤弱细瓮虫、海勒斯真铃虫、酒杯类管虫、尖锐号角虫。有些种类分布在100m以浅,有的种类分布在100m以深,说明砂壳纤毛虫在100m水深左右种类发生变化。     

冬季黄、东海一断面表层砂壳纤毛虫群落

于2012年11月18日至12月21日,在黄、东海沿从南向北(26~36°N)一个断面24个站采样调查了表层(4 m)砂壳纤毛虫群落。共发现砂壳纤毛虫17属,32种。各站砂壳纤毛虫种丰富度为2~15种,砂壳纤毛虫总丰度为2 478~88 550个/m3。整个断面优势种为筒状拟铃虫、白领细壳虫、小领细壳虫和钝囊坎虫。巴西拟铃虫仅出现在青岛近岸(24号站),但丰度很高(10 960个/m3)。砂壳纤毛虫种类多样性从南向北降低,从近岸向远岸增加,黏着壳的比例在近岸水浅处较多,在水深大于50 m的站位,透明壳所占比例大大增加。不同种类的砂壳纤毛虫有着不同的分布区域,根据分布区域的不同,可分为南方种,北方种和广布种等。聚类分析结果显示,调查区的砂壳纤毛虫可以分为3个群落。     

夏季南海北部沙壳纤毛虫种类组成及空间分布

2007年8月夏季中国科学院南海海洋研究所南海北部开放航次期间,在北纬18°-22°,东经107°-122°范围内使用＂实验三号＂科考船进行了水体中沙壳纤毛虫的采样研究,探讨了沙壳纤毛虫的空间分布和种类组成。在36个站位中共鉴定出24属44种沙壳纤毛虫,其中优势种为长形旋口虫Helicostomella longa和根突拟铃虫Tintinnopsis radix,沙壳纤毛虫丰度变化范围为0–2200cell/L,平均丰度为221cell/L,从沿岸向外海方向,沙壳纤毛虫种类和丰度逐渐减少,其中A1站丰度最高（2200cell/L）,种类数最多（10）。夏季南海北部沙壳纤毛虫丰度与叶绿素a呈显著正相关,而与温度相关性不明显。夏季南海北部的上升流和珠江冲淡水携带的营养盐刺激了浮游植物的生长,影响着南海北部沙壳纤毛虫的种类组成和空间分布。     

春季白沙湾浮游纤毛虫群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2014年春季(4月)白沙湾海域3个功能区域(鱼类网箱养殖区、贝藻混养区、非养殖区)13个站位生物和环境的调查资料,对浮游纤毛虫的群落特征进行分析,并且探讨了影响浮游纤毛虫群落变动的主要环境因素。结果表明:共检出19种纤毛虫,隶属于6目11属;纤毛虫丰度范围为80~3740个×L~(-1),平均丰度为995.4±123.1个×L~(-1),以环毛目(Cyclotrichida)、急游目(Stombidiida)和砂壳目(Tintinnida)为主;优势种包括红色中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum)、锥形急游虫(Strombidium conicum)、百乐拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis beroidea)、球形急游虫(Strombidium globosaneum)、小拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis minuta)和锥形旋曳尾虫(Spirotontonia turbinata)。纤毛虫群落结构存在显著的空间差异,种类数及丰度呈现鱼类网箱养殖区偏低,而贝类混养区和对照区较高的特征。通过冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)多元分析发现,白沙湾浮游纤毛虫群落结构差异主要与水体营养盐水平和叶绿素a浓度有关。     

冬季和夏季南海北部浮游纤毛虫的分布特点

本文报道2009年冬季和夏季南海北部浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的水平分布和垂直分布特点。冬季和夏季纤毛虫的平均丰度分别为(486±484)ind/L和(809±1008)ind/L;平均生物量分别为(2.84±3.26)μg C/L和(1.96±3.80)μg C/L。冬季和夏季纤毛虫丰度和生物量的水平分布特点一致,呈现由近岸向远岸降低的趋势,珠江口外断面的水体平均纤毛虫丰度和生物量均明显高于海南岛东部断面,该趋势在夏季表现得更为突出。冬季和夏季纤毛虫丰度和生物量的垂直分布特点不同,冬季纤毛虫丰度和生物量在水体的次表层较高;夏季纤毛虫丰度和生物量总体上在表层或中层出现高值。夏季在珠江口外断面远岸150m水深处有一个纤毛虫丰度和生物量的高值区,这个现象在以往的研究中没有发现过。冬季砂壳纤毛虫很少检出,夏季共鉴定出砂壳纤毛虫14属22种,冬季和夏季砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例分别为1.7%和22.6%。     

夏季北极王湾海域微小型浮游动物群落特征

根据2017年8月北极斯瓦尔巴德地区王湾海域微小型浮游动物调查资料，研究了该区域微小型浮游动物的种类组成及群落特征。结果表明:王湾海域在水深10~50 m内存在一个明显温跃层，该温跃层内水温高于其他水层；不同水层盐度变化表现为从表层到底层逐渐增高的趋势，70 m以深海域的盐度基本保持稳定；微小型浮游动物包括无壳纤毛虫（Aloricate Ciliates）、砂壳纤毛虫（Tintinnida Ciliates）和甲壳类无节幼体（Crustacea Nauplii）3个类别，其中砂壳纤毛虫10种。甲壳类无节幼体和无壳纤毛虫均为微小型浮游动物的优势类群，砂壳纤毛虫中的钝笛杯虫（Ptychocylis obtusa）、挪威棘口虫（Acanthostomella norvegica）、网纹虫（Favella sp.）、百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnopsis beroidea）和白领细壳虫（Stenosemella nivalis）均为优势种类；微小型浮游动物主要集中分布在水体的中上层水域10~30 m，该海域温跃层内微小型浮游动物种类和丰度最为丰富，30 m以浅海域微小型浮游动物丰度约占整个水体微小型浮游动物丰度的54.8%，而100 m以浅海域这一比例高达93%以上，其中10 m层为最多（均值为343.3 ind./L），底层为最少（均值为50.9 ind./L）；整个调查区域微小型浮游动物的多样性指数均大于2.5，丰富度指数均大于1.2，均匀度均大于0.7，不同站位多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数波动范围不大，站位间差异不大。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.