强热带风暴"碧利斯"造成异常强降水的气候背景

利用大气环流特征量和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了强热带风暴"碧利斯"造成异常强降水的气候背景。结果表明,冬春季节西太平洋暖池海温偏高时,夏季副热带高压脊线活动偏北,影响中国的热带气旋个数偏多,2006年冬春季海温分布及夏季副高活动形势有利热带气旋影响中国。强热带风暴"碧利斯"登陆和西行时,大气环流高层辐散、低层辐合和热带辐合带的位置偏北、西南暖湿气流在华南有强的辐合等均有利中国南部地区气流辐合上升,使"碧利斯"登陆后低压环流仍能长时间维持,从而造成异常强降水。     

长时间维持和迅速减弱的华南登陆热带气旋对比分析

将登陆华南影响广西的热带气旋分为长时间维持(LTC)和维持时间短(STC)两类,并应用NCEP再分析资料,对这两类热带气旋的影响系统和物理量场进行对比分析,结果表明,两类热带气旋的影响系统和物理量场存在明显的差异.影响两类热带气旋的天气系统差异显著:影响LTC的200 hPa南亚高压强度一般在1252 hPa以上,而影响STC的南亚高压强度较弱;200 hPa高空槽距离LTC有一定的距离,高空槽前的辐散气流有利于热带气旋的维持,而STC距离高空槽很近,由于垂直切变增大,热带气旋将迅速减弱;副高和LTC的位置配置使得LTC东侧的急流将海上的水汽输送到热带气旋内部,有利于其维持,而当副高太强时,STC垂直环流会受到抑制,不利于其维持;LTC期间强的西南季风槽带来热带云团输送减缓了其环流的衰减,而影响STC西南季风较弱.物理量场方面,LTC高空辐散较STC明显偏强;登陆后LTC的两个水汽通道的水汽输送较STC均明显偏强;另外,Q矢量分析表明,Q矢量辐合辐散中心的强度变化在一定程度上反映出热带气旋衰减的过程.     

0604号台风"碧利斯"持久不消及造成云南暴雨成因分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°6h再分析资料对0604号台风"碧利斯"登陆后持久不消及其造成云南暴雨的成因进行分析.其结果表明:两高间强而宽广的辐合带和西南急流增强使台风低压在陆上连续5d不消,副高、西南急流在低压区形成的最大风速中心位置决定台风低压移动方向.此次云南台风暴雨是在台风减弱低压主导作用下,激发强不稳定能量释放、产生强对流,形成利于垂直运动深厚发展伴有强抽吸作用的暴雨动力结构,孟加拉湾水汽源源不断向云南上空输送,经低层强水汽辐合抬升凝结而造成的.影响云南500hPa低压干位涡涡源中心值越大地面降水越强,850hPa干、湿位涡可提前12h预示台风减弱、移动方向的信息.     

一个南海热带气旋发展的环流特征分析

本文用ECMWF2.5×2.5网格点资料通过一个例子,对有利于南海热带气旋发展的环流场作了详细的分析,发现几点事实:(1)扰动在风的垂直切变较大的环境中仍可发展。(2)扰动位于中、低空西南急流左侧,高空南支东风急流右侧时,有利发展。(3)中,低空西南急流形成了扰动环流的强风潮,强风潮从扰动南侧入角,并包围扰动的东半圆。(4)扰动中、低层的入流和高层的外流呈现严重的不对称性。(5)当扰动发展到一定强度时,对南海热带季风环流圈的加强起到正反馈作用。     

0907号热带风暴“天鹅”登陆后异常路径和陆上维持机制的诊断分析

2009年第7号热带风暴"天鹅"在广东省台山沿海登陆,登陆后在粤西上空长时间停留、强度维持,后期路径异常,针对这几方面在预报上的难点进行分析。结果表明:热带气旋在陆上长时间维持与低空水汽通道的连结,高空弱的风场切变有关;热带风暴后期路径第一次西南转向是由于周围环境流场出现变化转向西南的,第二次路径再次产生转向,是受到离它较近的台风"莫拉克"的牵引作用,另外,925 hPa附近θse的高值区或高能轴也可意示"天鹅"的趋向。     

2003年山东雨季最后一场大暴雨过程分析

利用实况观测和北京T213数值预报资料，对2003年9月3～4日山东雨季最后一场大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明，本次大暴雨是由在广东登陆的热带气旋倒槽北伸与西风带弱冷空气相结合的产物。伴随登陆热带气旋生成的低空东南急流为暴雨输送了丰富的热量和水汽，低层增暖增湿促使层结不稳定加剧，而西风带弱冷空气的侵入对暖湿空气具有抬升作用，可触发对流发展和不稳定能量释放，导致大暴雨产生。鲁中山区西南侧有利地形促使了低层气旋环流的形成，对暴雨具有明显的增幅作用，是该地区出现暴雨中心的重要原因。     

2006年台风“碧利斯”与“格美”的降水差异性比较

对2006年7月登陆,西移影响粤东的路径相似、降水过程强度和范围不同的2次台风过程,从环流形势,台风环流本身、结构以及降水性质等方面进行了对比分析.结果表明,"碧利斯"的降水是一典型的和西南季风相结合的降水,而"格美"的降水仅仅是台风本身环流的降水.同时发现两者在登陆2 d内500 hPa平均高度场、水汽通量垂直剖面图,水汽输送时间序列图上均有显著差异.指出水汽输送的强弱,决定了登陆台风的维持时间和降雨强度.     

登陆珠江三角洲热带气旋暴雨的中尺度特征

利用逐时雨量分布图，对登陆珠江三角洲的热带气旋暴雨中尺度特征进行分类、对比和合成分析。实际资料证实了大范围的热带气旋暴雨是由若干中尺度雨团、雨带造成的，纯热带气旋环流形成的中尺度雨团、雨带具有与热带气旋云带大体一致的分布特征；有冷空气与之配合时，热带气旋环流北缘形成东西向的中尺度雨带；热带气旋登陆后的３ｈ可能出现最大中尺度雨团；随热带气旋环流的填塞减弱，中尺度而团也逐渐减弱消失；山地对中尺度雨团的移动起阻滞加强作用，有利的地形与暖湿气流配合，将激发生成新的中尺度雨带。     

"珍珠"台风强度及路径异常的分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°格点资料,从能量场、湿度场、辐散场以及西南季风和越赤道气流等多方面对"珍珠"的强度及路径进行分析,发现副高前期在南海的维持以及副高后期环流形势的调整是"珍珠"强度维持和路径突变的关键;南海海域维持高能区、弱水平风垂直切变、对流层上层强大的辐散场、以及充沛的水汽供应、风场动力非对称结构等是"珍珠"强度能维持的重要原因;西南季风、越赤道气流和副高南落而引发的东南风急流形成的季风汇合线是"珍珠"北翘的直接原因.台风风场结构中不对称强风速区的转移对台风路径改变有预示作用.     

登陆青岛的热带气旋及其降水特征分析

利用中国台风年鉴资料、地面及探空观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析数据以及NERA-GOOS海温数据,首先分析了1949—2019年在青岛登陆的四个热带气旋特征,然后对1909号台风“利奇马”对山东半岛造成的降水强度差异进行对比研究。分析表明:1)1949年以来有4个台风于8月以登陆北上和登陆转向路径在青岛登陆,其在中高纬均是纬向环流占优的大尺度环流形势,副热带高压主体维持在我国东部沿海上空,中心强度较常年偏强,西伸脊线在30°~36°N之间摆动,青岛沿海海域表现为27℃以上的暖洋面特征。2)来自中高纬的冷空气和热带系统在青岛相互作用的差异,副热带高压强度和中心位置的不同是影响登陆台风降水差异的主要原因。3)1909号台风“利奇马”对潍坊降水的影响主要发生在台风与西风槽相互作用过程中,对青岛则表现为台风低压环流前部东南气流的影响。4)台风过程中潍坊和青岛均具有较好的水汽条件和对流不稳定层结,但动力抬升条件差异明显:潍坊位于东北风和东南风辐合区以及水汽通量辐合大值区内,具有较强的水平风垂直切变和上升运动;青岛没有冷空气侵入,但低空和超低空强盛的东南风急流为青岛暴雨提供了充沛的水汽供应和大气层结不稳定条件。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.     

Sea Levels and Coastal Inundation Due to Tropical Cyclones in Indian Coastal Regions of Andhra and Orissa

Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding.     

Role of Siliceous Fossil Dissolution in Downcore Variations of Grain Size and Water Content: Western Margin of Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, NE Equatorial Pacific

Grain size and water content in box-core sediments from the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (C-C zone) in the northeast equatorial Pacific were analyzed in detail to understand the downcore variations across a hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Grain-size distributions in the topmost core sediments show two modes: a coarse mode (peaked at 50 μm) and a fine mode (at 2-25 μm). The coarse mode disappears gradually with depth accompanied by the dissolution of siliceous fossil tests, whereas the fine mode coarsens due to the formation of authigenic minerals. Water content increases abruptly across a color boundary between an upper pale brown layer and a lower dark brown layer that is the hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Abundant smectites and microvoid molds, which are created by the prolonged fossil dissolution in the underlying sediment, are attributed for the abrupt downcore variation of water content. Overall variations in grain size and water content in the topmost core sediments in the western C-C zone are possibly constrained by the dissolution of biogenic siliceous fossils. Variations in geotechnical properties related to these changes must be considered in the design of nodule collectors.     

Sea Levels and Western Boundary Flow Near a Tectonic Zone in the Northern Pacific

This article concerns an interrelation between the sea levels and the western boundary flow near a tectonic boundary in a local zone in the Northwestern Pacific. In this zone, sea level variations at stations located on the coast facing the Pacific are studied to find the interrelation between variations of the Kurosio flow as an index of the distance of the flow axis off a specific coast. The result is discussed after data processing of the monthly means of the sea levels, and a notice is taken of variations caused by active crustal upheavals during a seismic event, a local earthquake.