近10年三门湾海域表层沉积物重金属含量变化及来源解析

为了解三门湾海域表层沉积物重金属的含量和分布特征，本研究对三门湾海域2019年82个站位海域表层沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As及Hg共7种重金属元素的含量进行测定，并对比10年前的数据，分析了元素含量的变化情况，追溯了其主要物质来源。结果表明，三门湾海域表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的平均质量浓度分别是31.33、96.46、29.86、0.116、91.54、13.09、0.06 mg/kg,Cu、Cr的含量相对较高。与2009年相比，2019年三门湾海域表层沉积物Cu、Zn与Cd的含量大体上保持一致，Pb、Cr与As的含量有所上升，Hg的含量显著降低。沉积物重金属含量由近岸向外海依次降低，高值区主要集中在蛇蟠水道口、力洋港与健跳镇附近。运用主成分分析与因子分析对重金属物质来源进行解析的结果表明，重金属物质的来源与人类活动的影响密切相关。     

珠江口外陆架海域表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价及来源分析

基于2017年11月珠江口外陆架海域表层沉积物中Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr等7种重金属元素的调查结果,应用单因子标准指数和地累积指数法评价了研究海域表层沉积物环境质量,采用H?kanson潜在生态风险指数评价法定量评估沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险,并利用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析初步探究了研究海域沉积物中重金属的主要来源。结果表明:研究海域表层沉积物中7种重金属污染物含量均达到海洋沉积物质量一类标准,地累积指数显示研究海域表层沉积物环境整体处于清洁状态,部分站位中的As和Cd属轻度污染。总体来说,研究海域沉积物环境属于低潜在生态风险(综合潜在生态风险系数RI 150)。单项因子潜在生态风险由高到低为Cd Hg As Pb Cu Cr Zn,研究海域西部表层沉积物重金属Cd的潜在生态风险系数均值达到中等潜在生态风险水平。Cr、Cu和Zn元素具有相近来源,主要为工业产生的陆源污染物; Pb、As和Cd元素来源相似,来源于陆源工业和农业污染经大气沉降及海上交通污染;而Hg与其他重金属元素无明显相关。     

辽东湾表层沉积物的重金属污染特征与质量评价

本文研究了辽东湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布及污染特征，评价其生态风险及环境质量。对辽东湾表层沉积物8种重金属（As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）的空间分布进行了研究，采用Hankanson法和I_geo（地累积指数）分析了该海域重金属潜在生态风险，并评价了该海域的环境质量。在辽东湾葫芦岛附近海域、西南部六股河口东南部海域以及西部近岸海域表层沉积物中As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn含量偏高。地累积指数法及生态风险指数法对重金属污染程度评价结果一致，辽东湾生态环境具有潜在危害的重金属主要是Cd、Hg和As，8种重金属潜在生态风险系数由高到低依次为Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、As、Zn、Ni和Cr，各站位重金属综合潜在生态风险指数均大于150，生态风险总体上处于中等生态风险等级。Cd和Hg是该海域沉积物重金属中主要污染物，局部区域达到中、中-强污染程度。环境质量评价表明，辽东湾表层沉积物重金属引发有害生物效应的可能性不大，但Cd和Hg显著富集，应予以重视。     

兴化湾海域水体和表层沉积物中重金属分布及其源解析

根据2015年春季兴化湾海域的环境调查资料,对海水和沉积物中的重金属分布及其来源进行了探讨。采用单因子污染指数法和地质累积指数法对海水和沉积物污染程度进行评价,并利用主成分分析法对其重金属的潜在来源进行解析。结果显示:表层海水中重金属Cd,As和Cr质量浓度符合海水水质一类标准,重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg质量浓度均符合海水水质二类标准;表层沉积物中重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg,As,Cd,Cr含量均符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准。地质累积指数评价结果显示,沉积物中重金属Cd总体为污染,其余6种重金属为清洁水平。表层沉积物中重金属间相关性分析表明,Hg与Cu,Zn之间具有相似的来源特征。研究区重金属潜在来源主要为江阴港周边入港船舶排放、生活污水和工农业生产的输入、周边河流输入和大气沉降等。     

北黄海表层沉积物中重金属含量及其污染评价

于2007年秋季对我国北黄海海域进行调查,采用原子吸收和原子荧光分光光度法对表层沉积物中的Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As进行了分析,并采用单因子指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价了该区域表层沉积物中重金属的污染程度和潜在生态危害。结果表明,北黄海表层沉积物Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As平均含量分别为(11.6±1.9),(25.2±2.4),(52.7±5.4),(0.22±0.02),(0.07±0.01),(13.3±1.3)μg/g;单因子指数法评价结果表明调查海域表层沉积物未受Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg污染,但部分站位As已处于中度污染水平;潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明调查区域重金属元素的潜在危害程度顺序是HgCdAsPbCuZn,采样区域重金属的潜在生态危害轻微。     

珠江口表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险及生物富集评价

基于2019年珠江口海域表层沉积物Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr的分析结果对沉积物重金属污染现状及潜在生态风险进行评价,结合总有机碳TOC、粒度等探讨海域重金属的污染特征及来源,并评估各项重金属元素在底栖生物体内的富集程度。结果表明,所有站点表层沉积物中Hg和Cr含量均符合一类海洋沉积物质量标准,As、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn满足二类以上标准。Hg和Cd为主要生态风险贡献因子,均有部分站点属较高和中等潜在生态风险范畴,综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)均值属中等潜在生态风险范畴,近岸海域尤其北部、西部RI值较高。7项重金属含量两两间呈极显著正相关,显示重金属污染具有相近来源,且重金属含量均与TOC含量呈极显著正相关,而与粒度无明显相关性。7项重金属元素在甲壳类和鱼类体内均没有富集,Cd在双壳类体内出现较强富集。     

沙埕港多种环境介质中重金属的含量分布及来源分析

通过2013年8月对福建沙埕港海域海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属进行的调查,结合历史资料对重金属的含量分布及来源进行了讨论和分析.结果表明:沙埕港表层海水中Cu、Cd、Hg和As等溶解态重金属含量整体处于较低水平,但Pb含量在大部分海域略超海水水质一类标准.沉积物中Pb、Cd、Hg和As含量均低于海洋沉积物一类标准,而Cu在上段八尺门海域及中段罗唇溪入海口附近存在超标现象.地积累指数评价表明Pb和Cd处于无污染状态,而Cu、Hg和As 3种重金属在不同区域存在轻微污染.港内八尺门点头镇附近海域采集的2种贝类均存在不同程度的重金属污染.其中缢蛏(Sinonovacula constrzcta)体内重金属污染较轻,而褶牡蛎(Ostrea plicatula)体内重金属污染较重,Cu和Cd污染指数均在10以上.浙闽沿岸流是沙埕港Pb、Cd、Hg和As等重金属的主要来源,而白琳石材加工排放的污水是造成沙埕港上段八尺门浅滩区重金属Cu污染的主要原因.此外,中段罗唇溪入海口附近海域Cu、Pb和Cd含量较高,可能同罗唇港修造船厂的污染排放有关.     

日照近海表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及其生态风险评估

根据日照近海13个站位表层沉积物粒度和重金属含量测试结果，分析了研究区表层沉积物粒度和重金属含量分布特征，采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估了研究区重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险，探讨了重金属的来源和控制因素。结果表明，研究区表层沉积物可分为粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂等3种类型，沉积物类型主要呈大致平行岸线的条带状分布，由岸向海依次为粉砂 砂质粉砂 粉砂质砂。研究区表层沉积物中Cr、Zn、Pb、As、Cu、Cd、Hg等重金属的平均含量由高到低依次为45.5、21.8、16.4、8.5、4.8、0.113、0.11 μg/g。从空间分布特征来看，Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb高值区主要出现在付疃河口近岸和研究区中西部海域，Cd和As高值区位于研究区中东部海域。污染状况评估显示，Cr、Cu、Zn、As未出现污染；Cd轻度污染，个别站位达到中度污染，Hg、Pb部分站位呈轻度污染。潜在生态风险等级依次为：Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn，其中Cd和Hg表现为中生态风险，个别站位Cd为高风险危害。表层沉积物中Cu、Cr、Zn、Hg和Pb元素主要来源于陆源细粒物质的输入，Cd和As元素可能来源于钢铁冶炼、煤炭燃烧、农药、化肥以及海水养殖等。研究区表层沉积物中重金属空间分布主要受物源控制。     

湛江安铺港海域海水及沉积物重金属污染分析与评价

为深入了解雷州半岛西北部海湾重金属污染状况，本文对湛江安铺港海域海水和沉积物中汞（Hg）、砷（As）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr） 等7 种重金属元素的含量进行分析，并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物重金属污染进行评价。结果表明：安铺港海域海水Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 的平均含量分别为0.011 μg/L、0.7 μg/L、2.5 μg/L、0.43 μg/L、10.3 μg/L、0.08 μg/L、0.1 μg/L，所有站位均符合第一类海水水质标准。表层沉积物Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 的平均含量分别为0.065×10-6、11.7×10-6、12.6×10-6、21.6×10-6、29.3×10-6、0.12×10-6、36.1×10-6，，沉积物中总有机碳（Total Organic Carbon，TOC）的含量与重金属Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd 含量均呈显著的正相关关系，说明表层沉积物中重金属的含量受到TOC 的影响。地累积指数法评价结果显示，沉积物重金属Hg 和Cu 表现为轻度污染，而As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 表现为无污染。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果显示，安铺港海域各站位重金属潜在生态危害指数（Risk Index，RI） 平均值为179.55，处于中等生态危害，重金属Hg 具有较重的生态危害。     

黄河口表层沉积物污染现状及潜在生态污染风险评估（英文）

根据2006年到2007年,908专项黄河口附近海域表层沉积物的调查资料,研究黄河口海域表层沉积物中重金属含量分布特征;沉积物中Cu-Cd、Pb-Cr、Cr-As 3组元素间具有显著的相关性,表明它们分别具有相似的元素地球化学性质和来源;运用Hakanson潜在生态危害系数法对其潜在生态危害程度进行评估,黄河口沉积物的潜在生态风险的来源是镉和汞占据主要权重;运用生物效应浓度法对其生物毒性效应进行评价,结果表明,As对黄河口海域环境中生物的负面效应偶尔发生,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg暂时不会产生不良生物效应。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...