神经网络方法在上海沿海海浪预报中的应用

基于WAVEWATCHⅢ(WW3)模式预报结果,结合上海沿海3个浮标站的观测资料,利用BP神经网络方法,对WW3模式的有效波高和平均波向预报结果进行训练并分别建立了预报模型。结果表明:(1)对有效波高,BP预报对近岸地形复杂的洋山浮标和近海的黄泽洋浮标有明显的改进,而对外海的海礁浮标改进效果不明显;(2)对平均波向,BP预报对洋山浮标有明显的改进,对黄泽洋浮标略有改进,对海礁浮标基本无改进。     

X-波段雷达近海海浪频谱反演的神经网络模型

X-波段雷达作为国内海浪观测的一种新工具,在海浪频谱获取和有效波高反演方面仍存在较多问题.本文利用非线性回归方法,将现场实测浮标数据频谱和雷达一维图像谱分别与标准频谱模型进行拟合,发现浮标频谱和一维图像谱具有标准频谱的特征,能够较准确地获取相应的谱参数.提出了建立由雷达一维图像谱参数反演海浪频谱参数的神经网络模型,同时在模型中加入影像序列信噪比,进而反演有效波高,并将反演结果与现场实测数据和传统算法(建立影像序列信噪比与有效波高之间的线性回归方程)进行了对比,结果表明,获取谱参数的误差和反演有效波高的平均误差在20％以内,而传统算法计算有效波高平均误差在20％以上.     

OSMAR-S100便携式高频地波雷达海浪和海面风探测性能分析

OSMAR-S系列便携式高频地波雷达系统采用单极子/交叉环紧凑型天线阵,通过单站雷达即可实现有效探测距离约10km内海浪和海面风的单点观测。为了更好地了解OSMAR-S100雷达系统海浪和海面风的综合探测性能,于2013年1月29日至3月7日在台湾海峡西南部海域进行了雷达与浮标观测的对比试验,得到了有效波高、有效波周期、平均风速和平均风向数据。对比结果表明,OSMAR-S100便携式高频地波雷达可有效观测距雷达10km以内有效波高0.5m以上的海浪平均状况和平均风速5m/s以上的海面风,雷达反演有效波高和有效波周期的均方根误差分别为0.60m和1.60s,反演平均风速和平均风向的均方根误差为1.83m/s和16.7°。在未经区域化标定的情况下,此结果说明了该型雷达产品已初步具备了海浪和海面风的业务化观测水平。     

HY-2A卫星高度计有效波高信息提取业务化算法

2011年8月16日我国成功发射了第一颗自主海洋动力环境卫星HY-2A,有效波高是其搭载的雷达高度计可获取的重要海洋动力环境参数之一。本文详细介绍了应用于HY-2A雷达高度计的有效波高信息提取业务化算法,该算法通过迭代最小二乘拟合方法提取有效波高信息。同时,基于HY-2A雷达高度计业务化运行获取的有效波高数据,分别与Jason-2卫星高度计有效波高和NDBC浮标海浪波高数据进行了比对分析。比较结果表明,HY-2A雷达高度计与Jason-2有效波高的标准偏差为-0.26m,RMS为0.58m;HY-2A高度计与NDBC浮标数据间的标准偏差为-0.22m,RMS为0.37m。结果证明了目前应用于HY-2A雷达高度计业务化运行中的有效波高信息提取算法的可行性。     

基于雷达水位计的海浪波高信息提取算法及其精度评价

为了证明雷达水位计波高测量的有效性,基于PY30-1石油平台上的雷达水位计海面高度变化观测数据,开展了雷达水位计海浪波高信息提取算法研究。基于所发展算法提取海浪波高信息,与同一平台上的C波段测波雷达观测数据及平台附近的浮标观测数据进行了比对分析。结果表明,雷达水位计数据提取的海面波高数据与C波段测波雷达及浮标测量数据一致性较好,二者标准偏差分别为0.006和0.008 m,均方根误差(RMS)分别为0.55和0.60 m。波高小于4 m时一致性优于波高大于4 m的一致性,波高大于4 m时水位计提取的波高偏小。因此,雷达水位计可作为波高观测的重要数据源之一。     

基于浮标数据的卫星雷达高度计海浪波高数据评价与校正

卫星雷达高度计是海浪有效波高（significant wave height,SWH）观测的重要手段之一,本文利用时空匹配方法对T/P、Jason-1、Envisat、Jason-2、Cryosat-2和HY-2A共6颗卫星雷达高度计SWH数据与NDBC（National Data Buoy Center,NDBC）浮标SWH数据进行对比验证,并对雷达高度计SWH数据进行校正。全部卫星雷达高度计SWH数据时间跨度为1992年9月25日到2015年9月1日,对比验证NDBC浮标共53个,包括7个大洋浮标。精度评价发现除T/P外,各卫星雷达高度计SWH的RMSE都在0.4~0.5 m之间,经过校正后,RMSE都有显著下降,下降程度最大为13.82%;对于大洋浮标,评价结果RMSE在0.20~0.28 m之间,结果明显优于全部NDBC浮标的精度评价结果;HY-2A卫星雷达高度计SWH在经过校正后数据质量与国外其他5颗卫星雷达高度计SWH数据质量差异较小。     

基于人工神经网络的台风浪高快速计算方法

采用2010—2017年南海5个浮标波高观测资料和中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径集中的热带气旋参数, 基于前馈型误差反向传播(Forward Feedback Back Propagation, FFBP)神经网络(Artificial Neural Network, ANN)方法, 分别建立了各浮标站的台风浪高快速计算模型。研究显示, 基于热带气旋中心坐标、中心最低气压、近中心最大风速、热带气旋中心与浮标之间的距离和方位4个参数建立的神经网络模型经反复训练后, 模型输出结果可以很好地拟合观测数据, 各浮标有效波高计算值与观测值的均方根误差小于0.3m, 平均相对误差为5.78%~7.23%, 相关系数大于0.9, 属高度相关。独立测试结果显示, “山竹”( 国际编号: 1822)影响期间有效波高最大值的神经网络模型预报结果与观测值基本吻合, 相对误差为-31.06%~0.98%, 但计算的最大值出现时间和观测情况不完全一致。该计算方法可应用于热带气旋影响期间的有效波高最大值计算, 因而在海洋工程领域和海洋预报领域具有应用前景。     

降雨条件下的导航X波段雷达海浪参数反演算法研究

X波段的电磁波受降雨影响容易产生衰减,这导致导航X波段雷达在降雨时无法用于海浪观测。本文提出了一种新的降低降雨影响的算法来反演海浪参数。首先,对X波段雷达图像做主成分分析,获得波浪变化的主成分,利用一维傅里叶变换得到波数谱,对其滤波减小降雨对雷达图像的影响;然后,选取JONSWAP(Joint North Sea Wave Project)谱作为理论谱,建立以观测谱与理论谱的最小化差异为目标函数的模型,求解该模型估算海浪的有效波高。与浮标测量的有效波高相比,该方法反演的有效波高的均方根误差是0.23 m,证明了该方法的可行性。     

上海沿海有效波高和最大波高关系分析

运用线性回归方法,对上海沿海5个浮标站逐时的有效波高和最大波高观测资料进行分析,建立了这两种波高的回归方程,获得了估计最大波高的客观方法。对5个浮标站,一元一次回归方程都能很好地反映最大波高和有效波高的关系。最大波高通用回归方程对长江口船标资料的试报结果较好,平均绝对误差仅为0.1 m。WW3海浪模式对5个浮标站的有效波高预报与实况比较接近,利用该模式的有效波高进行最大波高的预报,预报最大波高与实测最大波高具有较好的相关性,5个浮标站平均误差最大为-0.17 m,最小为-0.05 m,平均绝对误差都为0.4 m,结果比较理想。     

WaMoS Ⅱ测波雷达应用及对比分析

利用大万山海洋环境监测站WaMoS Ⅱ雷达测量的数据与同步SZF遥测波浪浮标、SLC9-2型直读式海流计的数据分别进行了对比分析。结果表明WaMoS Ⅱ测波雷达获取的有效波高、波峰周期、表面流速、流向等海洋物理要素的变化趋势与SZF遥测波浪浮标获取的波浪数据及SLC9-2型直读式海流计测到的海流数据有较好的一致性。其中,2012年6月16—22日雷达和遥测波浪浮标对比结果为:波高、周期的相关系数分别为0.71,0.38,平均相对误差分别为23.3%,12.5%。6月28—29日的对比结果为:流速、流向的相关系数分别为0.83,0.89,平均相对误差分别为14.5%,4.1%。其中,WaMoS Ⅱ系统测量的有效波高值需通过对比分析进行校准,本文利用的对比分析数据时间序列较短,但经校准后,有效波高值的相关性仍可升至0.75。     

An Empirical Method to Derive Ocean Waves From Second-Order Bragg Scattering: Prospects and Limitations

High-frequency (HF) radar wave processing is often based on the inversion of the Barrick-Weber equations, introduced in 1977. This theory reaches its limitations if the length of the Bragg-scattering wave raises to the order of the significant waveheight, because some assumptions are no longer met. In this case, the only solution is moving to lower radar frequencies, which is not possible or desirable in all cases. This paper describes work on an empirical solution which intends to overcome this limitation. However, during high sea state, the first-order Bragg peaks sometimes could not be clearly identified which avoids the access to the second-order sidebands. These cases cause problems to the algorithm which have not been solved yet and currently limit the maximum significant waveheight to about the same values as reported for the integral inversion method. The regression parameters of the empirical solution calibrated from the European Radar Ocean Sensing (EuroROSE) data set are constant values for the complete experiment and when applied to the HF radar data they reconstruct the measurements by a colocated wave buoy quite well. When including a radar-frequency-dependent scaling factor to the regression parameters, the new algorithm can also be used at different radar frequencies. The second-order frequency bands used for the empirical solution are sometimes disturbed by radio interference and ship echoes. Investigations are presented to identify and solve these situations     

Directional wave information from the SeaSonde

This paper describes methods used for the derivation of wave information from SeaSonde data, and gives examples of their application to measured data. The SeaSonde is a compact high-frequency (HF) radar system operated from the coast or offshore platform to produce current velocity maps and local estimates of the directional wave spectrum. Two methods are described to obtain wave information from the second-order radar spectrum: integral inversion and fitting with a model of the ocean wave spectrum. We describe results from both standard- and long-range systems and include comparisons with simultaneous measurements from an S4 current meter. Due to general properties of the radar spectrum common to all HF radar systems, existing interpretation methods fail when the waveheight exceeds a limiting value defined by the radar frequency. As a result, standard- and long-range SeaSondes provide wave information for different wave height conditions because of their differing radar frequencies. Standard-range SeaSondes are useful for low and moderate waveheights, whereas long-range systems with lower transmit frequencies provide information when the waves are high. We propose a low-cost low-power system, to be used exclusively for local wave measurements, which would be capable of switching transmit frequency when the waveheight exceeds the critical limit, thereby allowing observation of waves throughout the waveheight range.     

X波段导航雷达浪高实时测量研究

针对舰船对浪高实时测量的需要,提出了基于X波段导航雷达浪高实时测量的方案。介绍X波段导航雷达浪高测量原理,建立基于X波段导航雷达浪高实时测量的数学模型。通过某海域实测采集的雷达图像,经过数学模型反演得出浪高实时数据,并与采用浮标传感器实时测量的浪高数据进行对比,发现X波段导航雷达与浮标传感器测得的浪高数据有近一致的线性关系,标准差也较小。从一定程度上为舰船浪高测量提供一种可行性方法。     

便携式高频地波雷达台湾海峡浪高观测

As an important equipment for sea state remote sensing, high frequency surface wave radar(HFSWR) has received more and more attention. The conventional method for wave height inversion is based on the ratio of the integration of the second-order spectral continuum to that of the first-order region, where the strong external noise and the incorrect delineation of the first- and second-order Doppler spectral regions due to spectral aliasing are two major sources of errors in the wave height. To account for these factors, two more indices are introduced to the wave height estimation, i.e., the ratio of the maximum power of the second-order continuum to that of the Bragg spectral region(RSCB) and the ratio of the power of the second harmonic peak to that of the Bragg peak(RSHB). Both indices also have a strong correlation with the underlying wave height. On the basis of all these indices an empirical model is proposed to estimate the wave height. This method has been used in a three-months long experiment of the ocean state measuring and analyzing radar, type S(OSMAR-S), which is a portable HFSWR with compact cross-loop/monopole receive antennas developed by Wuhan University since 2006. During the experiment in the Taiwan Strait, the significant wave height varied from 0 to 5 m. The significant wave heights estimated by the OSMAR-S correlate well with the data provided by the Oceanweather Inc. for comparison, with a correlation coefficient of 0.74 and a root mean square error(RMSE) of 0.77 m. The proposed method has made an effective improvement to the wave height estimation and thus a further step toward operational use of the OSMAR-S in the wave height extraction.     

GPS浮标数据反演海浪谱的理论仿真与试验验证

GPS浮标作为一种新型的海洋测量设备,近年来在海面高度现场测量和星载高度计定标方面取得了重要应用。通过仿真试验对反演海浪谱的方法和流程进行研究,旨在探索从GPS浮标测量的海面高度序列中提取海浪谱的方法。首先,使用Longuest模型生成了海浪波面位移时间序列,并通过Pierson-Moscowitz风浪谱对波面位移的统计特性进行约束,其随机性由相位引入。结合典型潮汐和GPS浮标仪器噪声的仿真时间序列,合成了仿真时间长度1h的1Hz(每秒1次)随机海面高度序列。然后,利用自相关函数法,进行高通滤波和数据压缩,得到了仿真的海浪谱。该仿真结果和理论海浪谱非常接近,可满足海浪谱反演的需求。最后,通过山东石岛外海的GPS浮标现场试验,验证了本文提出的反演方法的适用性。本文的研究解决了GPS浮标反演海浪谱的关键问题,丰富了海浪谱反演的手段,拓展了GPS浮标的应用领域,有望为未来我国的星载波谱仪定标服务。     

Measurement of ocean wave spectra using narrow-beam HE radar

A data interpretation algorithm is developed to extract ocean wave information from HF radar backscatter observed by a narrow-beam antenna system. The basis of this measurement is the inversion of the integral equation representing the second-order radar cross section of the ocean surface. This equation is numerically inverted by approximating it as a matrix equation and pseudoinverting the kernel matrix using a singular value decomposition. As a test of this algorithm, comparisons are made between wave spectrum estimates obtained from a WAVEC buoy and a pair of 25.4-MHz ground wave radars, using data collected during the 1986 Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP). Overall, the results of this experiment have been positive and have demonstrated both the basic feasibility of the inversion algorithm and the wave sensing capability of HF radar. For example, significant wave height estimates deduced by two radars differed from the buoy, in an absolute value sense, by only 0.12 m on average. When using only one radar, the mean difference of this important parameter from the buoy was a reasonable 0.33 m     

利用X波段雷达图像估计有效波高

海浪有效波高与雷达的海杂波强度有关,但是无法直接由雷达图像得到.借鉴运用SAR图像计算有效波高的方法,即假设有效波高与雷达回波强度信噪比的平方根成线性关系,可以由X波段雷达图像计算得到海浪的有效波高.将在小麦岛和南海分别进行的岸基试验和船基试验获得的浮标资料和雷达资料结合起来分析,结果表明用X波段航海雷达测量有效波高的最大误差不超过9%.     

船载X波段测波雷达有效波高的误差分析

通过对2次海上作业期间船载X波段测波雷达数据对比分析,发现雷达测得的有效波高值在一段时间内存在较大误差。在2017年12月6日10:00至17:00期间,相比于人工目测值,雷达测得的有效波高值持续偏低。通过分析现场的天气与环境状况,并且对比相同海况下未受降雨影响和受到降雨影响时不同时刻的二维海浪谱,发现该段时间内因有降雨且能见度低,导致雷达测量的海浪谱能量异常偏低,信噪比SNR异常偏低造成X波段雷达测得的有效波高值异常偏低。在2018年4月11日船只路过5号大浮标和4号大浮标期间,相比于浮标测值,雷达测得的有效波高值异常偏高。通过查看系统中最大流速设置,发现设定的最大流速值过高(为50 m/s)。这样滤波器的带宽过大,大量噪声可能会被当成海浪信号通过滤波器,导致雷达反演的信噪比SNR异常偏高,造成X波段雷达测得的有效波高值异常偏高。通过分析误差产生的原因,对雷达设置的调整以及雷达系统的进一步完善有一定的参考价值。     

1509号台风灿鸿期间“朱家尖-嵊山”高频地波雷达数据分析

2007年在朱家尖和嵊山布设了小型阵变频高频地波雷达,对共同覆盖范围内的舟山海域进行风、浪、流的业务化探测。2015年7月11日,1509号台风灿鸿在朱家尖沿海登陆,之后继续向北偏东方向移动,台风中心经过高频地波雷达探测海域。本文将台风期间高频地波雷达的探测数据分别与定点浮标观测数据和ASCAT卫星遥感大面积风场数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,高频地波雷达在台风期间较好地反映了舟山海域流场特征和风场分布情况,高频地波雷达的探测数据精度满足指标要求,验证了高频地波雷达在复杂海况条件下具有合格的探测性能。