有限元法在桩靴承载力计算中的应用

自升式钻井平台插桩是地基土在桩靴荷载作用下发生连续的塑性破坏的动态过程,当地基极限承载力等于桩靴荷载时插桩完成。经典土力学极限承载力理论对土体潜在滑动面做了假设,无法有效分析土体内部的破坏过程。本研究应用有限元法（FEM ）对插桩过程进行了模拟,得到地基土的破坏机制以及中间荷载下土体的应力、应变情况,通过和各理论公式计算的极限承载力进行对比分析,分析影响地基极限承载力的因素。研究表明,基础宽度与硬土层厚度的比值 B/H越大,下卧软土层越容易发生塑性破坏,极限承载力明显下降,当B/H＜0．286时,可以忽略下卧软土层对地基承载力的影响。     

单一地层平台插桩地基土破坏模式及插桩深度有限元分析

自升式平台插桩是地基土在桩靴荷载作用下发生连续塑性破坏的过程,当地基极限承载力等于桩靴荷载时插桩完成。经典土力学极限承载力理论对土体潜在滑动面做了假设,无法有效分析土体内部的破坏过程。因而,研究采用有限元极限分析法对单一地层中插桩时地基土渐进破坏过程进行了模拟,并与Skempton、Terzaghi公式计算的极限承载力进行了对比,取得了较为一致的结果,同时对插桩深度进行了预测。     

自升式钻井平台插桩深度探析

针时目前带桩靴的自升式桩基平台插桩深度计算中存在的问题,通过考虑插桩过程中桩靴对地层物理力学性质的影响,运用最小二乘法求得桩靴对地层承载力的影响系数,从而时Terzaghi和Peck公式进行修正,提高插桩深度预测的准确性.     

基于锥形破坏面的桩靴式钻井平台插桩阻力分析

在分析桩靴式钻井平台插桩过程中地基土的破坏形式的基础上,将桩靴下土体破坏面假定为锥形面,根据极限平衡理论,推导出了均匀、双层地基土中基于被动土压力的插桩阻力计算公式。通过插桩实例对所推导的公式进行了验证,分析比较了极限承载力与插桩阻力的异同,讨论了插桩阻力计算公式推导过程中土体假设为锥形破坏面的合理性,认为本文推导的插桩阻力计算公式作为桩靴式钻井平台插桩深度预测方法更接近实际插桩结果。     

胜利六号近海自升式移动钻井平台的插拔桩问题的研究

胜利六号自升式钻井平台在渤海埕北19井施工时,由于插桩过深,造成桩脚起拔困难。这引起了国内外有关专家的普遍关注。本文从分析黄河口地层沉积特征入手,通过对平台单桩承载力、单桩抗拔力的计算,评价胜利六号平台在这一区域施工的可行性。最后对平台桩脚的起拔方法进行讨论。这对该平台今后在这一地区开展工作具有指导性的现实意义。     

曹妃甸浅滩表层砂体插桩深度研究

曾妃甸浅滩原为古滦河三角洲，三角洲废弃后，海底表层沉积物在波浪潮流的簸选及自重应力作用下，沉积物颗粒粗化，粒度单一，且堆积紧密，工程强度较高。平台在该海医插桩时往往难以贯穿该层，其实际插桩深度较预定深度存在较大偏差。本文对此类砂体的形成机制、插桩过程中土体的压实作用对砂体强度的影响进行了分析，在对砂体力学参数做出适当调整后，运用太沙基地基极限荷载公式进行计算，得到了与实际情况较为一致的结果。     

自升式钻井平台插桩分析的几个关键问题

独立桩脚自升式钻井平台在我国海洋石油勘探开发中的应用已有三十多年的历史,在长期平台插桩分析工作的基础,虽然积累了丰富的经验,但面对新的勘探区域,也会出现预测不准的情况。究其原因主要是对场地土质条件了解不够充分、土质参数评价不够准确、计算模型过于单一和地区经验积累不足等。为提高插桩分析结果的准确性,通过多次工程插桩实践,总结了插桩分析几个需重点关注问题。结合某工程实例,在考虑这些关键问题的基础上,得到插桩分析预测结果与实际插桩结果基本吻合。     

自升式平台桩基土体变形规律与破坏机理分析

研究自升式平台桩基土体的变形规律与失稳机理,对合理评价平台桩基的稳定性具有十分重要的意义。本文基于Galerkin数值分析方法,采用网格重绘与插值技术,利用Abaqus/Stand的牛顿求解方法对平台插桩过程进行大变形分析,较为准确地研究了边界非线性对土体变形规律与破坏机理的影响。通过Abaqus二次开发接口,合理地模拟了桩土界面摩擦特性,以及海床土层剪切强度沿深度非均匀变化特性对海床极限承载能力和破坏机理的影响。揭示了插桩过程中桩周土体的变形规律与失稳模式,给出了插桩入泥深度与极限承载力曲线,并将计算结果同Skempton、Hansen等计算公式进行了合理对比。结果表明:本文给出的桩基土体变形规律与破坏机理,能够较为合理地揭示自升式平台插桩过程中海床土体的大变形特性,以及较为合理地评估自升式平台桩基极限承载能力。     

黏土地基上海洋平台桩靴峰值阻力上限分析

在自升式平台的预压载过程中，桩靴在层状地基上较易发生“穿刺”现象，很大程度上影响着平台的安全运行。准确地分析桩靴峰值阻力，避免平台桩靴发生“穿刺”是非常重要的。采用极限分析上限定理，合理构建运动许可速度场，从理论上推导了层状地基上桩靴峰值阻力的上限解答。为了进一步验证峰值阻力理论解答的准确性，采用ABAQUS有限元软件构建了“桩靴—弹塑性海床”的三维数值模型，对桩靴贯入海床的过程进行了数值模拟，分析桩靴周围土体的塑性变形演变规律，研究土体的破坏机理。研究结果表明：推导的桩靴峰值阻力上限解答，能够较好地计算层状地基极限承载能力，通过与离心机试验和数值结果对比，计算误差在18%以内；给出的运动许可速度场能够较好地反映桩靴周围土体破坏模式；桩靴阻力达到峰值时，下层软土中的土塞高度约为桩靴直径的0.2倍。     

黄河水下三角洲表层粉土的冲切破坏与残留楔体研究

有桩靴的桩基在黄河三角洲海域表层硬粉土厚度＜3.5 m的区域插桩时,桩靴下部会形成残留楔体进入下卧软土层内,导致实际插桩深度比理论计算插桩深度少0.5～1.0 m.表层粉土冲切破坏形成弹性楔体,其厚度与桩靴宽度和地基土的内摩擦角有关.楔形体的产生可利用太沙基(K.Terzaghi)浅基础理论结合滑移线场理论解释.残留楔体的厚度受软黏土的厚度和抗剪强度控制.     

混合破坏模式在自升式钻井平台插桩中的应用

自升式钻井平台插桩深度分析要求高,难度大,可检验性非常强。常规计算模式主要为“穿刺破坏模式”和“排挤破坏模式”。对于某些地质条件复杂的井场,按这两种模式分析计算的结果仍存在个别预测不准的情况。因此,如何提高钻井平台插桩分析的准确性,是目前需要攻克的一个技术难点。在总结工程插桩实践经验的基础上,提出了一种新的分析模式,即“混合破坏模式”。以南海一个工程实例进行具体分析,该井场应用“混合破坏模式”分析的插桩结果与实际结果较为吻合。并对数个复杂井场的实际插桩结果进行了统计分析,总结了桩端土体破坏模式的影响因素及“混合破坏模式”的特点,为在复杂地层中进行插桩分析提供了参考。     

自升自航式船桩靴入泥初步分析

初步分析自升自航式船桩靴的入泥过程、入泥机理和入泥深度的组成,讨论桩靴入泥深度的计算分析方法,将入泥过程看作基础埋深增大的过程,用极限承载力公式分析计算桩靴的入泥深度和适宜的地基。     

Laboratory and field test study on the improvement of marine clay slurry by in-situ solidification

Abstract

Soil solidification technology can create an artificial hard shell on a soft soil surface but the type and proportion of the curing agent, the construction technology, and the strengthening depth have large influences on the strengthening effect and engineering cost. This study introduces a new technology of soil solidification whereby an artificial hard shell layer is used as a new method to improve the soft ground. For the in-situ solidification technology, the soil and curing agent are mixed well by using a strong stirring machine so that the soil is strengthened rapidly and forms a hard crust. We introduce the key technology of the in-situ soil solidification method and determine the in-situ crust carrying capacity. The indoor experiment on the curing agent proportions is validated with field tests and a vane shear test, static penetration test, and plate loading test are used to evaluate the reinforcement effect. The experimental results show that the in-situ curing technology of dredged fill processing markedly reduced the reinforcement depth range of the soil water content, improved the physical and mechanical indices, and increased the bearing capacity and strength of the artificial hard shell layer, thereby fully meeting the requirements for the bearing capacity of construction machinery.     

Prediction methods of spudcan penetration for jack-up units

Jack-up units are extensively playing a successful role in drilling engineering around the world, and their safety and efficiency take more and more attraction in both research and engineering practice. An accurate prediction of the spudcan penetration depth is quite instrumental in deciding on whether a jack-up unit is feasible to operate at the site. The prediction of a too large penetration depth may lead to the hesitation or even rejection of a site due to potential difficulties in the subsequent extraction process; the same is true of a too small depth prediction due to the problem of possible instability during operation. However, a deviation between predictive results and final field data usually exists, especially when a strong-over-soft soil is included in the strata. The ultimate decision sometimes to a great extent depends on the practical experience, not the predictive results given by the guideline. It is somewhat risky, but no choice. Therefore, a feasible predictive method for the spudcan penetration depth, especially in strata with strong-over-soft soil profile, is urgently needed by the jack-up industry. In view of this, a comprehensive investigation on methods of predicting spudcan penetration is executed. For types of different soil profiles, predictive methods for spudcan penetration depth are proposed, and the corresponding experiment is also conducted to validate these methods. In addition, to further verify the feasibility of the proposed methods, a practical engineering case encountered in the South China Sea is also presented, and the corresponding numerical and experimental results are also presented and discussed.     

复合加载下考虑接触作用的地基承载特性数值分析

港口、海洋工程结构物基础一般处于复合加载状态,其极限承载力通常采用近来引入的极限荷载图进行评价.对位于地基表面的重力式海洋基础,需要考虑基础与地基间的接触特性对极限承载力的影响.以大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS为计算平台,建立了复合加载模式的地基极限承载力数值分析方法;针对饱和黏土地基上的表面基础,利用在ABAQUS平台上开发的接触计算模块,模拟基础与地基间竖向可分离、切向完全粘结的接触作用;进而基于建立的分析方法,进行系统的有限元计算,分析地基的破坏模式随荷载条件的变化,给出地基的极限荷载包络图,并与经典承载力计算公式结果进行对比.研究结果表明,经典承载力计算公式低估了三维荷载条件下的地基极限承载力,有限元计算模型及数值分析方法,可以较好地分析研究地基的失稳机理及承载力特性,并可考虑基础与地基不同的接触条件对破坏模式及组合极限承载力的影响.     

Influence of the Spudcan Angle on the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Jack-up Platform

Jack-up platforms of the Ocean engineering structures always withstand the vertical gravity loads which are applied to the seabed by spudcan, so it is important to determine the bearing capacity and the penetration depth of the spudcan for its geometry. In fact, it is up to the deformation law and the failure modes of soil surrounding the spudcan which can calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of the spudcan foundation on the soil seabed. By using the finite element analysis software Abaqus, the deformation law of soil around the spudcan is analyzed in detail, and the failure modes of soil surrounding the spudcan foundation are achieved. At the same time, based on the limit equilibrium theory, by use of static permissible slip-line field, the ultimate bearing capacity of the spudcan foundation is analyzed and the lower limit solution is derived theoretically, and the effect of the spudcan angle on the ultimate bearing capacity is investigated. The numerical results are compared with those obtained by the theoretical formulas deduced in this paper. On the basis of the lower limit solutions in this paper, the effect of the spudcan angle on the ultimate bearing capacity is revealed, and a practical bearing capacity formula is given to take the effect of the spudcan angle into consideration.     

Evaluation of Bearing Capacity for Multi-Layered Clay Deposits with Geosynthetic Reinforcement using Discrete Element Method

A stability analysis of reinforced foundation soil is presented in this paper. A method based on the discrete element method (DEM) is suggested for calculating the bearing capacity on strip footings over multilayer soils reinforced with a horizontal layer of geosynthetics. The proposed method can estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and the distribution of tensile force developed in the geosynthetics of the footing system by Winkler springs to account for the compatibility between soil blocks and tensile elements to consider the tensile behavior between soil and geosynthetics. For footings on various multilayer soils with or without reinforcement of geosynthetics, the results of the method were compared to the field test results as well as to those obtained by various methods proposed by other researchers.     

海洋桩靴基础穿刺破坏实时预测研究

海上自升式钻井平台以其造价低廉、便于移动和安装的优势被广泛应用于海洋地质勘察、风电安装和油气开采等领域,其基础类型多为桩靴基础。为了保证平台能在恶劣的海洋环境中安全作业,桩靴基础需要贯入海床以下一定深度以获得足够的承载力。然而,当桩靴基础在上硬下软土层中贯入时可能发生穿刺破坏导致平台损坏甚至倾覆。已有的桩靴穿刺破坏分析方法基于预设的地层参数预测穿刺荷载,由于无法考虑海床中地层及土性的不确定性,其准确性有待提高。将桩靴基础贯入过程中的监测数据与穿刺破坏机理相结合,通过66组离心机模型试验结果表征土体不确定性的影响,发展贝叶斯预测模型,实现了峰值阻力和穿刺深度的实时预测。基于规范推荐的荷载扩展分析法和冲剪系数分析法,建立了适用于规范法的概率模型,采用该模型对上砂下黏土层中桩靴基础的穿刺行为进行了预测,结果表明所提方法的预测精度随着监测数据的增加而提高,预测得到的峰值阻力误差在10%以内。