乐东—陵水凹陷古近系黄流组峡谷水道碎屑岩的源区分析

基于储层岩石学分析资料、重矿物测试等资料,借助偏光显微镜、阴极发光显微镜和扫描电镜镜下观察,分析了乐东—陵水凹陷峡谷水道碎屑沉积物的物源。结果表明:(1)研究区碎屑颗粒的结构成熟度和成分成熟度自西向东逐渐变好,石英颗粒表面机械碰撞痕常见且自西向东逐渐增多,说明碎屑颗粒来自西部物源且搬运距离较远;(2)重矿物组合特征揭示,黄流组峡谷水道受西部海南隆起和红河所控物源的影响。     

琼东南盆地中央峡谷的形态及成因

琼东南盆地中央峡谷平面上呈"S"型、NE向展布,西起莺歌海盆地中央凹陷带,经乐东凹陷、陵水凹陷、松南凹陷、宝岛凹陷、长昌凹陷,向东延伸进入西沙海槽。剖面形态上存在"V"型、"W"型、"U"型和复合型等4种类型。通过不同区域峡谷下切底界面的形态变化及充填特征,将中央峡谷划分为东段、西段和转换段3个区段,转换段与琼东南盆地的构造转换段相一致,即以西地区控凹断裂为NE向,而以东地区控凹断裂渐变为NEE或EW向。琼东南盆地中央峡谷的成因与构造作用和深水沉积作用关系密切,峡谷东段主要受构造作用控制,特别是深部隆起的存在为黄流期中央峡谷的形成提供了"限制性"作用,并且为后期中央峡谷的发育提供了"限制性通道";西段则受深水沉积作用的控制,重力流沉积为中央峡谷的下切和充填提供了来源。每期中央峡谷的形成均稍早于或与该时期陆坡的发育同期,最早形成于盆地东部,并随陆坡的持续向西迁移表现为不断向西上溯,下切能力逐渐减弱。     

琼东南盆地物源和沉积环境变化的重矿物证据

基于11口钻井岩心样品的重矿物数据,结合古生物学、元素地球化学和地震资料,对琼东南盆地的物源及沉积环境演变进行了分析.结果表明,盆地基底沉积以陆相沉积为主,自渐新世起,盆地逐渐接受海侵,大致经历了海陆过渡→滨浅海→浅海→半深海的沉积环境演变过程,水深总体呈逐渐增大的趋势且在同一时期南部区域水深整体上大于北部.随着沉积环境的变化,各地层(崖城组至莺歌海组)物源呈现出多源性特征,经历了原地→近源→远源的演变过程.在渐新世早期,物源以近源玄武质火山碎屑和邻区陆源碎屑为主,之后演变为远源的陆壳碎屑,物源区包括北部海南岛、南部永乐隆起、东北部神狐隆起、西部红河、西南部中南半岛乃至更广的区域.海南岛物源自早渐新世便开始发育,至中中新世成为盆地最主要的物源,并持续至现今;永乐隆起和神狐隆起物源在晚渐新世至早中新世期间最为发育,于中中新世逐渐消退;红河物源于晚中新世大规模加入,为中央峡谷的主要沉积物源,影响至上新世结束;中南半岛莺西物源自上新世发育,影响至更新世时期.此外,自生组分对盆地(尤其是南部区域)的沉积贡献也不容忽视.     

琼东南盆地梅山组海底扇成因演化特征与勘探建议

梅山组海底扇作为中央峡谷水道之外最引人注目的大型储集体，是琼东南盆地尤其是深水区常规碎屑岩领域下一步最为重要的勘探对象。总结了琼东南盆地各凹陷钻井资料所揭示的梅山组海底扇差异分布现象，通过研究区大陆架发育特征、陆架坡折带发育特征，结合物源供给与优势海流方向，首次从宏观格局解释了琼东南盆地中央坳陷带不同凹陷海底扇发育地质背景的差异及成因，提出乐东凹陷梅山组大型海底扇主物源来自东北方向海南隆起。通过细化中中新世大海退内部次级海平面旋回特征，首次建立了本区梅山组层序充填与海平面旋回的精确对应关系，从层序成因角度厘清了梅山组各期次海底扇发育演化特征与凹陷级别的有利储层展布特征，并据此提出相应的勘探建议，指出乐东凹陷梅山组中-晚期海底扇储层风险低，是梅山组海底扇领域突破的首选区带；陵水凹陷早期海底扇圈闭有效性较好，是梅山组海底扇大规模成藏的有利勘探方向。该研究为梅山组海底扇领域的勘探部署提供了新思路。     

多手段厘定东海西湖凹陷花港组物源体系

西湖凹陷花港组物源体系研究薄弱，严重制约了对于油气储层及有利油气相带的预测。此次研究综合利用西湖凹陷新钻井的重矿物及黏土矿物等常规分析化验资料，结合锆石U-Pb定年及FMI成像测井等手段，综合分析西湖凹陷花港组物源体系。结果表明，西湖凹陷花港组共有4大物源区，物源呈现分段发育特征：东部断阶带受东侧钓鱼岛隆褶带物源影响明显；西斜坡以海礁隆起点物源为主；中央反转带主要接受虎皮礁物源供给，往南海礁隆起影响逐渐加大；西湖凹陷南部主要接受西部渔山东低隆起物源供给。     

南海北部琼东南盆地中央峡谷成因新认识

通过对区域构造断裂体系和逐渐连片的高分辨率三维地震资料的精细解析,认识到琼东南盆地中央峡谷的形成机制除了与晚中新世区域构造变动、大规模海平面下降、充足物源供给以及凹槽型古地形特征等因素相关之外,还存在另外一个非常重要因素:峡谷底部早期隐伏断裂带的存在。研究表明:琼东南盆地中央坳陷带发育平行于陆架坡折的大规模深水峡谷,峡谷底部发育大型走滑断层以及走滑断层派生出一系列次级断层形成的地层破碎带,认识到峡谷的形成、规模以及展布方向均受断裂带影响;相应地峡谷的充填及演化亦是受物源、海平面变化、重力流作用等多种因素共同作用和相互叠加的过程。从而为研究经历了裂陷期和坳陷期盆地演化过程形成的大型峡谷提供了科学依据。     

莺歌海盆地乐东区峡谷水道成因及沉积特征

峡谷水道储层近年来为油气勘探的重要领域,莺歌海盆地乐东区黄流组二段发育近南北向的大型峡谷水道体系。依据二维及三维地震资料,充分运用地震沉积学理论对峡谷水道成因、物源及峡谷内部砂体分布进行综合分析,认为乐东区峡谷水道发育于黄流组二段低位时期,其成因主要受控于T40时期区域大规模的海退事件及下部大量走滑断层活动。峡谷水道物源来源于海南隆起,周缘存在多条小型补给水道,受地形及水动力条件影响,峡谷水道分为侵蚀区、搬运卸载区、水道交汇区,不同区沉积特征及地震相特征差异明显,砂岩充填也呈现出明显的分段性,砂岩集中发育在搬运卸载区及水道交汇区部位。     

莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组层序叠加样式与海底扇内部构型

通过层序地层研究落实了莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组大型海底扇复合体的整体轮廓,并精细划分出黄流组一段6个四级层序,其中SQHL11—SQHL13层序(低位域)是东方区海底扇复合体的主要发育层位。在高分辨率层序格架分析的基础上落实了多期次海底扇朵叶的分布,时间间隔相当于五级层序的砂体在平面上的展布表现出各式各样的形态,可归结为简单扇体、复合扇体和单水道。简单扇体在本区鲜见,以东方29-1区扇朵叶为典型;复合扇体是多个简单扇砂体相互切割及叠置或弯曲水道长时间发育时产生的复杂形式,难以进一步细化,是本区的常见类型;单水道指独立存在的孤立水道。研究表明本区海底扇简单扇体及复合扇体的主要沉积单元是主水道和分支水道微相。东方区海底扇的复杂内部构型与区域构造诱导、物源及构造转换带发育等因素相关。莺歌海盆地T31层序界面形成前后发生了一系列的区域构造事件,导致了构造活动对沉积的控制;同时,东方区西部的莺西斜坡带处于构造转换带部位,使得越南中部的蓝江物源通过昆嵩隆起以盆地短轴方向进入东方区形成大面积三角洲及三角洲前方的大型海底扇,并形成类型多样化的砂体构成样式。     

琼东南盆地新近系莺二段物源体系及其控制下的深水重力流沉积

近年来在琼东南盆地超深水区莺歌海组发现了多个深水气藏,展现了广阔的勘探前景。但随着油气勘探进一步推进,关于莺二段的储层物性问题日益凸显,严重制约了下一步的勘探进程。本文研究基于前人总结的区域地质资料,结合岩芯、测井和三维地震等资料,建立了莺二段三级层序格架,综合分析了层序格架内物源体系及其控制下的重力流沉积特征。研究表明,重力流沉积体系主要发育在莺二段下、中层序,具有南、北、轴向三大物源体系。不同物源体系控制了重力流储集体的空间展布和沉积特征:(1)南物源控制的海底峡谷充填深海泥岩,而北物源控制的海底峡谷充填的厚层浊积水道砂岩,孔渗物性好,是良好的储集层;(2)轴向物源影响的溢岸漫滩沉积,由于物性条件好,可以作为良好的油气储层;(3)南物源控制海底扇砂岩的厚度薄、粒度细、泥质含量较高,而北物源和轴向物源供应的海底峡谷和海底扇朵体的砂体面积广、厚度大、粒度粗、物性好,是深水区莺二段最重要的优质产气储层。     

琼东南盆地深水区LS33-1-1钻井岩心微量元素地球化学特征及其沉积环境

为了研究琼东南盆地深水区的沉积环境及物源,对琼东南盆地深水区LS33-1-1钻井岩心样品的微量元素地球化学特征进行了分析,结果表明:研究区自渐新世以来沉积环境多变,物源复杂;在崖三段沉积早期,物源主要为当地或附近的基性玄武质火山碎屑,可能来自南海扩张引起的岩浆喷发活动;自崖三段沉积晚期(早于31.5Ma)以来,物源以陆源和海洋自生沉积为主,其中火山岩风化产物占有相当的比例。LS33-1-1钻井岩心沉积物的微量元素地球化学特征在距今31.5、28.4、25.5、23、16、8.2、5.5、2.7Ma均发生明显突变,表明沉积环境及物源均发生了明显的变化,反映了构造运动的影响。各地球化学指标在崖三段底部4 207m左右的突变,反映了琼东南盆地发生了较大规模的构造运动,造成了沉积物源由以基性火山碎屑为主转变为以陆源碎屑为主。在渐新世-中新世界线(23MaBP)附近,各项指标均表现出明显的突变,表明在ODP1148站及珠江口盆地深水区发现的物源突变事件(白云运动)也影响到了琼东南盆地深水区。     

Geochemistry and provenance of a multiple-stage fan in the Upper Miocene to the Pliocene in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins,offshore South China Sea

The Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins in the northwestern South China Sea preserve a large volume of Cenozoic sediments. However, their sources are still remain controversial and need a further research. This paper uses discriminant diagrams and bivariate plots of major, trace and rare earth elements, combined with heavy mineral data and detrital zircon U-Pb ages to determine the provenance, source area weathering and tectonic setting of the Upper Miocene to Pliocene sediments in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, offshore South China Sea. The sandstone samples used in this study are characterized by four features: (i) The studied sandstones are first-cycle deposits, no recycling processes are recorded in these sediments, and there is a low degree of weathering conditions in the source areas. (ii) The sandstones from the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System may have a similar source, being derived from an old upper continental crust mainly composed of felsic igneous source rocks. (iii) Detrital zircon U-Pb ages suggest that Central Vietnam is likely to be the dominant source of the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System. (iv) The tectonic setting of the sandstones in the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System belongs to the continental island arc (CIA) or the active continental margin (ACM) fields.     

Upper Miocene–Pliocene provenance evolution of the Central Canyon in northwestern South China Sea

Provenance studies of the Central Canyon, Qiongdongnan Basin has provided significant insights into paleographic and sedimentology research of the South China Sea (SCS). A suite of geochemical approaches mainly including rare earth elemental (REE) analysis and detrital zircon U–Pb dating has been systematically applied to the “source-to-sink” system involving our upper Miocene–Pliocene Central Canyon sediments and surrounding potential source areas. Based on samples tracing the entire course of the Central Canyon, REE distribution patterns indicate that the western channel was generally characterized by positive Eu anomalies in larger proportion, in contrast to the dominance of negative values of its eastern side during late Miocene–Pliocene. Additionally, for the whole canyon and farther regions of Qiongdongnan Basin, the number of samples bearing negative Eu anomalies tended to increase within younger geological strata. On the other hand, U–Pb geochronology results suggest a wide Proterozoic to Mesozoic age range with peak complexity in Yanshanian, Indosinian, Caledonian and Jinningian periods. However in detail, age combination of most western samples displayed older-age signatures than the eastern. To make it more evidently, western boreholes of the Central Canyon are mainly characterized with confined Indosinian and Caledonian clusters which show great comparability with mafic-to-ultramafic source of Kontum Massif of Central Vietnam, while eastern samples largely bear with distinguishable Yanshanian and Indosinian peaks which more resemble with Hainan Island. Based on geochemistry and geochronology analyses, two significant suppliers and sedimentary infilling processes are generated: (1) the Indosinian collision orogenic belt in central-northern Vietnam, Indochina has ever played significant role in Central Canyon sedimentary evolution, (2) Hainan Island once as a typical provenance restricted within eastern Central Canyon, has been enlarging its influence into the whole channel, even into the farther western regions of Qiongdongnan Basin.

     

A buried submarine canyon in the northwestern South China Sea: architecture,development processes and implications for hydrocarbon exploration

High-resolution multichannel seismic data enables the discovery of a previous, undocumented submarine canyon(Huaguang Canyon) in the Qiongdongnan Basin, northwestern South China Sea. The Huaguang Canyon with a NW orientation is 140 km in length, and 2.5 km to 5 km in width in its upper reach and 4.6 km to 9.5 km in width in its lower reach. The head of the Huaguang Canyon is close to the Xisha carbonate platform and its tail is adjacent to the Central Canyon. This buried submarine canyon is formed by gravity flows from the Xisha carbonate platform when the sea level dropped in the early stage of the late Miocene(around 10.5 Ma). The internal architecture of the Huaguang Canyon is mainly characterized by high amplitude reflections, indicating that this ancient submarine canyon was filled with coarse-grained sediments. The sediment was principally scourced from the Xisha carbonate platform. In contrast to other buried large-scale submarine canyons(Central Canyon and Zhongjian Canyon) in the Qiongdongnan Basin, the Huaguang Canyon displays later formation time,smaller width and length, and single sediment supply. The coarse-grained deposits within the Huaguang Canyon provide a good environment for reserving oil and gas, and the muddy fillings in the Huaguang Canyon have been identified as regional caps. Therefore, the Huaguang Canyon is a potential area for future hydrocarbon exploration in the northwestern South China Sea. The result of this paper may contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of submarine canyons formed in carbonate environment.     

Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb ages of the Oligocene sediments in the Baiyun Sag,Zhujiang River Mouth Basin

In this study, element geochemistry and zircon chronology are used to analyze the Oligocene sediments in the Baiyun Sag, Zhujiang River Mouth Basin. The experimental results are discussed with respect to weathering conditions, parent rock lithologies, and provenances. The chemical index of alteration and the chemical index of weathering values of mudstone samples from the lower Oligocene Enping Formation indicate that clastic particles in the study area underwent moderate weathering. Mudstone samples exhibit relatively enriched light rare earth elements and depleted heavy rare earth elements, "V"-shaped negative Eu anomalies, and negligible Ce anomalies. The rare earth element distribution curves are obviously right-inclined, with shapes and contents similar to those of post-Archean Australian shale and upper continental crust, indicating that the samples originated from acid rocks in the upper crust. The Hf-La/Th and La/Sc-Co/Th diagrams show this same origin for the sediments in the study area. For the samples from the upper Enping deltas, the overall age spectrum shows four major age peaks ca. 59–68 Ma, 98–136 Ma, 153–168 Ma and 239–260 Ma. For the Zhuhai Formation samples,the overall age spectrum shows three major age peaks ca. 149 Ma, 252 Ma and 380 Ma. The detrital zircon shapes and U-Pb ages reveal that during Oligocene sedimentation, the sediments on the northwestern margin of the Baiyun Sag were supplied jointly from two provenances: Precambrian-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks in the extrabasinal South China fold zone and Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the intrabasinal Panyu Low Uplift, and the former supply became stronger through time. Thus, the provenance of the Oligocene deltas experienced a transition from an early proximal intrabasinal source to a late distal extrabasinal source.     

环渤海湾盆地主要河流碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征及其物源示踪意义

在环渤海湾盆地的汇入河流碎屑沉积中寻找理想的物源示踪指标,对理解和认识渤海湾盆地以及中国东部陆架海的物质扩散均具有重要意义。利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对渤海湾盆地周缘主要河流的碎屑锆石进行微区原位U-Pb年龄分析,对比前人已经报道的研究结果,发现辽河和滦河同时接受中亚造山带和燕山山脉的物质供给,永定河、滹沱河和漳河的物质分别来自燕山和太行山。黄河汇集了上游的祁连山、秦岭和黄土高原以及华北克拉通南部的物质信号。渤海湾盆地南部的鲁中山区和胶东半岛的碎屑锆石峰值年龄组成与燕山、太行山、黄河流域存在显著差异。因而,利用碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征能很好地区分近源的滦河、永定河、滹沱河、漳河、大清河、胶莱河和远源黄河的物质信号。     

南海西北部琼东南盆地深水沉积环境演化及其油气勘探意义

Over the past several years, a number of hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered in the deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin, northwestern South China Sea. These oil/gas fields demonstrate that the...     

Early Cenozoic paleontological assemblages and provenance evolution of the Lishui Sag,East China Sea

The East China Sea Shelf Basin generated a series of back-arc basins with thick successions of marine- and terrestrial-facies sediments during Cenozoic. It is enriched with abundant oil and gas resources and is of great significance to the petroleum exploration undertakings. Therein, the Lishui Sag formed fan delta, fluvial delta and littoral-to-neritic facies sediments during Paleocene–Eocene, and the research on its sedimentary environment and sediment source was controversial. This study analyzed the paleontological combination characteristics, and conducted a source-to-sink comparative analysis to restore the sedimentary environment and provenance evolution of the Lishui Sag during Paleocene–Eocene based on the integration of detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra patterns with paleontological assemblages. The results indicated that Lishui Sag was dominated by littoral and neritic-facies environment during time corroborated by large abundance of foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellates. Chronological analysis of detrital zircon U-Pb revealed that there were significant differences in sediment sources between the east and west area of the Lishui Sag. The western area was featured by deeper water depths in the Paleocene–Eocene, and the sediment was characterized by a single Yanshanian peak of zircon U-Pb age spectra, and mainly influenced from Yanshanian magmatic rocks of South China Coast and the surrounding paleo-uplifts. However, its eastern area partly showed Indosinian populations. In particular, the upper Eocene Wenzhou sediments were featured by increasingly plentiful Precambrian zircons in addition to the large Indosinian-Yanshanian peaks, indicating a possible impact from the Yushan Low Uplift to the east. Therefore, it is likely that the eastern Lishui Sag generated large river systems as well as deltas during time. Due to the Yuquan Movement, the Lishui Sag experienced uplifting and exhumation in the late stage of the late Eocene and was not deposited with sediments until Miocene. Featured by transitional-facies depositions of Paleocene–Eocene, the Lishui Sag thus beared significant potential for source rock and oil-gas reservoir accumulation.     

塔里木盆地志留系古海洋沉积环境的元素地球化学特征

通过对各元素的系统分析,塔里木盆地志留系水体基本属于正常海水。纵向上柯坪塔格组中段与上段的分界处古盐度最低;塔塔埃尔塔格组下段沉积时期古盐度最高,可能为局限海沉积。横向上塔中北部地区盐度较高,并且盐度变化大;通过古水深分析,志留系沉积时期为浅海沉积,盆地西北部为海水入口处,并通过稀土元素分析确定了沉积物的来源方向,盆地中央的沉积物具有同源性,来源于周围的沉积地层。根据化学岩石学分析,塔里木盆地志留系砂岩类型比较复杂,从石英砂岩到岩屑砂岩、长石砂岩都有分布。砂岩的母岩中斜长石含量比钾长石要高,可能在花岗闪长岩和花岗岩2个端员之间变化。