地震测井联合反演技术在南黄海盆地北部坳陷中生代储层预测中的应用

在构造复杂和测井资料少的海域,有效地进行地震反演和储层预测是油气前景评价的关键。针对南黄海盆地白垩系砂岩储层中岩性复杂和物性高度非均质的问题,采用了测井、地震资料联合的稀疏脉冲约束反演方法和构造形态约束下的低频模型构建技术,对二维多道地震数据进行了目标层波阻抗反演处理,并对白垩纪砂岩储层的横向分布进行了追踪预测。结果表明:地震波阻抗剖面能够刻画储层的空间展布特征,表征储层内部物性变化,预测有利储层分布范围;储层预测认为白垩系泰州组发育多层低波阻抗的泥岩生烃层,中间夹两层波阻抗较高的砂层,与钻井资料对比为物性较好的油气储集层。     

南海北部陆坡流花碳酸盐台地地球物理响应

碳酸盐岩储层发育和成岩作用复杂性导致了储层物性非均质特征.对东沙海区流花油田碳酸盐岩测井曲线进行交汇分析,得出速度、密度和中子孔隙度与波阻抗有良好的线性对应关系.通过对流花地区的三维地震和测井资料分析运算,总结碳酸盐台地非均质地震反射特征,利用地震属性和反演技术描述了该区生物礁碳酸盐岩储层的物性特征.结果表明,地震反射...     

曲线重构反演在非常规油藏储层横向预测中的应用

波阻抗反演是储层预测的一种重要手段,但是当储层与非储层(围岩)波阻抗差异不明显时,利用常规波阻抗反演技术难以较好地识别储层,而测井曲线重构技术可以有效提高岩性识别和储层预测的精度,减少多解性。结合鄂尔多斯盆地南部HH油田延长组勘探开发实践,利用伽马曲线重构声波反演技术对有利区域进行了预测,有效地提高了反演剖面的分辨率,并在一定程度上提高了岩性解释的准确性和精度。同时,通过对HH油田D井区实际例子进行波阻抗反演和储层预测的应用,取得了良好的效果,表明该方法是一种简单、实用、有效的曲线重构技术。     

地震反演技术在西江油田中的应用

地震反演综合应用了测井资料在垂向上的分辨力和地震资料在横向上的连续性以及所包含的丰富的岩性和物性信息,把界面性的地震数据转换成岩层性的测井数据,使其能与钻井、测井直接对比,并以岩层为单元进行地质解释,研究储层特征的空间变化,描述储层的分布特征,为勘探开发提供重要依据。在西江24-3油田的应用中对比各种反演方法的适用性,举例介绍了针对复杂地质情况时反演应用的关键技术环节。根据工区的已知钻井等地质资料,利用反演波阻抗数据体对工区进行了研究,并对储层进行预测。     

曲线重构技术在鄂尔多斯盆地岩性圈闭储层预测中的应用

在井约束的随机反演过程中,通常利用单一测井曲线来指示储层,这种方法使用的曲线类型单一,不能完整地反映储层特征。因此,提出利用多种测井曲线来重构一种更接近储层真实特性的曲线,相比较伽马、中子等曲线而言,重构后的曲线与波阻抗具有更好的相关性,反演出来的岩性剖面更加真实。针对D区实际资料,利用曲线重构反演技术进行目标区储层预测,取得了相对常规单一曲线岩性反演更好的效果,证明了该方法的有效性。     

南黄海崂山隆起石炭系-下二叠统海相碳酸盐岩叠前三参数反演储层预测

崂山隆起为南黄海盆地的构造稳定区,中-古生代海相地层存在较好的油气前景,但其构造复杂,地震资料信噪比低等缘故制约了油气勘探进程。该文采用类比方法,运用相同沉积演化历史环境的四川盆地测井和地震资料作为研究样本,分析碳酸盐岩储层测井和地震响应特征,建立南黄海古生界海相碳酸盐岩地震相和储层分布特征。根据简化的Zoeppritz方程引入岩石弹性模量,对南黄海崂山隆起地震测线进行叠前三参数反演,获得相对密度、体积模量和剪切模量数据体,沿着研究目的层提取以上3种属性参数进行3D聚类分析,再反投到地震剖面上获得地震相,在地震相的控制下再次进行聚类交互,分别获得各地震相下有利储层的空间分布情况。通过分析,南黄海崂山隆起下二叠世和石炭纪时期主要发育局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘浅滩相和台地边缘生物礁相4种沉积相,相应发育岩溶型白云储层和礁、滩相储层,储层受沉积环境影响较大,但后期的构造运动对储层孔隙也有一定的改造作用。     

塔里木盆地轮古西地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的地震识别

塔里木盆地轮古西地区奥陶系风化壳潜山油气资源丰富,但储层分布特征复杂,且储层类型主要有孔洞型、裂缝孔洞型及裂缝型,不同类型储层的地球物理响应特征差异较大。孔洞型储层由于储层内部与围岩的波阻抗差异非常巨大且高频衰减明显,地震剖面上表现为串珠状反射;裂缝型储主要表现为片状不连续的低振幅反射特征。针对其不同的地球物理响应特征,对孔洞型储层采用了分频技术和吸收衰减属性进行预测;对裂缝性储层分别采用了常规的相干技术和SEA3D特色裂缝检测技术,对裂缝的方向及强度开展精细研究,研究结果与单井的成像测井成果基本一致。引入的属性融合和三维可视化展示技术,进一步提高了针对缝洞型储层预测技术的预测精度和效率,对今后的勘探布井工作具有重要的参考意义。     

储层预测技术在鄂北TBM地区太2段的应用

针对TBM地区太2段地层厚度较薄、岩性组合复杂、地震常规资料分辨率低的特点，开展寻求更有效的太2段砂体识别方法的技术研究。通过对太2段地球物理特征及电性参数微观和宏观的统计分析表明：应用中子曲线作为岩性反演和解释的敏感参数曲线较伽玛具有明显的优势。由于岩性（中子）反演是基于波阻抗剖面上的一种岩性反演，因此对太2段的中子、波阻抗特征及相互关系做了分析研究，统计并确定了太2段四种岩性的中子值域范围，用于储层的定量解释中。从效果和精度分析来看：采用波阻抗反演基础上的岩性（中子）反演技术在太2段储层预测解释中是可行的，完全可满足勘探开发的精度要求，提高了钻井的成功率。     

测井资料在地震储层有效厚度预测中的应用研究

应用测井资料进行储层有效厚度预测是最直接的预测手段。从地球物特征研究出发，寻找能反应岩性的测井敏感性参数，用这些敏感性参数与地震联合进行反演，得到岩性反演剖面，通过岩性剖面与所确定的门槛沿目的层值拾取砂岩厚度，最后转换成储层有效厚度预测平面图。该方法通过实际应用表明，利用测井资料预测地震储层有效厚度效果较明显。     

珠江口盆地惠州地区A区块碳酸盐岩油气储层预测

珠江口盆地珠江组碳酸盐岩油藏在近年取得了勘探新突破,如LF15-1油藏的成功评价,极大地鼓舞了区域碳酸盐岩勘探。由于碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强、分布复杂,受古地形、沉积环境、成岩作用叠合影响,储层评价困难。笔者在前人研究的碳酸盐岩地层速度和储层孔隙度呈线性关系成果的基础上,充分挖潜地震资料计算碳酸盐岩地层速度对研究区储层发育区进行宏观分析,结合叠前叠后联合相控反演进行碳酸盐岩储层精细刻画,在研究区评价出3个有利储层发育区,识别出有利储层Ⅰ区是一个规模超过12km2的岩性圈闭,为区域后续勘探奠定了良好基础。     

Defining the 3D geometry of thin shale units in the Sleipner reservoir using seismic attributes

Defining the 3D geometry and internal architecture of reservoirs is important for prediction of hydrocarbon volumes, petroleum production and storage potential. Many reservoirs contain thin shale layers that are below seismic resolution, which act as impermeable and semi-permeable layers within a reservoir. Predicting the storage volume of a reservoir with thin shale layers from conventional seismic data is an issue due to limited seismic resolution. Further, gas chimneys indicative of gas migration pathways through thin shale layers, are not easily defined by conventional seismic data. Additional information, such as borehole data, can be used to aid mapping of shale layers, but making lateral predictions from 1D borehole data has high uncertainty. This paper presents an integrated workflow for quantitative seismic interpretation of thin shale layers and gas chimneys in the Utsira Formation of the Sleipner reservoir. The workflow combines the use of attribute and spectral analysis to add resolution to conventional seismic amplitude data. Detailed interpretation of these analyses reveals the reservoirs internal thin shale architecture, and the presence of gas chimneys. The comprehensive interpretation of the reservoirs internal structure is used to calculate a new reservoir storage volume. This is done based on the distribution of sand and interpreted shale layers within the study area, for this active CO₂ storage site.     

Seismic inversion as a predictive tool for porosity and facies delineation in Paleocene fluvial/lacustrine reservoirs,Melut Basin,Sudan

The Melut Basin is a rift basin in the interior Sudan linked to the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Central and Western African Rift System. The Paleocene Yabus Formation is the main reservoir deposited in heterogeneous fluvial/lacustrine environment. Delineation of channel sandstone from shale is a challenge in reservoir exploration and development. We demonstrate a detailed 3D quantitative seismic interpretation approach that integrates petrophysical properties derived from well logs analysis. A porosity transform of acoustic impedance inversion provided a link between elastic and rock properties. Thus, we used seismic porosity to discriminate between different facies with appropriate validation by well logs. At the basin scale, the results revealed lateral and vertical facies heterogeneity in the Melut Basin. Good reservoir quality is observed in the Paleocene Yabus Formation. The sand facies indicated high porosity (20%) corresponding to low acoustic impedance (20000–24000 g ft/(cm3.s)). However, lower quality reservoir is observed in the Cretaceous Melut Formation. The porosity of sand/shale facies is low (5%), corresponding to high acoustic impedance (29000–34000 g ft/(cm3.s)). This suggests that the Yabus Sandstone is potentially forming a better reservoir quality than Melut Formation. At the reservoir scale, we evaluated the facies quality of Yabus Formation subsequences using petrophysical analysis. The subsequences YB1 to YB3, YB4 to YB7 and YB8 to YB10 showed relatively similar linear regressions, respectively. The subsequence of YB4 to YB7 is considered the best reservoir with higher porosity (25%). However, subsequence YB1 to YB3 showed lower reservoir quality with higher shale volume (30%). This attributed to floodplain shale deposits in this subsequence. Similarly, the high porosity (20%) recognized in deeper subsequences YB6 to YB9 is due to clean sand facies. We learnt a lesson that appropriate seismic preconditioning, exhaustive petrophysical analysis and well log validation are important keys for improved reservoir quality prediction results in fluvial/lacustrine basins.     

基于纵波地震和四分量地震的弹性波阻抗反演

为了更好地揭示崖13-1气田的泥岩夹层及剩余气分布,提高采收率,尝试了基于纵波地震和四分量地震的弹性波阻抗反演。利用常规纵波地震资料对崖13-1气田气层进行了多角度同时反演;利用四分量地震资料进行了纵波和转换横波波阻抗反演。基于常规纵波地震资料的弹性波阻抗反演剖面的分辨率较高,气层纵波波阻抗与盖层的纵波波阻抗差异大于横波,但横波波阻抗分辨率比纵波波阻抗高,对气层细节反映得更清楚。利用弹性波阻抗反演结果可以较好地发现剩余气、泥岩夹层及气水界面。转换横波地震资料的分辨率较低,基于四分量地震资料的弹性波阻抗反演的分辨率也比较低。     

Seafloor electromagnetic induction studies in the Bay of Bengal

Seafloor magnetometer array experiments were conducted in the Bay of Bengal to delineate the subsurface conductivity structure in the close vicinity of the 85°E Ridge and Ninety East Ridge (NER), and also to study the upper mantle conductivity structure of the Bay of Bengal. The seafloor experiments were conducted in three phases. Array 1991 consisted of five seafloor stations across the 85°E Ridge along 14°N latitude with a land reference station at Selam (SLM). Array 1992 also consisted of five seafloor stations across 85°E Ridge along 12°N latitude. Here we used the data from Annamalainagar Magnetic Obervatory (ANN) as land reference data. Array 1995 consisted of four seafloor stations across the NER along 9°N latitude with land reference station at Tirunelveli (TIR). OBM-S4 magnetometers were used for seafloor measurements. The geomagnetic Depth Sounding (GDS) method was used to investigate the subsurface lateral conductivity contrasts. The vertical gradient sounding (VGS) method was used to deliniate the depth-resistivity structure of the oceanic crust and upper mantle. 1-D inversion of the VGS responses were conducted and obtained a 3-layer depth-resistivity model. The top layer has a resistivity of 150–500 m and a thickness of about 15–50 km. The second layer is highly resistive (2000–9000 m) followed by a very low resistive (0.1–50 m) layer at a depth of about 250–450 km. The 3-component magnetic field variations and the observed induction arrows indicated that the electromagnetic induction process in the Bay of Bengal is complex. We made an attempt to solve this problem numerically and followed two approaches, namely (1) thin-sheet modelling and (2) 3-D forward modelling. These model calculations jointly show that the observed induction arrows could be explained in terms of shallow subsurface features such as deep-sea fans of Bay of Bengal, the resistive 85°E Ridge and the sea water column above the seafloor stations. VGS and 3-D forward model responses agree fairly well and provided depth-resistivity profile as a resistive oceanic crust and upper mantle underlained by a very low resistive zone at a depth of about 250–400 km. This depth-range to the low resistive zone coincide with the seismic low velocity zone of the northeastern Indian Ocean derived from the seismic tomography. Thus we propose an electrical conductivity structure for the oceanic crust and upper mantle of the Bay of Bengal.     

Simulation of paleotectonic stress fields and quantitative prediction of multi-period fractures in shale reservoirs: A case study of the Niutitang Formation in the Lower Cambrian in the Cen'gong block,South China

Reservoirs where tectonic fractures significantly impact fluid flow are widespread. Industrial-level shale gas production has been established from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Cen'gong block, South China; the practice of exploration and development of shale gas in the Cen'gong block shows that the abundance of gas in different layers and wells is closely related to the degree of development of fractures. In this study, the data obtained from outcrop, cores, and logs were used to determine the developmental characteristics of such tectonic fractures. By doing an analysis of structural evolution, acoustic emission, burial history, logging evaluation, seismic inversion, and rock mechanics tests, 3-D heterogeneous geomechanical models were established by using a finite element method (FEM) stress analysis approach to simulate paleotectonic stress fields during the Late Hercynian—Early Indo-Chinese and Middle-Late Yanshanian periods. The effects of faulting, folding, and variations of mechanical parameters on the development of fractures could then be identified. A fracture density calculation model was established to determine the quantitative development of fractures in different stages and layers. Favorable areas for shale gas exploration were determined by examining the relationship between fracture density and gas content of three wells. The simulation results indicate the magnitude of minimum principal stress during the Late Hercynian — Early Indo-Chinese period within the Cen'gong block is −100 ∼ −110 MPa with a direction of SE-NW (140°–320°), and the magnitude of the maximum principal stress during the Middle-Late Yanshanian period within the Cen'gong block is 150–170 MPa with a direction of NNW-SSE (345°–165°). During the Late Hercynian — Early Indo-Chinese period, the mechanical parameters and faults play an important role in the development of fractures, and fractures at the downthrown side of the fault are more developed than those at the uplifted side; folding plays an important role in the development of fractures in the Middle-Late Yanshanian period, and faulting is a secondary control. This 3-D heterogeneous geomechanical modelling method and fracture density calculation modelling are not only significant for prediction of shale fractures in complex structural areas, but also have a practical significance for the prediction of other reservoir fractures.     

Seismic based characterization of total organic content from the marine Sembar shale,Lower Indus Basin,Pakistan

The exploration and production of unconventional resources has increased significantly over the past few years around the globe to fulfill growing energy demands. Hydrocarbon potential of these unconventional petroleum systems depends on the presence of significant organic matter; their thermal maturity and the quality of present hydrocarbons i.e. gas or oil shale. In this work, we present a workflow for estimating Total Organic Content (TOC) from seismic reflection data. To achieve the objective of this study, we have chosen a classic potential candidate for exploration of unconventional reserves, the shale of the Sembar Formation, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Our method includes the estimation of TOC from the well data using the Passey’s ΔlogR and Schwarzkofp’s methods. From seismic data, maps of Relative Acoustic Impedance (RAI) are extracted at maximum and minimum TOC zones within the Sembar Formation. A geostatistical trend with good correlation coefficient (R²) for cross-plots between TOC and RAI at well locations is used for estimation of seismic based TOC at the reservoir scale. Our results suggest a good calibration of TOC values from seismic at well locations. The estimated TOC values range from 1 to 4% showing that the shale of the Sembar Formation lies in the range of good to excellent unconventional oil/gas play within the context of TOC. This methodology of source rock evaluation provides a spatial distribution of TOC at the reservoir scale as compared to the conventional distribution generated from samples collected over sparse wells. The approach presented in this work has wider applications for source rock evaluation in other similar petroliferous basins worldwide.     

High resolution velocity analysis of ocean bottom seismometer data by theτ-p method

A method of high resolution seismic velocity analysis for ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) records is applied to the study of the shallow oceanic crust, especially sedimentary and basement layers. This method is based on the direct-p mapping and the-sum inversion. We use data obtained from a 1989 airgun-OBS experiment in the northern Yamato Basin, Japan Sea and derive P- and S-wave velocity functions that can be compared with the seismic reflection profiles. Using split-spread profile records, we obtain interface dips and true interval velocities from the OBS data. These results show good agreement with the reflection profile records, the acoustic velocities of core samples, and sonic log profiles. We also present a method for estimating errors in the derived velocity functions by calculating covariance of the derived layers' thicknesses. The estimated depth errors are about 150 m at shallow depths, which is close to the seismic wavelength used. The high resolution of this method relies on accurate determination of shot positions by GPS, spatially dense seismic observations, and the use of unsaturated reflected waves arriving after the direct water wave that are observed on low-gain component records.     

Estimation of seismic velocities and gas hydrate concentrations: A case study from the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea

In the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea (SCS), canyon systems and focused fluid flow systems increase the complexity of the gas hydrate distribution in the region. It also induces difficulties in predicting the hydrate reservoir characteristics and quantitatively evaluating reservoir parameters. In this study, several inversion methods have been executed to estimate the velocities of strata and gas hydrate concentrations along a profile in the Shenhu area. The seismic data were inverted to obtain the reflection coefficient of each stratum via a spectral inversion method. Stratigraphic horizons were then delineated by tracking the inverted reflectivities. Based on the results of spectral inversion, a low-frequency velocity field of the strata was constructed for acoustic impedance inversion. Using a new iterative algorithm for acoustic impedance inversion, reflection coefficients were converted into velocities, and the velocity variations of the strata along a 2D seismic line were then obtained. Subsequently, gas hydrate saturations at well SH2 were estimated via the shale-corrected resistivity method, the chloride ion concentration method and three different rock physics models. The results were then compared to determine the optimal rock physics model, and the modified Wood equation (MWE) was found to be appropriate for this area. Finally, the inverted velocities and MWE were used to predict the distribution and concentrations of gas hydrates along the seismic line. The estimated spatial distribution of gas hydrates is consistent with that from sonic logging and resistivity data at well SH2, and with the drilling results. Therefore, this method is applicable in areas with no well data, or with few wells, and provides an effective tool for predicting and evaluating gas hydrates using seismic data.     

Gravity and multichannel seismic reflection constraints on the lithospheric structure of the Canary Swell

Deep penetrating multichannel seismic reflection and gravity data have been used to study the lithospheric structure of the Canary Swell. The seismic reflection data show the transition from undisturbed Jurassic oceanic crust, away from the Canary Islands, to an area of ocean crust strongly modified by the Canary volcanism (ACV). Outside the ACV the seismic records image a well layered sedimentary cover, underlined by a bright reflection from the top of the igneous basement and also relatively continuous reflections from the base of the crust. In the ACV the definition of the boundary between sedimentary cover and igneous basement and the crust-mantle boundary remains very loose. Two-dimensional gravity modelling in the area outside the influence of the Canary volcanism, where the reflection data constrain the structure of the ocean crust, suggests a thinning of the lithosphere. The base of the lithosphere rises from 100 km, about 400 km west of the ACV, to 80 km at the outer limit of the ACV. In addition, depth conversion of the seismic reflection data and unloading of the sediments indicate the presence of a regional depth anomaly of an extension similar to the lithospheric thinning inferred from gravity modelling. The depth anomaly associated with the swell, after correction for sediment weight, is about 500 m. We interpret the lithospheric thinning as an indication of reheating of old Mesozoic lithosphere beneath the Canary Basin and along with the depth anomaly as indicating a thermal rejuvenation of the lithosphere. We suggest that the most likely origin for the Canary Islands is a hot spot.     

2-D and 3-D modelling of wide-angle seismic data: an example from the Vøring volcanic passive margin

This study presents the modelling of 2-D and 3-D wide-angle seismic data acquired on the complex, volcanic passive margin of the Vøring Plateau, off Norway. Three wide-angle seismic profiles were shot and recorded simultaneously by 21 Ocean Bottom Seismometers, yielding a comprehensive 3-D data set, in addition to the three in-line profiles. Coincident multi-channel seismic profiles are used to better constrain the modelling, but the Mesozoic and deeper structures are poorly imaged due to the presence of flood basalts and sills. Velocity modelling reveals an unexpectedly large 30 km basement high hidden below the flood basalt. When interpreted as a 2-D structure, this basement high produces a modelled gravity anomaly in disagreement with the observed gravity. However, both the gravity and the seismic data suggest that the structure varies in all three directions. The modelling of the entire 3-D set of travel times leads to a coherent velocity structure that confirms the basement high; it also shows that the abrupt transition to the slower Cretaceous basin coincides in position and orientation with the fault system forming the Rån Ridge. The positive gravity anomaly over the Rån Ridge originates from the focussed and coincident elevation of the high velocity lower crust and pre-Cretaceous basement. Although the Moho is not constrained by the seismic data, the gravity modelled from the 3-D velocity model shows a better fit along the profiles. This study illustrates the interest of a 3-D acquisition of wide-angle seismic over complex structures and the benefit of the subsequent integrated interpretation of the seismic and gravity data.