莱州湾西南部海域及其毗邻河流水体营养盐的分布特征及长期变化趋势

根据2012年9月对莱州湾西南部海域及其毗邻10条河流的调查结果,以及近30年来关于莱州湾海域表层水营养盐的调查资料,报道了各条河流和近海海域的营养盐状况及该海域营养盐的长期变化趋势,结果表明:(1)10条主要调查河流的总溶解态氮(TDN)平均含量在1.82~10.66mg/L之间,其中有8条河流超过河流总氮劣五类水质标准,6条河流硝态氮(NO3-N)含量高于氨氮(NH4-N)。(2)所调查的5个近海断面中小清河口近海断面、虞河口近海断面及溢洪河口近海断面的DIN平均含量超过海水无机氮第四类水质标准;除小清河口近海断面外其余近海断面活性磷(PO4-P)含量均属一类海水水质。(3)部分断面营养盐含量在河口混合区淡水端升高,可能与咸淡水混合动力作用相关;莱州湾西部区域营养盐含量高于南部区域,南部的堤河氮、磷含量极高;原油开采活动可能是影响附近水体中营养盐含量及形态的重要因素。(4)从20世纪80年代初至90年代中期,莱州湾表层水无机氮平均含量经历了由低到高的变化,到90年代后期已属劣四类海水水质;无机磷平均含量在该时段呈降低趋势,但到90年代后期也保持在较高水平,随后又波动下降。(5)所调查的莱州湾近海区域整体处于磷限制潜在富营养状态;氮磷摩尔比(N∶P)在所考察的大部分时段内高于Redfield阈值(16),净营养盐收支呈磷减少而氮增加的总体变化趋势,近年来磷限制程度有所减缓。     

黄河下游营养盐浓度季节变化及其入海通量研究

2001年3月～2002年2月期间在黄河下游采集溶解及颗粒态营养盐样品,分析了黄河径流中各形态的营养盐的浓度及其月动态,估算此时段内黄河的营养盐入海通量。研究发现,溶解无机氮是溶解总氮的主要存在形式,硝酸盐是黄河中氮的最主要存在形态,其季节变化与水量变化趋势相反,年平均含量为(260.6±84.0)μmol/L,显著高于世界其它河流,为世界背景值(7.14μmol/L)的20多倍;黄河中磷主要以颗粒态存在,颗粒态磷含量变化规律与SPM的分布一致,其年平均含量为(16.2±22.9)μmol/L,磷酸盐含量较低,年平均含量为(0.42±0.20)μmol/L,与世界河流的平均水平相当。硅酸盐年平均含量为(122.0±18.2)μmol/L。每年约有17 200 t的总氮和1 600 t的总磷输入渤海,氮通量表现出在春季3月较高;磷通量在9月出现最高值,春季3,4月也较高;硅酸盐通量在3月出现最高值。     

珠江中氮的迁移

研究河流中氮的变化与迁移,主要意义是:(1)从环境化学的角度了解其分布规律和地球化学过程;(2)探讨河水中溶解状态的无机氮输入海洋后,作为重要营养盐的作用。另外,也为研究海洋中氮的变化及循环提供依据。 珠江是中国唯一的热带亚热带大河,其河水中氮的变化,过去没有进行测定,也未见文章报道。我们首次进行了氮的分析工作,研究了不同形态氮的相互作用与转化规律及其向海洋的输送量。同时还对珠江与世界河流中氮的平均含量进行了比较。     

黄河农场地区地下水入海量FEFLOW软件数值模拟

分析了黄河农场地区的降雨、蒸发、地表径流、灌溉和地下水水位常规观测资料,构建了该区的水文地质模型。在此基础上,运用FEFLOW软件建立了黄河农场地区三维地下水流数值模型,用实测资料来识别此模型,运用模型估算出研究区2层潜水含水层的地下水入海量,进一步分析地下水中的营养盐物质,得出研究区营养盐入海量。     

黄河下游溶解态营养盐季节变化及入海通量研究

根据在2010-04—2011-03期间在黄河利津站进行的观测结果,分析了黄河下游营养盐的月际变化,估算了黄河营养盐的入海通量。结果表明:观测期间溶解无机氮(DIN)、硝酸盐(NO_3~--N)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2~--N)和氨氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度的变化范围分别为190.4~361.3、177.1~332.5、0.74~13.81和2.27~26.44μmol/L,平均浓度为277.5、269.3、4.90和5.26μmol/L;磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度的变化范围为0.027~0.138和92.5~146.0μmol/L,平均浓度分别为0.094和118.1μmol/L。DIN的浓度表现为枯水期含量高、丰水期含量低,而磷酸盐的变化与其相反;硝酸盐是黄河下游水体中溶解无机氮的主要组成部分,且溶解无机氮的入海通量主要由NO_3~--N贡献;磷酸盐浓度与径流量显著正相关;丰水期黄河向渤海输送的溶解无机态营养盐是全年输送通量的主要贡献者,营养盐通量的主要控制因素是径流量。     

灌河下游营养盐浓度的季节变化及其入海通量研究

2017年2月~2019年9月在灌河下游采集水样,分析了其中各种形态营养盐的浓度以及月动态变化情况,估算了灌河的营养盐入海通量。结果表明,NO3^-和NH4⁺是溶解无机氮(DIN)的主要存在形式,其平均值分别为(74.66±45.06)、(83.67±87.22)μmol/L。NO3^-浓度与欧洲以及国内一些河流相当,NH4⁺浓度显著高于世界上其它河流。PO4^3-的平均浓度为(3.38±2.14)μmol/L,显著高于世界河流的平均水平(0.32μmol/L),与欧洲和北美地区富营养化严重的河流相当。SiO3^2-的平均浓度为(80.27±27.65)μmol/L,同国内及世界上其它河流相比,该含量处于较低水平。不同形态氮、磷浓度存在显著的季节变化,从2017—2019年它们的浓度显著降低,这主要是由于环保督察后大量畜禽养殖场的关闭或迁移使得排放入河的各形态氮、磷大量减少所致;硅浓度的年际变化不大。灌河每年约有0.61×10⁴ t的DIN和0.28×10³ t的PO3^3-进入南黄海,SiO3^2-的年输送通量约为0.60×10⁴t。     

钦州湾夏季营养盐的分布特征及富营养化评价

2009年8月对钦州湾海域的现场调查资料,分析了钦州湾表层海水中营养盐的分布特征及其成因。结果表明:该湾亚硝酸盐(NO2-N),硝酸盐(NO3-N),铵盐(NH3-N),无机磷(PO4-P)和活性硅(SiO3-S)i平均含量分别为0.05 mg/L,0.46 mg/L,0.09 mg/L,0.007 mg/L和1.54 mg/L。在空间分布上,各营养盐含量均呈现出由湾内向湾外逐渐递减的变化趋势,体现出夏季陆地径流的主导控制作用。相关性分析表明,陆源水的物理混合过程是影响诸营养盐含量的主要因素,生物、化学作用次之。通过污染指数A及营养状态质量指数NQI的分析,整个海湾水质处于中度污染程度和富营养化状态,以无机氮为主要污染因子。     

杭州湾营养盐时空分布特征及其影响研究

文章基于2015年1—12月杭州湾海域12个航次的调查资料,对杭州湾海域营养盐溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))的月度时空分布特征及其影响进行了探讨。结果表明,杭州湾表层海水DIN和PO_4~(3-)含量空间分布月际间变化明显,其变化受湾内、沿岸径流输入和长江冲淡水影响显著。杭州湾海域12个月DIN含量均超第四类海水水质标准,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~-)占DIN的94%及以上。N/P值处于较高水平,内湾(IB)和外湾(OB)的N/P值季节性变化幅度比中湾(CB)大,海湾生态系统对磷的变化敏感。营养盐-盐度对研究区域的水体混合状况有明显的指示作用,杭州湾营养盐的分布主要受物理混合作用所控制,浮游生物活动对营养盐分布的影响相对较小。     

黄海氮磷营养盐的循环和收支研究

建立了一个生物-物理耦合的三维营养盐动力学模型,模拟了黄海无机氮、活性磷酸盐和叶绿素a的年循环规律,估算了黄海营养盐的收支情况和季节差异,并将数值结果与实测资料进行比较。结果表明:黄海无机氮和无机磷经历了春、夏的消耗及秋、冬的补充,维持了黄海全年较高的生产力,年平均初级生产力达508mgC·m-2·d-1。黄海水文环境在很大程度上影响着营养盐的分布和生态功能:黄海中部深水区季节性热层化在春季萌发、秋末消衰,使夏季表层水营养盐匮乏,底层冷水团营养盐大量蓄集,因此初级生产力在5-6月和11月出现双峰特征,而近岸海水几乎全年混合均匀,初级生产力单峰出现在6-8月。河流每年为黄海输送225.4×103t无机氮和6.82×103t无机磷,使北黄海及近岸营养盐丰富,尤其朝鲜沿岸径流注入大量的营养盐,使其新生生产力较高,f比平均达55%。光合作用和呼吸作用是营养盐最大的汇和源,黄海中部沉积物-水界面交换向水体提供大量的硝酸氮,为新生产贡献56%的氮。大气沉降补充的营养盐占年初级生产所需氮、磷的6%和1.5%,为河流输入营养盐的3～5倍。     

胶州湾冬季异养细菌与营养盐分布特征及关系研究

2003年12月、2004年1月和2月下旬进行了3个航次的现场调查,对胶州湾冬季异养浮游细菌和无机营养盐分布特征、相互关系及影响因素进行了探讨。胶州湾冬季异养浮游细菌数量的月变化与水温的变化趋势基本一致,分布特征为近岸高,离岸逐渐减少,最大值出现在湾东北部,为7.55×109个/dm3,最小值位于湾中央,为1.89×109个/dm3。水体PO3-,NO-和NH+等营养盐的分布同样具有近岸较高,离岸逐渐减少的特点,异养细菌数量分布与氨盐浓度呈高度显著性正相关,相关系数为0.73(P<0.01),与硝酸盐和磷酸盐浓度呈显著性正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.50和0.48(P≤0.05)。水温是影响胶州湾细菌季节变化的主要因素之一,冬季营养盐水平分布可能与异养浮游细菌矿化有机质产生营养盐有关。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,