孟加拉湾夏季季节内振荡的湿静力能分析

夏季期间大气季节内振荡(ISO)活跃于孟加拉湾区域,并存在显著的向北传播。采用1979-2016年ERA-Interim大气再分析资料,通过对典型ISO事件进行位相合成,揭示了夏季期间孟加拉湾湿静力能季节内变化的演变特征和控制机理。结果表明,ISO大气对流在向北传播期间伴随着显著的湿静力能累积(充电)和释放(放电)过程。其中,水汽主导的湿静力能水平平流是充电和放电的关键控制因素。水汽水平平流在对流层中高层和对流层低层的变异机理存在一定差异,在中高层主要取决于ISO扰动纬向风对低频水汽的纬向输送,在低层则主要取决于低频经向风对ISO扰动水汽的经向输送。     

热带西太平洋大气气候基本态与厄尔尼诺期间赤道附近西风异常

利用合成分析的方法分析了自1961年以来观测到的8次厄尔尼诺事件中赤道西太平洋地区西风异常与大气气候基本态的关系,结果发现厄尔尼诺年赤道西太平洋地区西风异常具有和大气气候基本态相一致的季节变化特征.利用一个简单热带海-气耦合模式较好地模拟出了观测到的厄尔尼诺年赤道西太平洋地区西风异常的变化特征.对模式结果的分析表明,大气气候基本态对厄尔尼诺年赤道西太平洋地区西风异常的形成起重要作用,它是通过影响大气模式中的加热场来影响赤道西太平洋地区西风异常.大气模式中赤道太平洋地区的加热场的形成具有阶段性和地区性,在厄尔尼诺事件的初始阶段,大气气候基本态是大气模式中的加热场形成的主要因子,而在厄尔尼诺事件的发展和成熟阶段,赤道中东太平洋地区的海表温度异常(SSTA)是加热场形成的主要因子.模式模拟结果对大气气候基本态依赖的敏感性试验说明,在大气模式加热场中含有大气气候基本态的模拟中,沿中西太平洋赤道附近的纬向风异常表现出和观测类似的传播特征.     

西太平洋暖池区海温异常对冬季环流影响的数值研究

应用全球气候模式就西太平洋暖池区冬季海温异常对冬季大气环流及东亚冬季风的影响问题进行了数值试验.结果表明;西太平洋暖池区海温异常可以引起太平洋中东部Walker环流加强并使其位置东移.同时,增温区附近两半球的Hadley环流也明显增强,增温区附近的上升运动及副热带地区的下沉运动均更加明显.在反常加热区附近有自热带向中高纬度传播的波列出现,从而把海温变化的影响传播到全球.西太平洋暖池区海温异常对副热带高压、西风急流、西风带槽脊强度及位置分布均有重大影响,并造成全球高度场、温度及风场的变化,它使增温区两侧的副热带高压加强并向极地一侧移动,促使西风急流加强并北移,使东亚大槽北缩,并增大高纬与热带之间的热力差异.暧池区海温的异常升高使东亚冬季风减弱,我国大部分地区增暖.     

西太平洋暖池SST变异对山东夏季降水的影响

西太平洋暖池展布于热带太平洋中、西部海域 ,其水温终年高于 2 8°C(Wyrtki,1 989;张启龙等 ,1 997)。其最主要特征是水温高 ,热含量丰富。西太平洋暖池是全球大洋表面水温 (SST)最高的海域 ,也是全球大气运动最主要的热源地和对流活动的最活跃区。暖池以热量和水汽形式将大部     

山东半岛夏季降水异常的环流型及影响因子分析

利用1961——2016年华东地区106个气象观测站的日降水数据和再分析资料,分析引起山东半岛夏季降水异常的大气环流型及其与前期下垫面因子(海温和土壤湿度)的关系,结果发现:1)当孟加拉湾出现西南风异常,日本列岛以南和贝加尔湖西南侧地区分别呈反气旋和气旋式环流异常时,加强了向山东半岛的水汽输送,配合区域大气上升运动异常最终导致山东半岛夏季降水偏多;反之,当孟加拉湾出现西北风异常,日本列岛以南和贝加尔湖西南地区分别呈气旋和反气旋式环流异常时山东半岛降水偏少。2)孟加拉湾和北太平洋中部关键区的对流层整层位势高度与下垫面海温自春季持续至夏季存在显著正相关,当两个地区的整层位势高度均呈正异常时,分别对应夏季孟加拉湾的强西风气流和日本列岛以南的反气旋环流异常。3)区域土壤湿度异常引起的感热和潜热通量异常,可能是引起贝加尔湖关键区位势高度和山东半岛局地对流异常的原因:贝加尔湖西南地区土壤湿度偏大时,其上空对流层位势高度为负异常;山东半岛地区土壤湿度偏大时,其上空对流层大气出现异常上升运动。4)利用关键区春季下垫面因子(海温和土壤湿度)建立山东半岛夏季降水的统计预测模型,留一交叉检验的距平同号率达到75%。这些结果可为山东半岛夏季降水预测提供重要参考。     

晚第四纪热带西太平洋海气CO2交换影响因素

探究海气CO₂交换有助于解析全球碳循环和全球气候变化。由于海水和大气的直接接触,研究表层海水碳酸盐系统变化成为探究海气碳交换的关键。基于已有热带西太平洋表层海水碳酸盐系统研究成果,本文总结了有孔虫壳体B/Ca和δ¹¹B指标重建碳酸盐系统参数的原理、方法及优缺点。然后,从厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)、东亚季风以及大气桥梁和海洋隧道三方面综述了晚第四纪热带西太平洋海气CO₂交换影响因素的研究现状。结果显示,类ENSO通过横向平流和垂向变化分别影响热带西太平洋东端和西端的海气碳交换。东亚夏季风对热带西太平洋海气碳交换具有较强的调控作用,而东亚冬季风的调控作用较弱或不明显。冰消期南大洋深部流通状况增强,可通过大气桥梁(大气CO₂)和海洋隧道(南极中层水)影响热带西太平洋海气碳交换。然而,为了更准确清晰地了解全球碳循环变化,还需针对指标记录的可靠性、覆盖范围以及海气碳交换在更长时间尺度的变化机理等方面开展更多研究。     

El Niño对东亚气候年际异常影响的数值模拟

根据1949~1998年期间8次显著El Niño事件合成的24个月年际海温异常(SSTAs)和气候平均的海温(SST),利用CCM3分别进行了3个包含10次积分的集合试验,即控制试验(CTRL),热带太平洋海洋全球大气试验(TOGA)以及整个太平洋海洋全球大气试验(TOGA-NP),通过对比分析这3个试验之间的集合模拟结果,揭示了在El Niño不同演变阶段东亚气候年际异常响应结构以及北太平洋年际SSTAs在此过程中的调制作用.结果表明:El Niño发展阶段夏季,东亚地区大气环流异常呈显著的负PJ波列,副热带高压减弱、偏东,东亚夏季风增强,东北和江淮流域降水偏多,华北和长江流域及其以南地区降水偏少;El Niño成熟阶段冬季,东亚大槽加强,东亚北部冬季风加强,西太平洋副热带地区低层有显著的反气旋式异常风场,华南地区降水显著增多;El Niño衰亡阶段夏季东亚气候年际异常型与其发展阶段夏季几乎相反.同时,北太平洋年际SSTAs对El Niño影响东亚气候年际异常有一定的调制作用,使模拟的我国降水异常分布更符合观测.     

青岛地区一次晚秋局地大暴雨的天气分析

利用常规、非常规天气观测资料及MM5数值模拟资料等对2004年11月9～10日山东青岛地区局地大暴雨过程进行了分析,结果表明:(1) 此次暴雨是冷锋前暖区的强降水;(2) 此次暴雨局地性强、突发性强、持续时间短;(3) 西太平洋的水汽是这次暴雨的主要水汽源;(4) 这次强降水发生时大气层结不稳定并不明显,对流层中低层存在对流不稳定,与山东夏季暴雨大气层结强烈不稳定有显著差异;(5) 低层辐合、高层辐散和较强的垂直上升运动是这次暴雨出现的有利动力条件,强降水期间并不必需对流层低层出现辐合;(6) 中低层位涡中心对预报具有很好的指示意义;(7) 青岛特殊的地形和这次降水关系密切.     

El Nio对东亚气候年际异常影响的数值模拟

根据1949~1998年期间8次显著El Nio事件合成的24个月年际海温异常(SSTAs)和气候平均的海温(SST),利用CCM3分别进行了3个包含10次积分的集合试验,即控制试验(CTRL),热带太平洋海洋全球大气试验(TOGA)以及整个太平洋海洋全球大气试验(TOGA-NP),通过对比分析这3个试验之间的集合模拟结果,揭示了在El Nio不同演变阶段东亚气候年际异常响应结构以及北太平洋年际SSTAs在此过程中的调制作用.结果表明:El Nio发展阶段夏季,东亚地区大气环流异常呈显著的负PJ波列,副热带高压减弱、偏东,东亚夏季风增强,东北和江淮流域降水偏多,华北和长江流域及其以南地区降水偏少;El Nio成熟阶段冬季,东亚大槽加强,东亚北部冬季风加强,西太平洋副热带地区低层有显著的反气旋式异常风场,华南地区降水显著增多;El Nio衰亡阶段夏季东亚气候年际异常型与其发展阶段夏季几乎相反.同时,北太平洋年际SSTAs对El Nio影响东亚气候年际异常有一定的调制作用,使模拟的我国降水异常分布更符合观测.     

东亚夏季风对山东夏季降水的影响

对2种东亚夏季风指数进行了对比分析，选择1种能较好地表征山东夏季降水的夏季风指数。研究了山东旱涝年以及强弱季风年500hPa高度场、850hPa风场、热带洋区OLR场、西太平洋副热带高压等异常分布特征，并初步探讨了影响山东夏季降水的物理机制。结果表明，海陆热力差指数是1种较适合研究山东夏季降水的东亚夏季风指标。强（弱）指数年，南海．热带西太平洋地区对流活动较常年偏强（弱），热带东太平洋地区对流活动偏弱（强），walker环流偏强（弱），北半球500hPa环流形势呈EAP（负EAP）遥相关型，副热带高压偏北偏强（偏南偏弱），山东夏季以多雨（少雨）年份居多；春夏季南海．热带西太平洋地区对流活动与山东夏季降水之间存在着遥相关关系，两者遥相关的可能机制是热带强迫所激发的大尺度准定常Rossby波的传播。     

Distributions of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids in the North Pacific aerosol samples

Marine aerosol samples collected from the North Pacific atmosphere were studied for molecular distributions of dicarboxylic acids by using a capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometery. A homologous series of dicarboxylic acids (C₂–C₁₀) was detected in the marine aerosol samples as dibutyl esters. All the samples showed that the smallest diacid (oxalic acid: C₂) was the most abundant and comprised 41–67% of the total diacids. The second most abundant species was malonic acid (C₃) or succinic acid (C₄). The diacids with more carbon numbers were generally less abundant. Total diacid concentration range was 17–1040 ng m^–3, which accounted for up to 1.6% of total aerosol mass. This indicates that low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids are important class of organic compounds in the marine atmosphere. The concentrations were generally higher in the western North Pacific and lower in the central North Pacific. The major portion of diacids is probably derived from the Asian Continent and East Asian countries by long-range atmospheric transport and partly fromin situ photochemical production in the marine atmosphere.     

东海内陆架沉积气候信息的端元分析模型反演

应用沉积物粒度端元分析模型对在东海内陆架泥质区取得的30号柱样的高分辨率粒度数据序列进行了反演,分离出3个端元,根据端元的频率分布特征和已有研究结果,认为3个端元可能为现代陆源细颗粒物质(EM1)、现代陆源粗颗粒物质(EM2)和风暴带来的残留沉积区再悬浮物质(EM3),并对本区域的水动力环境进行了分析,认为分离出的端元EM1和EM2的比值EM2/(EM1 EM2)序列可以反映东海沿岸流强度的历史变化,进而反映东亚冬季风强度和中国温度波动的历史。该序列与观测到的近百年来东亚冬季风强度记录、竺可桢的中国温度波动曲线以及葛全胜的中国东部冬半年温度变化序列有很好的对应关系。得出的气候指标序列在竺可桢给出的公元600—1100年高温期间的780—920年出现了一个极小值区,为许多作者推测的公元780—920年出现一个短暂的冷期提供了佐证;另外该序列近百年来变化幅度明显,反映了人类活动的影响。     

Tissue and cellular alterations in Asian clam (Potamocorbula amurensis) from San Francisco Bay: toxicological indicators of exposure and effect?

The US Geological Survey has reported the presence of a metal contamination gradient in clam tissues, decreased condition indices, and irregular reproductive patterns have been reported in the Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis, from San Francisco Bay. If metals are driving the observed patterns in the field, then biomarkers of exposure, and possibly deleterious effect, should show a corresponding gradient. In this study, biomarkers from sub-cellular to tissue levels of biological organization were assessed in P. amurensis collected from the Bay or exposed to cadmium in the laboratory. Cellular and tissue alterations were assessed using histopathology and enzyme histochemistry (EH). Alterations in the ovary, testis, kidney, and gill tissues were most common at the most contaminated station when data were averaged over a 12-month sampling period. EH analysis indicated decreased active transport, energy status, and glucose oxidation in kidney and digestive gland at the most contaminated site which may indicate a decreased potential for growth. Ovarian lesions observed in feral Asian clams were experimentally induced in healthy clams by cadmium exposure in laboratory exposures. Our results suggest a contaminant etiology for tissue alterations.     

Grain size,La/Yb and Th/Sc of settling particles in the western North Pacific: Evidence for lateral transport of small Asian loess

To understand the transport process of lithogenic particles in the ocean, we measured the grain size distributions of lithogenic particles and measured the opal, La, Yb, Th, and Sc concentrations of the settling particles collected from time-series sediment traps at Sta. KNOT (44°N, 155°E, water depth 5320 m) from June 2002 to May 2004. The annual mean lithogenic particle flux observed at the lower sediment trap (5100 m) was twice as high as that at the upper sediment trap (770 m). The contribution of Asian loess estimated by the La/Yb and the Th/Sc ratios in the lower layer was greater than that in the upper layer. The fluxes of small lithogenic particles with sizes of 3–4 μm at the lower layer (5 to 65 mg/m²/day) were approximately four times larger than that at the upper layer (0.6 to 27 mg/m²/day). These results indicate that the horizontal addition of small particle sizes of Asian loess is a main factor in the increase of lithogenic particles at the lower layer. The temporal variations in the small lithogenic particle flux at the lower layer had a positive correlation with those at the upper layer (r = 0.71). The small lithogenic particle fluxes showed a strong positive correlation with the opal fluxes (r = 0.9). We therefore conclude that the small lithogenic particles were laterally transported and scavenged by the formation of aggregates with opal.     

Composite Analysis of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Properties with Respect to the Strength of the Wintertime East Asian Monsoon

The interannual variation of the thermal structure of North Pacific subtropical mode water (NPSTMW) is investigated by means of composite analysis with respect to the wintertime Monsoon Index (MOI) which can represent the strength of the wintertime East Asian monsoon. The wind stress field over the NPSTMW formation area has significant variation over the interannual (2–4 year) and the decadal (10–20 year) bands. Changes in interannual variation are well correlated with the intensity of the wintertime East Asian monsoon. By means of composite analysis, it is found that significant differences occur in the thermal structure of the NPSTMW between stronger and weaker monsoon years. That is, colder and thicker NPSTMW is formed in years with stronger monsoons. Analysis of the heat flux through the sea surface and horizontal heat divergence in the Ekman layer shows that colder and thicker NPSTMW in stronger monsoon years can be attributed to a larger amount of heat release through the sea surface in the formation area. A larger horizontal divergence of the heat transport in the upper Ekman layer is considerably responsible for this increased heat loss.     

南海及邻近海域异常海温影响局域大气环流的初步试验

南海及邻近海域表层海温（SST）异常的气候意义可以通过IAP－AGCM的数值模拟得到反映。数值试验表明，东亚大气环流对这种SST异常的响应具有时变性（或称季节性），在空间上维持一定的经向结构和纬向结构。确切地说，南海冷水年份，即南海和孟加拉湾负距平、西太平洋正距平的年份，2，3月份南海有东北风异常；夏季菲律宾附近维持一个反气旋式的差值环流，它的低频活动造成了这个地区九水场的低频振荡；与环流较一致的是夏季西太平洋副热带高压活动有所减弱、东移，造成了水汽经向输送的异常分布。     

东亚季风的时间变化及其预报探讨

利用全球降水气候学计划(Global Precipitation Climato1ogyt rlBpercdi tion.NCEP-2).结合东和美国环境预报中心再分析资料(National Centers for Environmental PTedic1on, 水-和年后亦亚季风指数、多变量经验正交函数展开分析(MV-EOF)等方法探讨了东亚季F风的李卫父化个手你记化。结果表明:东亚季风存在明显年周期变化,夏季风盛行于5-9月,在8月达到最大值,冬季风则在1月最强;东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚地区夏季降雨有着密切关系。最后运用基于MV-EOF分析方法的Markov统计预报模型预报了1998年夏季降水异常,其结果与观测值较符,说明其具有较好的实用价值。     

Sediment Load of Asian Rivers flowing into the Oceans and their Regional Variation

Study of the major Asian rivers discharge to the ocean reveals variations of their water discharges and sediment loads.and local characteristics of river sediment concentrations.On the basis of this,the Asian rivers fall into three regions,including Eurasia Arctic,East Asia,Southeast and South Asia Regions.The Eurasia Arctic Region is characterized by the lowest sediment concentration and load,while the East Asia Region is of the highest sediment concentration and higher sediment load,and the South-East and South Asia Region yields Higher Sediment concentration and highest sediment load. The sediment loads of these regions are mainly controlled by climate,geomorphology and tectonic activity.The Eurasia Arctc rivers with large basin areas and water discharge,drain low relief which consists of tundra sediment,thus causing the lowest sediment load.The East Asia rivers with small basin areas and lowest water discharges,drain extensive loess plateau,and transport most erodible loess material,which results in highest sediment concentration.The SE and South Asia rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau have large basin areas and the largest water discharges because of the Summer Monsoon and high rainfall influence,causing the highest sediment load.In Asia,tectonic motion of the Tibet Plateau Plays an important role.Those large rivers originating from the Tibet Plateau trasport about 50% of the world river sediment load to ocean annually,forming large estuaries and deltas,and consequently exerting a great influence on sedimentation in the coastal zone and shelves.     

Geographic and temporal variations of sulfate aerosols over the Pacific Ocean

To investigate the life cycle of marine sulfate aerosols, chemicophysical characteristics of marine aerosolswere measured during five cruises in the Pacific Ocean. Dimethyl sulfide concentrations in seawater and in the air were also measured. The geographic variation of sulfate-aerosol concentrations was studied in relation to biogenic and anthropogenic sources,transport with air trajectories, and chemical transformations in the atmosphere. The highest concentrations were found near Asian and American ports, indicating anthropogenic pollution is the major sulfate aerosols source. Higher concentrations were observed in the upwelling regions than in the oligotrophic areas. Along the coastal regions, both mass and number concentrations of sulfate aerosols depended on wind direction and wind speed, and land-breeze and sea-breeze oscillations; no clear diurnal variation was detected. In pelagic areas, along the equator, the concentrations of small sulfate particles showed a maximum in the afternoon and the m     

北太平洋西边界流研究综述

综述了近20年来国内外学者在研究北太平洋西边界流的平均结构及NEC分叉动力机制、NM K流系平均输运的分配及变化、NM K流系季节及年际变化规律及其与EN SO之间的关系、NM K流系在热带和亚热带水交换中的作用以及水团的平均分布特征等方面所取得的主要成果。通过分析,发现东亚季风、R ossby波和K e lv in波等是影响北太平洋西边界流的主要因素;而缺乏长期直接的海流观测资料是深入研究北太平洋西边界流遇到的最大障碍。