南海声速跃层分类及其季节变化

南海海底地势复杂,海域内跃层分布有其特殊性,研究声速跃层分布形态对海上军事活动和海洋战场建设有重要影响。利用50 a(1958~2007年)SODA(simple ocean data assimilation)月平均资料,采用垂直梯度法分别求得3种类型声速跃层的特征值。结果表明:冬季,3种类型声速跃层范围全年最小,厚度最薄,强度最弱;夏季,主跃层、双跃层范围全年最大,厚度最厚,深度大都较浅,强度最强。春秋季跃层的示性特征介于冬夏之间,秋季比春季变化明显。     

南海声速跃层季节变化特征分析

利用SODA月平均温、盐资料研究南海声速跃层时空分布特征.采用垂直梯度法,分析了主跃层的区域性分布及季节性变化,得出了声速跃层垂直结构参数的统计特征值.结果表明南海海区的季风和环流结构对主跃层的影响很大.夏季声速跃层分布最广,深度最浅,厚度最厚,强度最大.冬季跃层范围最小,深度最深,厚度最薄,强度最小.春秋季跃层特征介...     

台湾海峡西部海域温、盐度跃层初步分析

本文根据1984—1985年台湾海峡西部海域海洋综合调查的实测资料,描述和分析了本海区温、盐度跃层的强度、深度和厚度的分布特征。结果表明,温、盐跃层具有明显季节变化,其强度分布为海区南部大,北部小;夏季大,冬季小。温跃层最大强度可达1.5℃/m,盐跃层为0.8左右。在几个强跃层区内,温跃层的强度主要取决于海水上、下层水系的性质,盐跃层的强度,主要取决于江河入海流量的大小,同时与沿岸流亦关系密切。     

海洋跃层的谱表达法及自适应识别

提出了海洋跃层的全水层剖面谱表达法,通过海洋要素的垂直变化梯度零线和分布曲线把跃层形态、垂直变化过程及特征全面、系统、完整、准确地凸显出来;分别利用曲率区域最值和小波变换自适应检测法,将跃层谱峰根部的转折特征提取出来,确定了跃层与上下层水体的分界;从而形成了全面表征跃层自然属性特征的"五点三要素"法,即跃层上界点、强跃层上界点、跃层最值点、强跃层下界点、跃层下界点这五个跃层属性特征点和跃层最大强度、强跃层平均强度、跃层平均强度这三个跃层强度要素。基此,建立了一套关于跃层的定义、表达、确定和识别的系统方法,使得绘制系统而完整的跃层各类特征全海区分布图成为可能,为跃层研究和应用奠定了必要的基础。     

第二岛链以东附近海域冬季水文要素特征分析

利用西太平洋冬季海洋综合调查获取的数据资料,分析了第二岛链以东附近海域冬季温度、盐度、声速和密度的分布特征和变化规律。使用Ocean Data View海洋数据软件对资料进行网格化处理,同时采用Wilson方法和垂直梯度法计算声速和声速梯度。分析数据结果表明:第二岛链以东附近海域冬季温度随深度增加而减小,且750 m以浅变化幅度较大;而盐度和声速的垂直结构特征均表现为从表层向下先减小后增大,但各自存在不同的临界深度。海区存在温度和声速双跃层结构,上跃层强度大,厚度小;下跃层强度较小,厚度较大。     

基于HYCOM的斯里兰卡南部海域温、盐、流场统计分析

斯里兰卡南部海域是海上丝路的重要节点,也是海上贸易、海军护航的重要航线,海洋战略地位十分重要。本文使用HYCOM模式的逐日海洋温度、盐度和流场的再分析数据,对该海域的温、盐、流场进行较为全面的研究分析。主要结论有:海洋上层温度的月变化呈双峰分布点;上层盐度的月变化呈单峰分布。温跃层全年存在,最强跃层出现在1月;盐度跃层存在于11月至次年5月,最强跃层出现在5月。海洋上层热含量最大值1.98*1010 J/m~2,在11月,最小值1.83*1010 J/m~2,在7月。海表流场流速冬季最小,流向偏西,夏季流速最大,流向偏东;50米深度流场的流速春季最小,流向偏西转偏东,秋季流速最大,流向偏东转偏西。期望可以为海上的船只活动和海洋环境建设提供科据。     

黄渤海夏季水温垂直分布的年代际变化

海洋水温的时空分布是海洋学研究的基本内容之一,利用1970-1999年World Ocean Database的6-8月水温数据,分析了黄渤海水温垂直分布的年代际变化。结果表明,水温垂直分布有年代际的变化,上层和下层水温差异有增大的趋势。深层冷水区出现的位置和范围大小也存在变化,以80年代的范围最大。以△T/△z≥0.2°C/m作为跃层判断标准,黄渤海存在明显的夏季温度跃层。温度跃层强度在不同海域有较大的差异,也存在年代际的变化。渤海的温度跃层强度变化较小,基本维持在较低的水平,而黄海的温度跃层强度较大。     

1994年9月南沙群岛调查海区的跃层特征

对１９９４年９月南沙群岛海区综合考察的标准层资料，运用垂向梯度法，计算了调查海区温、盐及密度３种跃层所处的深度及各自的厚度和强度，并进行了相应的分析。文章还讨论了调查海区温、盐和密度的垂向最大梯度的分布。分析表明，调查海区同时存在着３种跃层现象，多跃层现象较普遍，温、盐和密度的垂向最大梯度所在深度较小。     

层化对东海大陆架潮流垂向结构的影响

利用ADCP对东海大陆架定点(26°30.052′N,122°35.998′E)连续观测6个多月的海流数据进行分析研究,结果表明:层化对该海域潮流的垂向结构有显著影响,层化导致潮流流速、潮流椭圆长轴、椭圆率和倾角在通过密度跃层时发生较大改变。9月份,东海大陆架存在较强的密度跃层,层化加强,海流流速、M2分潮潮流倾角和M2分潮潮流椭圆率在跃层深度以浅随深度显著增大,跃层处达最大,跃层以深随深度迅速减小;2月份,上层海洋混合较强,密度跃层强度最弱,潮流流速、潮流椭圆长轴、椭圆率和倾角在垂向上变化不大。     

声跃层结构变化对深海汇聚区声传播的影响

根据射线理论建立了线性声速结构条件下的声跃层强度与深海汇聚区关系模型,用最小位移角讨论了海洋环境变化（如声跃层强度变化、声跃层位置变化及季节性跃层生消等）与汇聚区距离和宽度变化的相关性.结果表明,声跃层的结构变化对汇聚区特征影响很大.声跃层强度增大使汇聚区向远离声源的方向变化,跃层强度每增加0.01 s-1对应的汇聚区位移增大约为3.5～5.0 km.声跃层位置变化对汇聚区的影响小于声跃层强度,与两层结构的声速剖面相比,上行结构使汇聚区向靠近声源的方向变化,声跃层上升200 m对应的汇聚区位移减小约为1.0～1.5 km,声跃层越浅,汇聚区距离越近;下行结构使汇聚区向远离声源的方向变化,混合层加深200 m对应的汇聚区位移增大约为1.0～1.5 km,混合层越深,汇聚区距离越远.季节性跃层的生消使近表层有负梯度、零梯度和正梯度的变化.负梯度结构的变化规律与两层结构条件下的声跃层强度变化类似,但对汇聚区的影响程度相对较小;正梯度结构使汇聚区在近表层出现表面声道,梯度值的增强将使汇聚区向靠近声源的方向变化.     

Variability of the horizontal gradients of the air and the water surface temperatures in the vernal frontal zone period of Lake Ladoga

Every year, the during springtime heating conditions, the seasonal thermal frontal zone appears in Lake Ladoga. It features high horizontal water temperature gradients. The coastal waters, stably stratified in density, interact with the waters of the open lake that are unstably stratified because of the free convection developing in the temperature range between 0°C and the maximum density of the water at 4°C. In Lake Ladoga, the advance of the vernal frontal zone lasts about 7?C8 weeks from mid-May to the beginning of July. Both the water temperature and air temperature distributions over the water??s surface show that large spatial temperature ranges exist in the vernal front reaching more than 11°C. We investigated the spatial horizontal gradients of the water??s surface and the air temperature using a spatial grid with a resolution of 5 km. The surface water temperature and the air temperature gradients were compared with each other as well as with the temperatures in the region of varying depths. During the spring peak of the frontal activity in Lake Ladoga, most of the fronts feature mean temperatures greater than 4°C. This indicates that the thermal bar marks the offshore edge of the most extensive frontal zone.     

Thermohaline characteristics of large-scale irregularities and frontal zones of the Tropical Atlantic

We determine the zones of maximum horizontal gradients of thermohaline characteristics and climatic frontal zones in the Tropical Atlantic and their behavior as functions of time and spatial variables on the basis of the climatic array of data on temperature and salinity. It is shown that the zones, where the maximum horizontal temperature, salinity, and density gradients coincide, are located in the northern and southern tropical frontal zones. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Contribution of the Eddy Transport to the Annual Mean Heat Budget of the Upper Layer in the North Atlantic

According to Ocean Re-Analysis System 3 (ORA-S3) data, all components of the annual mean heat budget of the upper quasi-homogeneous ocean layer (UQL) in the North Atlantic for the period of 1959–2011 have been calculated and errors of these estimates have been determined. It has been shown that the contribution of the horizontal eddy diffusivity (estimated as a residual term of the UQL heat balance equation) to changes in the UQL annual mean temperature is significantly overestimated. This takes place mainly due to neglecting the covariances of seasonal fluctuations of current velocity vector components and UQL temperature gradients in calculations carried out with the use of annual average values. These covariances play an important role in the annual mean heat budget in some regions of the North Atlantic, especially in tropical latitudes. Changes in the annual average UQL temperature in the central and eastern parts of the North Atlantic are significantly affected by errors related to an inaccuracy of estimates of annual average heat fluxes on the ocean surface. The maximum contribution of the horizontal eddy diffusivity to the interannual variability of the UQL temperature is observed in the northwestern part of the North Atlantic and the region of the Subpolar Gyre.     

热带印度洋降水、蒸发的时空特征及其对海表盐度的影响

本文利用降水、蒸发等资料分析热带印度洋年降水量、蒸发量、净淡水通量的分布特征，并选取4个典型海域来分析降水量、蒸发量、净淡水通量的季节变化和年际变化。结果表明:东印度洋的苏门答腊岛西部海域年降水量最大，季节变化较小，属全年降雨型；孟加拉湾的东北部和安达曼海的北部海域年降水量较大，其年际变化以4.2 mm/a的速率增长，强降水出现在5-9月；阿拉伯海的西部海域年降水量较小；南印度洋东部（20°~30°S，80°~110°E）海域年降水量较小，年蒸发量较大，年蒸发量在2000年之前以5.1 mm/a的速率增长，之后以4.5 mm/a的速率减小。本文还采用Argo盐度等资料探讨降水、蒸发对海表盐度的影响，研究结果表明:降水量远大于蒸发量的海域，海表盐度较低；降水量远小于蒸发量的海域，海表盐度较高。表层水平环流是导致高净淡水通量中心与低盐中心并不重合的主要原因，也是导致强蒸发中心与高盐中心并不重合的主要原因。选取的4个典型海域海表盐度的季节变化与净淡水通量关系不大，而是与表层水平环流有关。孟加拉湾强降水对表层盐度的影响显著，强降水发生后表层盐度降低0.2~0.8，其影响深度为30~50 m。     

Phototropic adjustment of the foliaceous coral Echinopora lamellosa in Palau

We tested the hypothesis that foliose plates of Echinopora lamellosa (Esper, 1795) adjust their primary growth direction (or slope from the horizontal) when irradiance (light) is limiting. This hypothesis was tested at a coral-reef locality that is shaded daily by steep adjacent hills, restricting direct light to only a few hours each day (Iwayama Bay, Palau). The angle at which colonies received maximum light was measured using acetate film, and was compared with modeled estimates (using a simple global-light model). We show strong relationships between light and primary-colony gradients; with the foliose plates acting as parabolic antennae, predictably adjusting their primary gradients to optimize light capture.     

Horizontal convective water exchange above a sloping bottom: The mechanism of its formation and an analysis of its development

The mechanism of the formation of horizontal temperature/density gradients above underwater coastal slopes of natural basins due to heating/cooling from the surface is considered. It is shown that the time required for formation of the gradients is rather small (tens of minutes for a thermocline depth of tens of meters), but the development of the corresponding flows may not be accomplished even in a day long cycle. The time dependence of the horizontal water exchange between the shallow and deep areas is analytically treated. The spatial scale of the problem is the main parameter that defines the resulting quasi-stationary value of the flow rate. The joint analysis of the published field, laboratory, and numerical data of many authors in the range of the above-slope depths of 10⁻² m < d < 3 × 10² m (d ≤ D, where D is the thickness of the upper thermally active layer of a basin) indicates that the relation between the value of the horizontal quasi-stationary volumetric flow rate and the local depth looks like Q = 0.00l3 × d ^1.37 (R ² = 0.96). The horizontal convective water exchange is shown to be generally two-layered, ageostrophic, and exhibits its maximum flow rate at the end of the slope. The inferences agree well with the field data and conclusions of other authors.     

Vertical Thermohaline Structure,Water Masses,and Large-Scale Fronts in the Southwest Atlantic and Neighboring Antarctic Water Areas

The vertical profiles of temperature and salinity are classified by using the contemporary array of actual and monthly average archive oceanographic data. A scheme of decomposition of the investigated water area into zones according to the typical features of vertical stratification of the thermohaline field is proposed. The criterion of maximum of the horizontal temperature and salinity gradients is used to select and map the principal large-scale frontal boundaries. The parameters of fronts and some regularities of their seasonal variability are described and the data on water masses interacting in the analyzed system of fronts are presented.     

The Influence of Physical Factors on the Variation of Phytoplankton and Nutrients in the Bohai Sea

The cycle of the phytoplankton in a coastal water is controlled by the biological processes, solar radiation, water temperature and physical transport processes. A three-dimensional ecosystem dynamic model is adopted in this study to investigate the influence of different physical factors on the variation of phytoplankton and nutrients in the Bohai Sea. The simulation is carried out for the year 1982. The simulated annual cycle of the primary production and nutrients are in reasonable agreement with the observations in the pattern. Vertical mixing can both affect the vertical transportation of nutrients and horizontal distribution of primary production. In winter the vertical distribution of nutrients is homogeneous because of the intensive mixing, while in summer there is a high value of nutrients in the depth about 15 m due to the stratification. The high primary production plague and the weak mixing center is positional correspondence. The production of phytoplankton is sensitive to the photosynthetically active radiation, which is strongly influenced by the transparency. The increase of the transparency can promote the production in spring and autumn significantly, but has little effect on the production in summer. The change of the transparency can both affect the occurrence time and the amplitude of the phytoplankton bloom dramatically. Horizontal advection does not affect the variation trend of the annual cycle of chlorophyll-a, but does affect the relative magnitude of the phytoplankton bloom, especially in summer. Horizontal advection can dramatically alter the horizontal distribution of chlorophyll-a. The maximum concentration of chlorophyll-a without horizontal advection in summer is twice as high than that with advection and the high chlorophyll-a areas locate along the coast. The river discharge only has regional influence on the ecosystem. The Huanghe River with high nitrate concentration influ-ences the annual cycle of nitrogen of the Laizhou Bay significantly.     

Investigation of Frontal Zones in the Karkinitskii Bay

On the basis of the data from the databank of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences and the data of regional marine hydrometeorological stations, we present the characteristics of the seasonal variability of temperature and salinity frontal zones and background gradients in waters of the Karkinitskii Bay. We determine the locations of the frontal zones, the values of their gradients, horizontal scales, repetition, connection with weather conditions, inflow, and direction of propagation of salt and freshened waters in the bay in different seasons of the year. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 4, pp. 30–42, July–August, 2005.     

The seasonal cycle of submesoscale flows

The seasonal cycle of submesoscale flows in the upper ocean is investigated in an idealised model domain analogous to mid-latitude open ocean regions. Submesoscale processes become much stronger as the resolution is increased, though with limited evidence for convergence of the solutions. Frontogenetical processes increase horizontal buoyancy gradients when the mixed layer is shallow in summer, while overturning instabilities weaken the horizontal buoyancy gradients as the mixed layer deepens in winter. The horizontal wavenumber spectral slopes of surface temperature and velocity are steep in summer and then shallow in winter. This is consistent with stronger mixed layer instabilities developing as the mixed layer deepens and energising the submesoscale. The degree of geostrophic balance falls as the resolution is made finer, with evidence for stronger non-linear and high-frequency processes becoming more important as the mixed layer deepens. Ekman buoyancy fluxes can be much stronger than surface cooling and are locally dominant in setting the stratification and the potential vorticity at fronts, particularly in the early winter. Up to 30% of the mixed layer volume in winter has negative potential vorticity and symmetric instability is predicted inside mesoscale eddies as well as in the frontal regions outside of the vortices.