紫贻贝雌核发育二倍体的人工诱导研究

采用紫外线照射的方式使精子遗传物质失活,通过细胞松弛素B(CB)的处理来抑制受精卵第二极体的释放,人工诱导紫贻贝(Mytilus gallopovincialis)雌核发育二倍体。将精子在强度为2561μW/(cm~2·s)的紫外线(254 nm)下进行时间梯度的照射,之后与正常的卵子受精,实验发现随照射时间的增加,卵裂率、早期胚胎存活率和D形幼虫发生率总体呈下降趋势,在照射55 s时D形幼虫发生率降为0。受精后25 min,用浓度0.5μg/mL的细胞松弛素B(CB)持续处理受精卵20 min,诱导出紫贻贝第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体。通过微卫星分析鉴定所得的子代个体均为雌核发育二倍体。     

大黄鱼雌核发育二倍体的人工诱导

采用紫外线照射对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson)精子遗传物质进行完全灭活,灭活后精子与卵子受精获得雌核发育单倍体受精卵,再通过冷休克对单倍体受精卵进行倍性恢复,成功诱导出大黄鱼雌核发育二倍体。实验结果表明:(1)在紫外照射过程中照射剂量与大黄鱼精子和卵子受精后其成活率和孵化率呈现出明显的Hertwig效应,紫外照射时间超过2 min(剂量>2 400 ergs/mm2),可使大黄鱼精子遗传物质完全灭活。大黄鱼雌核发育诱导中精子遗传灭活的最适紫外照射时间为2.5 min(剂量为3 000 ergs/mm2);(2)冷休克法可成功抑制大黄鱼受精卵第二极体排放,诱导效果受处理时刻、处理时间和处理温度三因素的影响。综合雌核发育二倍体的诱导率、处理后受精卵早期胚胎存活率和仔鱼孵化率等因素,较适合的染色体加倍条件为23℃培育水温下授精后2 min,在3-4℃海水中处理10 min。     

栉孔扇贝第1卵裂抑制型雌核发育二倍体的研究

利用6-二甲基氨基嘌呤(60μg/cm3;6-DMAP)和细胞松弛素B(0.5μg/cm3;CB)抑制受精卵的第1次卵裂,授精后60和65 min分别用CB和6-DMAP持续处理20和15 min,可诱导出12.5%和27.5%的第1卵裂抑制型雌核发育二倍体.细胞学观察显示,6-DMAP抑制第1次卵裂产生的雌核发育二倍体主要在第1次有丝分裂后期的受精卵,由于破坏了纺锤体和阻止了染色体分离,导致一个二倍性雌核的形成,而CB有效地阻止了第1次卵裂的胞质分裂.尽管倍化率和D型幼虫发生率较低,但该研究首次报道了栉孔扇贝第1卵裂抑制型雌核发育二倍体诱导的可行性.     

人工诱导香港巨牡蛎雌核发育单倍体的研究

研究利用紫外线诱导香港巨牡蛎Crassostrea hongkongensis雌核发育的条件.结果表明,在强度为1820μW · (cm2·s)-1的紫外线(254nm)下分别照射精子0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,70,80和90s后,照射30s的实验组能够保持较高的受精率(61.6%),该组的D形幼虫发生率为0,出现"Hertwig效应".研究表明,在强度为1 820 μW·(cm2·s)-1的紫外线下照射精子30s是获得香港巨牡蛎雌核发育单倍体的适宜条件.研究还表明受精率和D形幼虫发生率随照射时间的增加而下降,遗传失活的精子与正常卵子受精后其胚胎发育至D形幼虫前期停止.经紫外线照射的精子授精后所产生的单倍体胚胎发育速度慢于正常受精所产生的二倍体胚胎,各照射组均出现非整倍体.     

异源精子诱导牙鲆雌核发育二倍体

采用紫外线照射处理的石鲽精子和受精后冷休克的方法诱导了牙鲆雌核发育。结果表明:用2只平行的相距15cm的20W紫外灯管,照射距离为10cm,在5~100s时间范围内照射石鲽精子时,受精卵的发育表现了典型的哈特维希效应,照射40s的精子所得胚胎的孵化率达到最高峰(41%),染色体观察结果显示,此照射剂量组的所有胚胎均为单倍体(n=24),表明照射精子遗传失活的有效性和可靠性。如果冷休克处理前受精卵保持在(15.5±0.5)℃,受精卵在一定的休克温度(0~10℃)条件下,用不同休克起始时间(受精后1~10min)及冷休克处理持续时间(15~90min)均能诱导染色体加倍。对冷休克处理条件的优化结果表明,在2~4℃条件下,受精后3min开始、冷休克处理45min时,二倍体诱导率最高,达79.7%。染色体鉴定显示,处理组的正常胚胎均为二倍体(2n=48),未发现单倍体和非整倍体。     

栉江珧第1卵裂抑制型雌核发育二倍体人工诱导的研究

利用6-二甲基氨基嘌呤(60 mg/L;6-DMAP)抑制第一卵裂,成功诱导出栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)雌核发育二倍体.研究结果表明在培养温度为24℃的条件下,受精后60 min用质量浓度为60 mg/L的6-DMAP处理栉江珧受精卵15 min进行雌核发育二倍体的诱导效果理想,D形幼虫发生率和诱导率分别为14.7%和22.7%.细胞学观察显示,6-DMAP阻止了纺锤体的形成和染色体的移动,导致一个融合的二倍性雌性原核的形成.本研究结果首次提供了栉江珧雌核发育二倍体的细胞学证据.     

黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)雌核发育的人工诱导及鉴定

采用紫外线(UV)灭活的同源精子通过冷休克抑制第二极体排放诱导黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)的雌核发育。结果表明,黄姑鱼精子最适的灭活剂量为420mJ/cm2,紫外照射剂量与黄姑鱼精子和卵子授精后的受精率及孵化率之间表现出明显的Hertwig效应。多次试验筛选的黄姑鱼雌核发育的最适条件为授精后2min于3℃处理8min。雌核发育仔鱼经形态学和流式细胞仪鉴定为二倍体。进一步利用10对微卫星分析了遗传物质在亲本和子代中的传递情况,结果表明雌核发育后代的等位基因完全来自于母本,没有父本基因参与;雌核发育后代在5个微卫星位点具有较高的重组率,使其与母本保持了高度同质性。     

6-DMAP诱导缢蛏三倍体的研究

用6-DMAP抑制受精卵第二极体排放的方法诱导缢蛏三倍体的试验．结果表明：6-DMAP在100～500μmol／dm^3处理浓度范围内均可以诱导出三倍体，随着药物处理浓度和处理时间的提高，三倍体倍化率和D形幼虫畸形率有不同程度的提高，而D形幼虫孵化率会随之下降．综合来看，在30％卵子受精并出现第一极体，6-DMAP浓度为300μmol／dm^3和处理持续时间为20min时的处理组的处理效果优于其他处理组组合．     

人工诱发合浦珠母贝雌核二倍体发生及“Hertwig效应”的初步研究

用中心波长为254nm、光照强度为4μW/cm~2的紫外线,照射合浦珠母贝[Pinctada ma-tensil(D_o)]和长耳珠母贝[Pinctada chemnitzi(P_o)]的精子,然后与合浦珠母贝的正常卵授精,在0-150s的照射范围内,从早期胚胎存活率上可以观察到“Hertwig效应”的存在,由此得到的单倍体和非整倍体胚胎在孵化前死亡。精子经120s紫外线照射后,染色体完全失活,但受精作用仍能正常发生。长耳珠母贝精子经 120s照射,异种授精(♀合×♂长)后21min,用浓度为0.4mg/l的细胞松弛素B处理15min,抑制受精卵的第二极体排放,可以诱发合浦珠母贝产生74.0％雌核二倍体胚胎,其孵化率为2.1％。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎的细胞学研究及GISH鉴定

采用紫外线遗传失活的太平洋牡蛎精子作激活源,经6-DMAP加倍诱导栉孔扇贝第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体;运用石蜡切片显微技术,对雌核发育二倍体卵子早期胚胎发育过程中的核相变化进行观察;采用荧光原位杂交(GISH)技术对担轮幼虫期胚胎进行检测.结果显示,紫外线处理过的精子入卵后发生一次轻微膨胀,形成雄性原核,但不形成染色体,而是浓缩为致密的染色质小体(DCB),DCB或滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中,不与雌原核融合;GISH检测结果显示,在早期胚胎中没有检测到外源太平洋牡蛎精子的遗传物质.实验结果可为研究异精诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体提供细胞学依据.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.