9711号北上台风演变及暴雨过程的位涡诊断分析

通过对 971 1号台风登陆北上穿过山东造成山东特大暴雨过程的湿位涡的分析 ,并从湿位涡的角度研究了台风演变及山东特大暴雨的形成机制 ,揭示了冷空气在台风演变及暴雨过程中的重要作用。结果表明 :倾斜涡度发展是暴雨产生和台风加强的重要机制之一 ,暴雨产生在 θe线陡立密集区内 ;湿位涡在这次暴雨过程中对流层低层具有 MPV1 <0 ,MPV2 >0的特征 ,此次暴雨产生在负的MPV1等值线密集区中 ;对流层上部及平流层下部高位涡的下传使得低层斜压性增大 ,引起低层的对流稳定度减小 ,促使气旋性涡度发展 ,有利于位势不稳定能量的释放 ,使得暴雨增幅 ,导致台风的加强并演变为温带气旋。     

台风Rananim登陆后引发强降水成因和暴雨分布的诊断分析

首先对2004年第14号台风Rananim登陆后造成的强降水过程按主要影响系统进行了划分,指出第一阶段的降水是由台风本身环流产生的,第二阶段的降水则是台风残留低压与中纬度西风带环流系统共同作用的结果。然后针对暴雨在台风登陆点南北两侧非对称分布的特点进行了重点分析,结果表明,台风暴雨的非对称分布与台风本身的非对称结构、南北两侧不同的水汽输送以及中尺度地形有密切关系。同时利用湿位涡分析方法诊断了台风暴雨时空分布特征,发现湿位涡负值中心与暴雨中心存在较好对应关系,而且其中心数值的绝对值大小与1 h降水强度存在正相关关系,从而说明湿位涡负值中心可以作为降水时空分布的重要指标,为台风暴雨预报提供一种思路。     

三个登陆浙江热带气旋数值试验及暴雨过程的湿位涡分析

首先利用非静力平衡中尺度数值模式MM5(V3)对2004年3个登陆浙江热带气旋的登陆过程进行了数值模拟试验,通过对路径、降水的对比验证表明,MM5模式对热带气旋的模拟是比较成功的。然后在模拟效果较好的基础上,利用高分辨的模拟结果,对台风暴雨过程的湿位涡进行了诊断分析,结果表明:3场台风暴雨的形成机制有显著差异,Rananim强降水是由其本身环流造成的,至于Mindulle和Haima的降水冷空气的侵入起到了重要作用。暴雨都发生在陡立密集区附近,对流层低层湿位涡负值中心与暴雨落区存在较好的对应关系,而其中心数值绝对值随时间的变化量与1h降水存在正相关关系,说明湿位涡负值中心可以作为降水时空分布的重要指标,为台风暴雨预报提供一种思路。     

山东半岛南部海岸一次局地极端降雨过程分析

2012年9月21日山东半岛南部海岸发生了一次局地性的极端暴雨过程,在约13h内降雨量达到394.1mm。该降雨过程不属于常规的暴雨天气形势,在高低空均没有典型的天气系统。本文利用自动气象站观测资料、雷达探测资料和0.25(°)×0.25(°)的ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)再分析资料,对引发这次暴雨过程的多个影响因素进行了分析。结果显示:该天气系统并不深厚,但低空水汽辐合显著。自高层到低层大气层结呈现稳定-不稳定-稳定-不稳定的态势,利用位涡来表征的动力对流层顶出现明显的折叠现象,中高层干冷空气下滑与低层暖湿气流混合产生凝结可能是产生此次强降水的主要原因。湿位涡(MPV)的2个分量MPV1和MPV2的变化均发生在降雨前,MPV2在低层对降雨落区具有较好的示踪效果。中低层的等位温面上具有较强的向东位涡平流,风向与等位涡线几乎垂直,说明本次过程移动较快。     

登陆北上山东台风暴雨非对称分布的成因对比分析

应用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,选取登陆北上山东地点相近但暴雨落区分别位于台风中心西北侧和东北侧的两个台风,分析暴雨落区相对台风中心非对称分布的成因。结果表明:台风进入中纬度以后,0421号台风"海马"位于高空深槽前,与西风槽相互作用,西风槽携带的冷空气从西北侧侵入台风环流,产生湿斜压锋区强迫抬升、冷暖空气交绥、水汽辐合等因素造成暴雨,暴雨趋于出现在台风中心的西北侧,为高比湿舌前方、较强水汽辐合区与相当位温密集区叠加的区域;而0509号台风"麦莎"与副热带高压相互作用,引起涡度及涡度平流的非对称改变,暴雨区与500 hPa正涡度区或正涡度平流相对应,暴雨趋于出现在台风中心的东北侧,为强正涡度平流区与水汽辐合叠加的区域。     

0604号台风"碧利斯"持久不消及造成云南暴雨成因分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°6h再分析资料对0604号台风"碧利斯"登陆后持久不消及其造成云南暴雨的成因进行分析.其结果表明:两高间强而宽广的辐合带和西南急流增强使台风低压在陆上连续5d不消,副高、西南急流在低压区形成的最大风速中心位置决定台风低压移动方向.此次云南台风暴雨是在台风减弱低压主导作用下,激发强不稳定能量释放、产生强对流,形成利于垂直运动深厚发展伴有强抽吸作用的暴雨动力结构,孟加拉湾水汽源源不断向云南上空输送,经低层强水汽辐合抬升凝结而造成的.影响云南500hPa低压干位涡涡源中心值越大地面降水越强,850hPa干、湿位涡可提前12h预示台风减弱、移动方向的信息.     

0515台风"卡努"登陆后强度衰减的诊断分析

分析了0515号台风"卡努"登陆后强度衰减的原因.通过物理量诊断分析后发现:(1)正涡度平流对台风强度的维持和发展起到重要作用,负涡度平流减弱了台风强度.(2)台风上空的温度平流上、下层之差(ΔTA<0)为正时,则增强台风强度,反之,减弱台风强度.台风有向其移向前方的正值中心区偏折的趋势.(3)台风登陆后,水汽输送明显减弱,且在登陆阶段减弱最厉害.台风上空水汽辐合层的高度降低、辐合强度的减小,预示着台风强度的减弱.     

"碧利斯"台风暴雨物理量场诊断分析

本文用MM5模式数值模拟了0010号“碧利斯”台风登陆福建的过程,表明MM5模式能很好地模拟出主要雨带及其分布特征。物理量场分析指出,本次福建沿海地区暴雨产生的物理机制主要有：台风登陆福建前后福建沿海地区上空层结相当不稳定;由于台风环流非对称性,台风中心北侧中低层有很强的风速、相对湿度、正涡度、辐合、垂直速度：暴雨区高低层存在正负螺旋柱;暴雨区高层存在正湿位涡、低层负湿位涡中心。     

0102号台风"飞燕"移动路径特点的分析

2001年2号台风“飞燕”登陆早、强度大、移速快、突发性强给福建中部沿海地区带来巨大损失。本文利用常规资料及云图等资料对其登陆福建及后期路径北折的特点及成因进行分析，结果表明：200hPa散度、850hPa涡度及低层能量场对台风路径北折有比较好的预示作用，台风未来移向有沿着200hPa其中心附近辐散中心长轴方向、850hPa正涡度长轴方向及低层暖平流区和850hPa θse高能中心轴移动的趋势。     

台风"摩羯"(1814)残涡经渤海突然增强成因分析

利用气象常规资料、自动站资料、FY-4 可见光云图和 NCEP/NCAR 1毅伊1毅再分析资料，对 2018 年 14 号台风“摩羯”残涡经渤海增强前后热力、动力和水汽特征进行分析，结论如下：台风登陆北上后变性为温带气旋，其热力结构呈非对称分布，垂直风切变具有温带气旋特征，台风残涡入海后高空辐散、整层涡度、水汽通量和水汽通量速度等物理因子均明显增强。利用 Petterssen 气旋发展公式探讨入海增强原因，台风残涡入海前，温度平流对台风发展起主要作用，涡度平流对台风发展起抑制作用，台风残涡入海后，温度平流和涡度平流皆有利于台风残涡增强。非绝热加热作用在整个研究时段有利于台风发展，降水释放潜热加热对台风入海增强有正反馈作用，这种作用表现为一种突发性增大的特征。海洋平坦下垫面和适宜的海温是台风残涡入海增强的原因之一。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.