基于模糊故障树方法的脐带缆可靠性分析研究

脐带缆作为水下生产系统的“神经生命线”,是水下生产系统的关键一环,其可靠性问题越来越受到关注。影响脐带缆可靠性的事件具有随机性,目前缺乏对这些随机事件发生概率的统计,难以直接对其可靠性进行定量分析。基于模糊数理论和故障树结合的方法对脐带缆可靠性进行分析,首先获得引起脐带缆失效的40个最小割集及底事件重要度排序。其次采用基于模糊集理论的定量分析对脐带缆故障树系统中的底事件进行统计计算,得到各底事件的失效概率,最终计算出顶事件概率,并得出导致脐带缆失效的主要因素依次为护套/铠装失效、钢管失效、电缆失效,为脐带缆的安全运行提出适当的建议。     

海洋动态缆的截面布局及数值模拟研究

脐带缆是海洋动态缆的主要类型,通常由不同功能的单元组装而成,外层一般由铠装钢丝螺旋缠绕和聚合物护套组成。脐带缆在敷设安装和在位运行时,受到拉伸荷载作用,外层铠装钢丝由于其螺旋缠绕特点,会将拉伸荷载转化成径向压力作用到脐带缆内芯上,使脐带缆截面产生应力和变形,所以径向压力是截面布局设计的重要参数。本文推导了脐带缆在轴向拉力作用下对内芯产生的径向压力P,同时基于截面布局多边形的概念,可以绘制多边形图,由图能直观的反映截面的承载能力和各单元受力均匀情况。最后以一个包含不同单元的脐带缆为例,运用ANSYS有限元软件,进行了不同截面布局的建模计算和分析,考虑了单元间的接触和摩擦,给出了数值分析结果,通过对径向荷载作用下截面变形和单元最大受力的比较分析,结合截面布局多边形图,确定了合理布局方案。对脐带缆截面布局设计有重要指导意义。     

海洋脐带缆截面力学性能分析与数值模拟

脐带缆是进行水下油气资源开采的关键设备,在深海油气资源的开发过程中起着至关重要的作用。脐带缆是由多种功能单元螺旋缠绕而成的非粘结复合结构,各层构件之间会出现接触摩擦与滑动现象,使脐带缆的截面设计和结构分析变得十分困难。本文结合国内外研究的成果,在对脐带缆结构进行理论分析的基础上,利用ANSYS软件分别对无铠装和有铠装脐带缆进行数值模拟分析,采用梁单元和壳单元模拟管件,并用点-点和点-面接触单元模拟管件之间的相互作用,将数值模拟结果与理论计算结果进行对比,探讨不同的管件缠绕角度、摩擦因数对脐带缆的拉伸和弯曲刚度的影响。分析结果可为工程应用提供参考和借鉴。     

脐带缆铠装层参数对拉伸行为的影响分析

脐带缆用于连接水上浮体和水下生产系统,缆芯由钢管单元、光纤单元和电缆单元等组装而成,缆体外层是由铠装钢丝层螺旋缠绕以及聚合物外护套组装而成,截面结构复杂。利用ANSYS有限元通用软件建立双层铠装脐带缆的三维多层接触摩擦有限元模型,计算其截面拉伸刚度,将拉伸刚度数值模拟值与理论结果进行对比,验证有限元模型的正确性;分析比较铠装层不同缠绕角度、缠绕方式和钢丝直径下脐带缆模型的拉伸刚度。结果表明:铠装钢丝层缠绕方式、缠绕角度、铠装钢丝直径对双层铠装脐带缆模型的拉伸刚度、最大等效应力模拟结果均有影响。     

含填充单元脐带缆扭转行为的有限元分析

脐带缆是连接海洋平台与水下生产系统的控制管缆,扭转刚度是其重要参数之一。基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立无填充脐带缆数值模型,在允许拉伸和不可拉伸两种约束条件下,计算模型的扭转刚度,将扭转刚度的理论值和模拟值进行对比,验证了该模型的有效性;在此基础上建立了无填充、部分填充和密实填充三种脐带缆数值模型,对其扭转行为的力学性能进行分析。结果表明:填充单元、螺旋角度和单位长度扭转角对脐带缆模型的扭转性能有一定的影响。     

非粘结钢管脐带缆弯曲滞回参数敏感性分析

本文基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立非粘结钢管脐带缆的三维有限元模型计算其弯曲刚度,将弯曲刚度的数值模拟与理论结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性,在此基础上逐一分析了摩擦系数、外压大小、螺旋角度等敏感性参数变化以及填充单元对弯曲迟滞性能的影响。研究结果表明,随摩擦系数和外压大小的增大非粘结钢管脐带缆全滑移阶段和滞回阶段弯曲刚度明显增加,而随螺旋角度增加两阶段弯曲刚度则是呈减小趋势。此外,填充单元对两阶段弯曲刚度的影响与摩擦系数的大小有关。     

深水脐带缆结构阻尼的数值与试验研究

深水动态脐带缆内部结构复杂,其阻尼特性对脐带缆的舞动以及疲劳损伤有着重要的影响。脐带缆在和流体相互作用过程中,脐带缆内部构件可能会产生滑动,进而影响脐带缆的结构阻尼,这也使得真实海况中脐带缆的舞动和疲劳是一项复杂而值得深入研究的课题。为验证有限元模型能够很好地模拟脐带缆的结构阻尼特性,在考虑内部结构单元间摩擦的基础上,利用ANSYS建立了用于中国南海某油田的脐带缆多层滑移接触摩擦模型。同时,采用自由衰减法对该动态脐带缆开展了原型试验,测得了该缆的结构阻尼比与自振周期。通过对比有限元模型计算结果与原型试验结果发现：数值模型获得的该脐带缆的结构阻尼值与试验值非常接近,这为工程中获得脐带缆结构阻尼比的值提供了好的方向。     

遥控水下机器人脐带缆收放绞车设计及牵引力分析

脐带缆收放技术是有缆遥控水下机器人的一项关键技术,该技术直接影响水下机器人载体的收放及作业过程中脐带缆的安全。针对目前水下机器人收放系统中脐带缆收放技术的特点,给出了一种具有自动排缆、低张力缠绕、能够提供大牵引力和安全制动功能的紧凑新式脐带缆绞车方案,并对牵引绞车与储藏绞车之间脐带缆张力与牵引绞车的牵引力进行了理论分析,给出了二者之间的关系函数。     

考虑填充钢管脐带缆拉伸行为的有限元分析

脐带缆是连接平台或浮式生产系统与海底油井的控制管缆,缆芯由管单元、光纤单元、电缆单元、以及填充单元组装而成,缆体外层由铠装钢丝螺旋缠绕和聚合物护套组成。基于ANSYS有限元软件,建立无铠装含填充的钢管脐带缆三维有限元模型,在自由端可扭转、不可扭转约束条件下,计算模型的拉伸刚度,将拉伸刚度的数值模拟与理论结果进行对比,验证有限元模型的正确性;分析比较含填充与不含填充两种截面形式脐带缆模型的力学性能,结果表明:填充单元、拉伸率对脐带缆模型的拉伸刚度、最大等效应力模拟结果均有影响。     

通过电缆续接技术修复水下油田电力通讯故障的技术实践

南海某油田采用水下生产系统技术进行开发,其8口水下井通过回接13 km外的现有油田设施进行生产,油田作业水深约300 m。水下控制采用了复合电液控制系统,电、液、通讯信号等由现有生产设施通过一条约14 km长的脐带缆提供。该油田投产后不久出现了电力通讯缆绝缘电阻低的问题,1 a后,该脐带缆中所有3根4芯电力通讯缆绝缘全部归零,失去了对水下井口远程操控功能。为了尽快修复故障,恢复水下操控,技术人员创新性地提出利用油田电潜泵供电用中压多芯电缆中3根备用电缆芯作为供电和通讯回路使用的方案。通过研究和分析,设计了特殊的水下电缆续接装置,将1条3芯中压电飞线输入转接为输出2条双回路低压信号电飞线,接入到原系统的水下电力分配模块中去,且满足100%的通讯回路冗余要求。通过原创技术研发成功完成了相关水下转接装置的研制和安装应用,恢复了对所有井口的远程控制,改造后的系统已稳定运行多年。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,