北京地区的台风降水特征研究

采用上海台风研究所1949-2006年台风降水和台风年鉴资料、中国FY-2卫星和日本气象厅TBB资料以及NCEP再分析资料,首先分析58年台风影响北京降水的气候特征,然后对8407号台风Freda和0509号台风Matsa影响下北京两次强度差异显著的降水过程进行对比研究.结果表明:(1)台风影响北京降水年均0.33次,出现在6-9月.降水过程多为大雨以上天气过程,持续时间一般2 d,最长可达5 d.(2)影响台风的活动范围大致为(20°-50°N,109°-128°E).路径主要包括西北行和转向东北行两类,并以前者居多.北京发生暴雨时,台风中心主要出现在江西-安徽-带、黄海或北京附近.(3)Freda对北京的影响发生在台风与西风槽相互作用过程中,而Matsa的影响表现为台风低压环流直接控制北京.两个台风均受冷空气影响而变性,具有明显的非对称结构,两次过程中北京位于台风不同的对流运动发展区域是造成降水强度差异的原因之一.(4)两次台风过程中北京均具有较好的水汽条件和对流不稳定层结,但动力抬升条件差异明显.Freda影响下北京具有较强的水平风垂直切变,偏南暖湿气流上升运动深厚.而Matsa影响下北京盛行偏北气流,中低层下沉运动显著,水汽抬升受到抑制.另外,北京西北高东南低的地形也是其台风降水产生差异的原因之一.在台风东侧,地形作为偏南气流的迎风坡可加强上升运动,而在台风西侧则作为偏北气流的背风坡增强下沉运动.     

IMPACTS OF TWO TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION DURING NORTHWARD PROGRESSION ON THE RAINFALL OF LIAODONG PENINSULA

Both of Typhoon Winnie (9711) and Matsa (0509) underwent an extratropical transition (ET) process when they moved northward after landfall and affected Liaodong Peninsula. However, Matsa produced half as much rainfall as Winnie, although it struck Liaodong Peninsula directly while Winnie passed through the Bohai Sea. The relations between the ET processes and the precipitation over Liaodong Peninsula are examined. The result shows that the precipitation difference between Winnie and Matsa was closely related to the interactions between the westerly systems and typhoons during their ET processes. Winnie was captured by the upper westerly trough and then coupled with it when moving to the mid-latitudes, and the positive anomaly of moist potential vorticity (MPV) was transported downward from the upper troposphere over the remnant circulation of the tropical cyclone (TC). It was favorable to the interaction between tropical warm and wet air and westerly cold air, causing convective cloud clusters to form and develop. The rain belt composed of several meso-β cloud clusters over the Liaodong Peninsula, resulting in heavy rainfall. On the other hand, Matsa did not couple with any upper trough during its ET process and the positive anomaly of MPV in the upper troposphere and its downward transfer were weak. Only one meso-β cloud cluster occurred in Matsa’s rain belt during its ET process that tended to lessen rainfall over Liaodong Peninsula.     

台风麦莎（Matsa）特大暴雨及其结构特征分析

利用自动站资料、雷达观测资料、NECP1°×1°再分析资料,采用相对于台风中心的移动坐标合成分析方法以及WRF模式的诊断分析,对2005年8月登陆浙江造成历史罕见特大暴雨的台风麦莎(Matsa)降水量分布特征进行分析,讨论与特大暴雨有关的台风结构变异。结果表明:①台风麦莎影响期间降水量的分布与通常热带气旋以螺旋雨带结构为主要特征的风雨分布特征显著不同,台风麦莎(Matsa)系统的右前、右后(第1、第2)象限出现了结构显著变异,对台风特大暴雨的特征落区分布有明显影响。②雷达与自动气象站资料分析揭示,在台风第1和第2象限发现有多个雨团重复生成和移动,它们与雷达回波观测到的强弱相间的中尺度上升和下沉气流相间区域相对应,是中尺度"降水细胞"频繁再生与移动的强烈发展区,对构成台风特大暴雨和灾害起重要作用。③具有再生能力的"暴雨细胞"特征结构的强烈发展区域出现动能的显著聚集,有利于台风中水汽在该区域的抽吸。台风系统的局部出现这样结构变异特征,对台风强降水落区的监测预报有重要指示意义。     

进入内陆的两个台风降水特征对比分析

2012年8月台风海葵和2014年7月台风麦德姆登陆进入安徽省后,均造成了区域性暴雨或大暴雨天气。利用常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和雨滴谱资料,对这两个直接影响安徽省的台风移动路径和暴雨形成机制进行了对比分析。结果表明:（1）海葵和麦德姆的移动路径、停留时间和强降水分布特征有明显不同。与海葵相比,麦德姆的移动速度快、降水持续时间短、累计降雨量和暴雨范围较小;但其短时强降水持续时间长、暴雨中心降水强度更大。（2）海葵和麦德姆降水过程中均有强的水汽输送和辐合,但水汽输送方向的差异使得海葵和麦德姆的强降水空间分布分别呈纬向型和经向型特征。同时水汽辐合持续时间决定了麦德姆的降水持续时间比海葵短,但其较深厚的强水汽辐合使得麦德姆的短时强降水持续时间长、暴雨中心降水强度大。（3）海葵是以稳定性降水为主的混合型降水,麦德姆则呈现出明显的对流性降水特征;两次台风降水过程中均是短时间的对流性降水对总降雨量贡献最大,且强降水区域均位于风垂直切变的顺风切左侧。（4）麦德姆降水过程比海葵具有更高的雨滴数浓度和更大的降水粒子直径。当雨强小于10 mm/h时,两次台风降水过程均以小雨滴为主且数浓度较大;雨强>10 mm/h时,雨滴粒径增大但数浓度明显降低。（5）两次台风降水过程的雷达反射率因子-雨强（Z-R）均有较好的指数关系且拟合曲线比较一致,但在不同降水类型即层云降水和对流性降水中,其Z-R关系的a、b值差异较明显。因此,针对不同降水类型,应采用分型Z-R关系来进行雷达降水定量估测。      

两次秋季北上台风引发东北地区暴雨的水汽特征

利用ERA5 0.25°×0.25°高分辨率再分析资料、实况融合降水资料、台风最佳路径数据集、HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model)后向轨迹追踪模型等资料,对2019年13号台风"玲玲"和2012年15号台风"布拉万"引发东北地区暴雨的水汽特征进行分析。研究表明:两次台风最大湿层厚度达200 hPa附近,700 hPa以下比湿大于10 g·kg^-1,高比湿主要集中在850 hPa以下的低层,台风的水汽分布具有明显的非对称结构特征。整层积分水汽通量散度与暴雨落区有一定的对应关系,尤其和降水强度对应。东北地区周边海域的水汽对东北暴雨的水汽供应很关键,源在日本群岛东部的西北太平洋的东南水汽通道是最重要的水汽通道。西南太平洋或阿拉伯海,包括欧拉方法研究发现的孟加拉湾较远距离的水汽输送存在,但是并非是东北台风暴雨的主要贡献者。     

两个相似路径台风造成山东降水明显差异的成因分析

利用常规气象资料、自动气象站资料、气象卫星资料及NCEP FNL 1°×1°再分析资料对以相似路径影响山东的登陆北上类台风“利奇马”（1909）和“桃芝”（0108）进行对比分析,得到以下主要结论：1）暴雨分布特征和强度与热带气旋位置存在显著差异。2）中纬度台风暴雨比较复杂,台风降水地形增幅作用尽管明显,但主要与台风结构和强度差异有关。3）小时最大雨量与台风强弱没有必然联系,强降水维持时间长短是“利奇马”与“桃芝”累计降水有较大差别的重要因素。4）环流形势的显著差异是导致两个台风影响山东时间、降水明显不同的一个重要原因。5）“利奇马”和“桃芝”降水水汽输送条件差异是降水分布存在明显差异的重要因素,动力条件也存在明显差异。6）对流有效位能(convective available potential energy,CAPE)在两次台风暴雨中反应效果不同。     

Interaction Between Typhoon Vicente (1208) and the Western Pacific Subtropical High During the Beijing Extreme Rainfall of 21 July 2012

The heaviest rainfall in recent six decades fell in Beijing on 21 July 2012, reaching a record of 460 mm within 18 h. This rainfall was a typical remote precipitation event related to Typhoon Vicente(1208).Observational analysis indicates that Vicente influenced distant heavy rainfall by transporting water vapor northward to the Beijing area. This moisture transport was mainly driven by the interaction between Vicente and the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) associated with the formation of a low-level southeasterly moisture channel. A set of numerical sensitivity experiments were performed with prescribed typhoons of different intensities to investigate the interaction between Vicente and the WPSH and its effects on this rainstorm process. The results indicate that the WPSH interacting with typhoons of different intensities may exert varying degrees of influence on the development of a southeasterly moisture channel, resulting in a change in rain rate and location over the Beijing area. Specifically, in the presence of an enhanced typhoon,the WPSH shows remarkable withdrawal to the east, which is favorable for a northward extension of the southeasterly moisture channel, thereby increasing moisture supply for the rainstorm. The WPSH tends to stretch westward in a zonal pattern if the typhoon is weakened or removed, hindering the northward extension of the moisture channel. Thus, the rainfall area may be expected to expand or contract, with corresponding increases or decreases in rain rate over the Beijing area with a strengthened or weakened typhoon, respectively.     

西行台风背景下云南一次短时强降水过程的成因分析

利用云南省自动气象站雨量资料、卫星和闪电定位仪资料、雷达回波资料、NCEP 1 °×1 °再分析资料和地面、高空常规观测资料对云南一次典型的台风前侧短时强降水过程的成因进行分析,结果表明:在2017年13号台风“天鸽”西行影响云南的天气背景之下,短时强降水出现在台风前侧700 hPa风速辐合区和边界层辐合线附近。台风前侧偏东低空急流向云南境内输送水汽和能量,边界层辐合线触发垂直上升运动,700 hPa风速辐合区利于垂直上升运动的维持和加强,促使水汽的辐合与不稳定能量的释放,引发短时强降水。在中等强度深层垂直风切变的作用下,云南东部中尺度对流系统(MCS)频繁产生并向西传播发展,MCS相互作用组织成飑线系统,在东北气流的引导下,飑线从云南中部移至云南西南部,MCS和飑线是大范围短时强降水的直接影响系统。      

Advances in understanding the “Perfect Monsoon-influenced Typhoon”: Summary from International Conference on Typhoon Morakot (2009)

Typhoon Morakot (2009) produced 2855 mm of rain and was the deadliest typhoon to impact Taiwan with 619 deaths and 76 missing persons, including a landslide that wiped out an entire village. While Morakot did not exceed the heaviest 24-h rain record, the combination of heavy rain and long duration that led to the record accumulation is attributed to the southwest summer monsoon influence on the typhoon. Thus, a special combination of factors was involved in the Morakot disaster: (i) Strong southwesterly monsoon winds; (ii) Convergence between the typhoon circulation and monsoon flow to form an east-west oriented convective band over the Taiwan Strait that was quasi-stationary and long-lasting; (iii) A typhoon in a specific location relative to the Central Mountain Range and moving slowly; and (iv) Steep topography that provided rapid lifting of the moist air stream. The contributions of each of these four factors in leading to the Morakot disaster are reviewed primarily based on new research presented at the International Conference on Typhoon Morakot (2009). Historical data sets, new Doppler radar observations, and numerical modeling have advanced the understanding of the special conditions of monsoon-influenced typhoons such as Morakot. This research is also leading to modifications of existing and development of new forecasting tools. Gaps in scientific understanding, limits to the predictability, and requirements for advanced forecast guidance tools are described that are challenges to improved warnings of these extreme precipitation and flooding events in monsoon-influenced typhoons.     

Near-equatorial Typhoon Development： Climatology and Numerical Simulations

The climatology of near-equatorial typhoons over the western-north Pacific are fully investigated using the JTWC (Joint Typhoon Warning Center) typhoon record from 1951 to 2006. The result shows that there are seasonal and decadal variations, as well as a distinctive spatial distribution, of such events. Among them, Typhoon Vamei is an example of a near-equatorial typhoon that occurred near Singapore in December of 2001. Using the WRF (Weather and Research Forecast) model, we attempt to find out how the well known ``wind surge" of this event contributes to the development of Typhoon Vamei. It is found that the strong wind surge not only helps to provide advection of positive vorticity to Vamei between 800 and 500 hPa, but also increases the convective instability of the lower troposphere, and thus helps to induce convective outbreaks and rapid intensification. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments show that terrain and the land-sea distribution have very limited effects on the formation of Typhoon Vamei in the simulation, but an adequate Coriolis parameter ($f)$ is still needed for the development of Vamei.     

台风灿鸿造成浙江东北部大暴雨地形作用的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度非静力数值模式WRF V3.6.1对台风灿鸿(1509)进行了高分辨率数值模拟,模式较好地再现了台风灿鸿的发展演变过程和在浙江东北部产生的强降水。观测资料显示台风接近浙江期间,在东北气流下,浙东北地形的摩擦辐合及抬升作用使得大量的对流云团汇集在台风西北侧,对流系统活跃,是浙江东北部产生强降水的重要原因。控制试验也模拟出了在台风接近陆地时,内核区西北侧存在有组织的、切向分布的小尺度对流系统,由地形强迫产生的降雨量和地形走向一致,迎风坡降雨量增加。通过升降地形,改变土地类型和将杭州湾水体用陆地替换等敏感性试验发现:(1)地形的影响对台风降雨量的增幅最为明显。通过降低地形,台风西北侧小尺度雨带明显减弱,浙江东北地区降水也明显减少。可见地形会影响这些中小尺度系统的结构和演变,引起降水异常变化。(2)大暴雨期间,台风一直维持较强的对称性,具有典型的眼墙和暖心结构。     

台风麦莎与赤道穿透对流云团的初步比较分析

利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达、微波成像仪、可见光和红外扫描仪资料详细分析比较了麦莎台风和位于南海南部的赤道穿透对流云团(EPCC)的云高以及降水结构特征.首先,对热带地区对流层到平流层的过渡带(TTL)以及进入TTL的穿透对流云团进行了阐述和定义.然后,分析对比了赤道穿透对流云团和台风麦莎不同生命史阶段的云高、降水结构特征,分析对比结果表明:(1)在强降水区:麦莎台风和EPCC的云顶上部均出现了冰粒子散射现象,但EPCC的散射强度强,微波亮温值均低于180 K,并且其雷达云高和红外云顶亮温云高相差较大、云顶亮温曲线平缓.(2)EPCC的深对流数量四分比、穿透对流数量百分比、尤其是穿透对流数量占深对流数量比,都比麦莎台风各阶段的高;在麦莎台风和EPCC(10-20 km)云体中大部分云高集中在10-12 km,但EPCC(10-20 km)的云高谱相对具有连续性、相对较宽.(3)麦莎台风以层云降水为主,对总降水量的贡献中也是从云降水贡献大,但是EPCC中却是对流性降水的贡献大,且EPCC对流降水与层云降水的像素数量比值和降水量比值也比麦莎台风的3个时次都高.(4)EPCC的降水廓线深度无论是从云降水还是对流降水都比麦莎台风深,层云廓线深度达11 km,对流廓线深度达18 km.另外,从EPCC的穿透对流数量百分比比麦莎台风多,层云、对流降水廓线比麦莎台风深这几方面,一定程度上说明了EPCC的局部垂直对流强度比麦莎台风强.     

Development of an integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme and its associated numerical experiments

An integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme, based on the vertical Kuo-Anthes and the slantwise Nordeng convective parameterization schemes, is introduced into the MM5 model. By employing the MM5 model with the proposed scheme, numerical simulations of a snowstorm event that occurred over southern China on 28-29 January 2008 and of Typhoon Haitang (2005) are conducted. The results indicate that during the snowstorm event, the atmosphere was convectively stable in the vertical directi...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY RAINS IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE CAUSED BY TYPHOONS HAITANG AND MATSA

Study was carried out on two landfall typhoons Haitang and Matsa, which affected Zhejiang province seriously in 2005. Firstly, the similarity and difference between the two typhoon-induced heavy rains were compared and it was pointed out that both of them brought strong large-scale precipitation and the maximum centers of rainfall were located on the north side of the landfall site. Making landfall on Fujian, Haitang was weaker than Matsa in intensity but surpassed it in rainfall. Then with focus on intensity, moving speed, structure of typhoon, circulation and terrain, the two typhoon-related heavy rains were compared and analyzed. Results show that the asymmetrical distribution of rainfall was closely related to the structure of typhoons themselves, moisture transportation and mesoscale terrain. In contrast to the south side, the north side was hotter and wetter and water vapor was also more abundant. The phenomenon of more rainfall induced by Haitang was in connection with the following reasons. Invading cold air led to rainfall increases, weakened dynamic field and slower movement both benefited precipitation. For the last part, the cold characteristic of air mass over Zhejiang was also a favorable factor for the rain.     

中国台风降水的气候特征

对中国台风降水的时空分布特征进行研究,发现台风降水分布在中国中东部广大地区,台风降水量自东南沿海向西北内陆逐渐减少.台风降水最大值出现在台湾岛的中东部地区和海南岛的个别地区,年平均台风降水量大于700 mm,最小值出现在内蒙古、山西、陕西、四川的部分地区,年平均台风降水量不足10 mm.台风降水一般出现在4～12月,峰值出现在8月.1957～2004年期间台风降水呈下降趋势.台风降水的异常主要由于亚洲地区大气环流和赤道中东太平洋沃克环流的异常变化所引起.进一步分析发现,台风降水在中国大部分地区为减少趋势,且这种趋势在台湾岛、海南岛、东南沿海部分地区和东北南部较显著.台风暴雨是我国东南沿海及部分内陆地区的极端强降水事件之一,这些地区的暴雨和大暴雨很大程度上是台风带来的.     

ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON MATSA （NO.0509） AFFECTING SHANDONG PROVINCE

The characteristics of the moving course of Typhoon Matsa (No.0509), associated heavy rain and physical quantities fields have been analyzed, with the focus on the reason of the typhoon’s abrupt northeastward turn in Anhui Province and heavy rain concentrating in the northeast of typhoon center instead of near it. Meaningful conclusions are as follows. The reasons for typhoon abrupt turning are that the subtropical high pressure was moving southward and divergence fields of 200 hPa were to the right of the typhoon center; there was no obvious cold air invading Shandong after the typhoon entered the westerly belt; the southeasterly jet of typhoon and shear brought heavy rainfall to the Shandong peninsula before the typhoon entered Shandong. But after the typhoon’s movement into Shandong, the typhoon’s inverted trough brought the rainfall to the northern and central Shandong.     

2013年影响湖南的两次相似路径台风暴雨对比分析

应用多种常规观测资料、加密自动气象站资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2013年影响湖南的两次相似路径台风暴雨过程进行了对比分析。研究表明：“尤特”台风暴雨直接由台风环流引起,具有锋前暖区降水的特点;而“天兔”台风暴雨由台风低压倒槽与西风带天气系统相互作用引起的,其降水属于典型的锋面降水。“尤特”由东风带进入西风带,其与副高相对位置的变化是导致其登陆后路径北翘的主要原因。“尤特”低压环流与南海季风相互作用,充沛的水汽输送对台风低压环流的长时间维持以及湘东南暴雨的形成和发展起到了重要的组织和促进作用。而“天兔”登陆后南海季风位置偏南,不利于“天兔”的长时间维持以及向暴雨区的水汽输送。低层暖式切变线附近强辐合与高层强辐散耦合、低层强正涡度与高层负涡度的耦合为“尤特”台风暴雨的发生发展提供了动力条件。由中低层冷空气入侵导致的锋生强迫和高低空急流耦合形成的次级环流,加强了“天兔”低压倒槽内冷暖气流的辐合,是触发倒槽内中尺度对流发展和暴雨产生的重要动力机制。     

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPHOON PRECIPITATION OVER CHINA

The spatio-temporal characteristics of typhoon precipitation over China are analyzed in this study. The results show that typhoon precipitation covers most of central-eastern China. Typhoon precipitation gradually decreases from the southeastern coastal regions to the northwestern mainland. The maximum annual typhoon precipitation exceeds 700 mm in central-eastern Taiwan and part of Hainan, while the minimum annual typhoon precipitation occurs in parts of Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Sichuan, with values less than 10 mm. Generally, typhoons produce precipitation over China during April – December with a peak in August. The annual typhoon precipitation time series for observation stations are examined for long-term trends. The results show that decreasing trends exist in most of the stations from 1957 to 2004 and are statistically significant in parts of Taiwan, Hainan, coastal Southeast China and southern Northeast China. The anomaly of typhoon precipitation mainly results from that of the general circulation over Asia and the Walker Cell circulation over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific. Typhoon torrential rain is one of the extreme rainfall events in the southeastern coastal regions and parts of central mainland. In these regions, torrential rains are mostly caused by typhoons.     

0509号台风麦莎影响山东分析

分析了0509号台风的移动路径、强降水分布及物理量场分布,重点分析台风在安徽突然转向东北和强降水不在中心附近而是偏于中心东北侧的原因。结果表明：副高突然南落及200hPa辐散偏向台风中心右侧是台风在安徽转向进入江苏的原因;台风进入西风带以后没有明显的冷空气侵入;台风进入山东前,半岛大暴雨是由台风右侧东南急流和切变线引起,而台风进入山东境内时,鲁北、鲁中强降水由台风倒槽引起。     

台风“苏拉”登陆福建后降水的非对称成因分析

利用常规天气资料、NCEP再分析资料、卫星云图、新一代天气雷达等资料,分析了2012年第9号台风"苏拉"降水预报失败的原因及其暴雨成因。结果表明:此次台风暴雨预报失败的主要原因在于预报过程中没有关注台风垂直结构的改变及其对降水落区的影响。"苏拉"台风暴雨是在中高纬稳定的环流形势下发生的,低层到高层引导气流的变化导致"苏拉"高层风暴中心向南倾斜;环境风垂直切变导致了台风降水的非对称分布,环境风垂直切变方向的左侧是强降水发展的区域;此外,随着台风环流中心在垂直方向发生偏移,改变了涡度平流的垂直分布,从而导致了福建省南部的暴雨。因此关注登陆台风中心在垂直方向的偏移对台风降水预报非常重要。