Nino海区SSTA的时频结构特征

根据1950～2003年Nino海区SSTA资料，采用小波变换方法分析了SST变化的多尺度结构及其强度变化。结果表明，Nino海区的SSTA序列表现为多层次相互嵌套的时频结构，存在着2～7a、8～20a和30a以上时间尺度的变化，经检验显著变化周期为2～7a，10a以上和1a以下的周期信号较弱。冷暖事件的能量主要集中在2～7a的尺度上，以准4a尺度的周期振荡最为显著。同一事件在不同海区的频率结构也不相同，1970年以后各尺度上冷暖事件的强度明显增大，有向低频发展的趋势。     

Niño海区冷暖事件的小波功率谱分析

根据NOAA/CPC发布的1950．1-2003-12期间Nino海区的SSTA资料，采用小波变换方法分析了SST变化的多时间尺度结构及其强度变化。结果表明，Nino各海区的SSTA序列表现出多层次相互嵌套的时频结构，经检验存在着2～7a、8-20a和30a以上尺度的变化周期；10a以上和1a以下时间尺度的周期信号能量较弱。显著性变化周期的能量主要集中在2～7a的周期振荡上；同一事件在不同海区的频率结构也不完全相同，冷暖事件的振荡能量和显著性水平从东向西有低频增大而高频减弱的变化趋势，时域中1970年以后尤为明显。     

热带西太平洋海温变化及其与赤道东太平洋海温变化的关系

利用１９５１－１９８８年１０°Ｓ－５０°Ｎ太平洋的ＳＳＴ资料对热带西太平洋海表温度的变化及其与赤道东太平洋海表温度变化的关系进行了分析，发现热带西太平洋ＳＳＴ存在准两年周期的变化。这种变化与ＥＮＳＯ活动相联系：Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ年的ＳＳＴ距平值位于谷值；反Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ年的ＳＳＴ距平值位于峰值。热带西太平洋与赤道东太平洋的ＳＳＴ变化存在弱的反相关关系。两者间存在位相差，前者的变化比后者超前几个月甚至１     

NINO区SST与SOI的耦合振荡信号及其预测试验

应用奇异交叉谱（ＳＣＳＡ）分析方法,提取Ｎｉｎｏ 海区各区的平均海温（ＳＳＴ）和南方涛动指数（ＳＯＩ）之间的耦合振荡信号,由此描述其年际和年代际的时变特征。基于ＳＣＳＡ,重建耦合振荡分量序列（ＲＣＣＳ）,并与回归分析相结合,对Ｎｉｎｏ 各海区平均的ＳＳＴ月际序列作短期气候预测试验。结果表明,各海区ＳＳＴ与ＳＯＩ的显著耦合振荡周期各有特色,其年际或１０ 年际变化不尽相同,从而构成了ＥＮＳＯ信号在时空演变型态上的复杂性。ＳＣＳＡ基础上的回归预报模型的预报技巧绝大部分优于ＳＳＡ－ＡＲ预报模型,实际预报试验证明效果优良     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF SHORT-RANGE CLIMATIC OSCILLATION WITH VARIOUS TIME SCALES FORCED BY EL NINO DURING THE NORTHERN SUMMER

The normal mode method is adopted to decompose the differences between simulations with SST(seasurface temperature)anomahes over centra-eastern Pacific and normal SST by use of a nine-layer global spec-tral model in order to investigate short-range climatic oscillation with various time scales forced by ElNino during the northern summer.Investigation shows that El Nino may have the following influence onatmosphere on various space-time scales.Extra-long wave components of Rossby mode forced by convectiveanomaly over equatorial western Pacific resulting from El Nino produce climatic oscillation on monthly(sea-sonal)time scale in middle-high latitudes of Southern and Northern Hemispheres;extra-long wave componentsof Kelvin mode forced by SST anomalies propagate along the equator,resulting in 30—60 day oscillation oftropical and subtropical atmosphere;and its long waves move eastward with westerly,resulting in quasi-biweekoscillation.     

厄尔尼诺年和反厄尔尼诺年北半球500hPa非绝热热流量场的特征

本文应用谱方法,诊断、计算了1964—1985年间,6个厄尔尼诺年和6个反厄尔尼诺年北半球月、季大气非绝热热流量距平场。结果表明:厄尔尼诺现象对大气非绝热热流量距平场具有显著影响,大气的响应表现为低纬和中高纬非绝热热流量正负距平中心有组织的优势排列,其位相或强度存在低频振荡,并且差值中心表现为双月周期。反厄尔尼诺年,大气具有分布不变,但距平中心基本上为反位相的响应形式。最后,通过海气相关分析,指出了海温异常是决定大气非绝热热流量异常的最重要的原因。     

赤道东太平洋海温与南海热带风暴频数的相关关系

根据1949—1987年的赤道东太平洋海温和热带气旋资料,分别分析了在南海形成的热带风暴频数和影响南海的热带风暴频数(包括南海形成和由西太平洋移入南海)与赤道东太平洋海温的时滞相关关系,统计了海温暖期(El Nino)和冷期(反El Nino)与以上两类热带风暴频数的联系。初步结果表明,赤道东太平洋海温与影响南海的热带风暴频数之间,同期为负相关(-0.30)风暴晚于海温17个月时出现正相关极大值(+0.29);赤道东太平洋海温与南海形成的热带风暴频数之间的相关有所不同,最大相关(+0.38)出现在热带风暴      

INTERANNUAL LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS OF MERIDIONAL WINDS OVER THE EQUATORIAL INDIAN-PACIFIC OCEANS

Based on analysis of the meridional winds over oceanic areas and SST for 1950-1979 extracted from the data sets of COADS, the long-term variability of the meridional winds over the equatorial Indian-Pacific oceans and its relationship to the onset and development of El Nino events have been studied. The major results are as follows:(1) There is a great similarity between ITCZ over the Pacific and SST in the seasonal trend, with ITCZ and high SST found in the Southern Hemisphere in winter and in the Northern Hemisphere in summer.During El Nino years, unusual meridional winds were often observed, with significant convergence of meridional winds occurring over near-equatorial regions.(2) For the near-equatorial meridional winds, there are three types of interannual LFO:QBO, SO, FYO. QBO plays an important role in the unusual behavior of meridional winds for El Nino years, while SO is very important for both El Nino and cold water years. These two oscillations may fit well to the observed variation in the meridional wind. FYO may enhance the variation of meridional winds.(3) Interannual LFO of meridional winds originates in the Indian Ocean-Maritime Continent and coastal area of East Pacific. Unusual activities of winter monsoon in both hemispheres and trade winds off the coastal area of East Pacific are believed to be their major cause.(4) Monsoon-trade interaction shows up in the significant amplification of the disturbances of meridional winds while they propagate eastward from monsoon area to trade wind area.     

RECONSTRUCTION OF EL NINO EVENT CHRONOLOGY FOR THE LAST 600 YEAR PERIOD

The El Nino events for 1870—1989 were identified according to the sea surface temperature(SST)over the easternequatorial Pacific(0—10°S,90—180°W)and Southern Oscillation Index.The chronicle of the El Nino events in histori-cal time(14708—1879)was reconstructed by using of a series of proxy data such as Australian droughts,Nile floods,Peruvian floods,numbers of landing typhoon in China,cool summers in East Asia,SOI calculated from tree ring data,and El Nino events identified mainly from meteorological and oceanographical conditions along the Ecuador and Perucoast.Finally,114 El Nino events were found for the period 1470—1989.The mean return interval was 4.5 years.The fre-quency of the events seems to have a cyclical variation of 70 years.No close relationship was found between the globalwarming and the frequency of El Nino events.     

Interdecadal Variations of Phase Delays Between Two Nino Indices at Different Time Scales

Phase delays between two Nino indices-sea surface temperatures in Nino regions 1 2 and 3.4 (1950-2001)-at different time scales are detected by wavelet analysis. Analysis results show that there are two types of period bifurcations in the Nifio indices and that period bifurcation points exist only in the region where the wavelet power is small. Interdecadal variation features of phase delays between the two indices vary with different time scales. In the periods of 40-72 months, the phase delay changes its sign in 1977: Nino 1 2 indices are 2-4 months earlier than Nino 3.4 indices before 1977, but 3-6 months later afterwards. In the periods of 20-40 months, however, the phase delay changes its sign in another way:Nino 1 2 indices are 1-4 months earlier before 1980 and during 1986-90, but 1-4 months later during 1980-83 and 1993-2001.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 500hPa DIABATIC HEAT FLOW FIELD IN YEARS OF EL NINO AND ANTI-EL NINO

In this paper,by using spectral method,the monthly-and seasonal-scale atmospheric diabatic heat flow(ADHF)departure fields are diagnosed in the period of 1964—1985 with 6 El Nino years and 6 anti-El Nino years over theNorthern hemisphere(NH).The results show that El Nino phenomena have pronounced influence on the ADHF depar-ture fields.The response of atmosphere exhibits a preferred arrangement of organizing positive and negative departurecenters at low,middle and high latitudes.In anti-El Nino years,the response has the same forms as in El Nino years,but departure centers are opposite in phase.Furthermore,ADHF departure shows low-frequency oscillation in El Ninoyears and anti-El Nino years.The center of difference in departure between El Nino and anti-El Nino years displays abi-monthly oscillation.Finally,through air-sea correlation analysis,it is pointed out that the SST anomaly is the most important cause forADHF anomaly.     

Interdecadal Variations of Phase Delays Between Two Ni(n)o Indices at Different Time Scales

Phase delays between two Nino indices-sea surface temperatures in Nino regions 1+2 and 3.4(1950-2001)-at different time scales are detected by wavelet analysis. Analysis results show that thereare two types of period bifurcations in the Nino indices and that period bifurcation points exist only in the region where the wavelet power is small. Interdecadal variation features of phase delays between the two indices vary with different time scales. In the periods of 40-72 months, the phase delay changes its sign in 1977: Nino 1+2 indices are 2-4 months earlier than Nino 3.4 indices before 1977, but 3-6 months later afterwards. In the periods of 20-40 months, however, the phase delay changes its sign in another way:Nino 1+2 indices are 1-4 months earlier before 1980 and during 1986-90, but 1-4 months later during 1980-83 and 1993-2001.     

厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件与西北太平洋台风活动

用统计相关和典型年合成方法分析了厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件与西北太平洋台风活动的关系,指出厄尔尼诺年台风活动减少,反厄尔尼诺年台风活动增加,而且台风活动与厄尔尼诺、反厄尔尼诺事件起始和终止时间、强度、台风生成区域有关。利用厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺年台风活动频数的统计特征,及台风频数与海温等要素的时滞相关关系,为台风频数的预测提供了有益的信息。还应用奇异值分解方法,分析了高度场和海温场的相关关系。结果表明,厄尔尼诺年海气耦合作用将造成不利于台风发展的环流条件,因此台风偏少,反厄尔尼诺年则出现相反的情况。     

The propagation characteristics of interannual low-frequency oscillations in the tropical air-sea system

The time series of sea surface temperature (SST), sea level pressure (SLP), zonal wind (U) and total cloudiness (CA), for the period of 1950-1979, over a 8o×8o grid-point latitudinal belt between 32oS and 32oN are made from COADS (Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set). The time harmonic analysis and power spectra analysis show that there exist quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), three and half years oscillation (SO), five and half years oscillation (FYO) and eleven years oscillation (EYO) in these time series. The main propagation characteristics of these interannual low-frequency oscillations are as follows:(1) The variance analysis of SST shows that there is an active region of QBO and SO (with maximum variance), coming from the southwestern part of the subtropical Pacific, stretching eastward up to the west coast of South America, and then northward to the eastern equatorial Pacific. The QBO and SO disturbances of SST follow the same route and cause the anomaly of SST (El Nino and period of cold water) in the eastern equatorial Pacific.(2) Either the QBO or SO of SST can cause El Nino events, although it is easier when they are situated in the same phase of warm water at the eastern equatorial Pacific. The FYO of SST seems to be a standing oscillation. It plays an important role on the formation of strong El Nino events or strong cold water events.(3) The QBO and SO of U propagate eastward along the equator. The origin of QBO and SO may at least be traced as far as the western Indian Ocean. While they propagate along the equator, it strengthens two times at 90oE and the western Pacific, respectively. Like SST, the FYO of U is somehow a standing oscillation.(4) The Oscillations of U have a good coupling relationship with those of SST, while they propagate. When the QBO and SO of SST move to the east side of the eastern equatorial Pacific, it is the time for the QBO and SO of U to enter into the east part of the western Pacific.It is clear that, when we do research work on the formation of El Nino events, our consideration would not be confined to the tropics, it should cover the subtropical region in the southern Pacific. The features of the circulation and other oceanic states in this area are very important to the El Nino events.     

风应力对SST气候场和年际变率作用的诊断及数值研究

相关方法分析Nino3区SSTA和风应力的关系，发现前期风应力距平场与Nino3区SSTA有很好的相关关系，这种相关性超前8个月时就有所显现。影响Nino3区SSTA的主要风应力区域的位置随风应力超前的时间缩短均向中太平洋扩展。数值试验方法研究不同区域的风应力对热带太平洋SST作用的结果表明，强相关区域的风应力对形成和维持热带太平洋SST的气候场的作用不明显，而对SST的年际变率有重要贡献；相反，强相关区域以外的风应力对形成和维持热带太平洋SST的气候场起重要作用，但是对SST的年际变率所起的作用很不理想。     

Ni?o 1+2海区冷、暖水期西太平洋副高的特征及其对东亚季风的影响

通过对海温资料和500hPa位势高度、垂直速度、850 hPa的水平风分量资料的分析,探讨ENSO的各不同阶段西太平洋副高和东亚季风的变化特征.结果表明:赤道东太平洋海温与西太平洋副高有密切的关系.Nino 1+2区海温有明显的10年际变化,与西太平洋副高的1O年际变化非常吻合;前期Nino 1+2区为冷、暖水期时西太平洋副高的强度和位置有明显差异,前期为暖水期时夏季西太平洋副高较强,范围向西和向南伸展,冷水期反之,西太平洋副高较弱,位置偏东偏北.西太平洋副高的变化进一步影响东亚季风和我国的降水.这种影响在Nino 1+2区海温变化后4～6个月最明显.因此,前期Nino 1+2区海温的变化可以为东亚季风和我国降水的长期预报提供依据.     

厄·尼诺影响西太平洋台风活动的研究

在厄·尼诺年西太平洋(包括中国南海)台风活动偏少而反厄·尼诺年台风活动偏多的统计分析结果基础上,根据台风形成的条件,本文分析了厄·尼诺年和反厄·尼诺年西太平洋热带地区的大气环流和状态以及海水温度的变化。由它们的异常变化以及极为明显的差别,从而对厄·尼诺影响西太平洋台风活动作了较全面的定性解释。     

Factors that affect the amplitude of El Nino in global coupled climate models

Historically, El Nino-like events simulated in global coupled climate models have had reduced amplitude compared to observations. Here, El Nino-like phenomena are compared in ten sensitivity experiments using two recent global coupled models. These models have various combinations of horizontal and vertical ocean resolution, ocean physics, and atmospheric model resolution. It is demonstrated that the lower the value of the ocean background vertical diffusivity, the greater the amplitude of El Nino variability which is related primarily to a sharper equatorial thermocline. Among models with low background vertical diffusivity, stronger equatorial zonal wind stress is associated with relatively higher amplitude El Nino variability along with more realistic east–west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient along the equator. The SST seasonal cycle in the eastern tropical Pacific has too much of a semiannual component with a double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in all experiments, and thus does not affect, nor is it affected by, the amplitude of El Nino variability. Systematic errors affecting the spatial variability of El Nino in the experiments are characterized by the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue regime extending too far westward into the warm pool. The time scales of interannual variability (as represented by time series of Nino3 SSTs) show significant power in the 3–4 year ENSO band and 2–2.5 year tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) band in the model experiments. The TBO periods in the models agree well with the observations, while the ENSO periods are near the short end of the range of 3–6 years observed during the period 1950–94. The close association between interannual variability of equatorial eastern Pacific SSTs and large-scale SST patterns is represented by significant correlations between Nino3 time series and the PC time series of the first EOFs of near-global SSTs in the models and observations. Received: 17 April 2000 / Accepted: 17 August 2000     

冬季东亚大槽异常与El Nino的关系

通过对东亚大槽强度与ＥＩＮｉｎｏ事件的统计分析，揭露了在多数ＥＩＮｉｎｏ（反ＥＩＮｉｎｏ）事件的前期冬季，东亚大槽强度偏弱（偏强）的事实。对１０个ＥＩＮｉｎｏ事件的合成分析亦表明，ＥＩＮｉｎｏ前冬季东亚西太平洋中高纬地区５００ｈＰａ为显著的高度正距平。谱分析进一步指出，冬季东亚大槽强度与赤道东太平洋各季ＳＳＴ有密切的关系，它们都具有显著的３－４年周期振荡，且槽强度的变化超前于ＳＳＴ约４－８个月。     

两类ENSO事件前期的热带太平洋海温距平场

分析了１９５６年以来两类ＥＮＳＯ事件热带太平洋海温距平场的特征。结果指出,东部型ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件前期为ＬａＮｉｎａ事件年,热带中东太平洋为强的海温负距平,东部型ＬａＮｉｎａ事件前期为ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件年,热带中不太平洋为强的海温正距平,中部型ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件前期热带中西太平洋多为明显的海温正距平,中部型ＬａＮｉｎａ事件前期热带东太平洋多为明显的海渐负距平。两类ＥＮＳＯ事件前期海温距平场特殊基本相反。