邢台地区微波辐射计与无线电探空仪数据对比分析

利用2018年1月至2019年12月河北省中南部地区的微波辐射计和探空数据，将两种探测设备取得的资料在时间和空间上进行点对点匹配，共筛选出187条晴空廓线、1176条云天廓线和12条毛毛雨天廓线，定量分析了各个高度层的晴天、云天和毛毛雨天气条件下两种大气探测设备的温度、相对湿度和水汽密度廓线的相关性及误差情况。结果表明：3种天气条件下的微波辐射计与无线电探空仪温度和水汽密度的相关性整体较好，地基微波辐射计观测的大气参数分布存在不同程度的差异，但是微波辐射计和探空的变化趋势一致性较好，并且无线电探空仪观测的大气参数和微波辐射计反演的温度、相对湿度和水汽密度相关性整体上均呈现低层大气优于高层大气，温度相关性最好，水汽密度次之，相对湿度最低。通过对比各个高度层的拟合程度，发现3.5 km以下的低层大气参数精度更可靠，对于需要间接计算的大气物理量，如K指数、有效位能、积分水汽含量等，使用低层数据计算的大气物理量精度会更好。本文开展的地基微波辐射计反演的大气物理参数与探空仪观测对比研究工作，对提高微波辐射计在大气物理和人工影响天气的探测精度方面具有参考意义。     

不同天气条件下微波辐射计温度探测效果评估

以西安泾河探空站的探空数据作为参照标准,利用同址安装的国产MWP967KV型地基多通道微波辐射计温度廓线数据,通过计算相关系数、平均偏差和均方根误差等,分析了微波辐射计在雨天、阴天、晴天和雾天四类典型天气下的温度探测效果。结果显示：微波辐射计反演的温度与探空探测的温度的相关系数为099,平均绝对偏差为217 ℃,均方根误差为275 ℃;均方根误差在各类天气下差异不明显,且随高度的增加误差逐渐增大;随着高度升高,微波辐射计反演温度的偏差有显著的变化。     

地基微波辐射计低空大气逆温探测能力分析

利用西安泾河站MWP967KV型地基微波辐射2019年6月—2021年5月温度数据,与同期探空观测数据进行对比,检验地基微波辐射计反演温度的准确性;将两种观测方式所探测的逆温参量进行对比,从而分析地基微波辐射计逆温探测能力。结果表明：MWP967KV型地基微波辐射计反演温度廓线在2 km以下精度较高。地基微波辐射计观测逆温出现频率与探空观测类似,并能很好地探测低层200 m以下的逆温,对于高空500 m以上的逆温无法监测到。地基微波辐射计观测的逆温强度、逆温厚度均小于探空观测。地基微波辐射计对逆温日变化有较好的监测能力,填补了常规探空观测的空白。     

星载降水雷达机载校飞试验：地基多通道微波辐射计估算雷达路径积分衰减

介绍了在雷达观测降水试验中如何配合利用地基微波辐射计估算雷达路径积分衰减(PIA)的一种方法.所用的GPS高空探空资料和地基多通道微波辐射计的观测资料,均为中国首次星载降水雷达机载校飞试验中获得的数据.由于常规探空资料中没有云水含量的直接信息,因此,通过绝热液态水含量分析方法,从GPS探空数据中计算得到这些云参数值.用MWMOD进行亮温模拟并计算液态水含量.在晴空条件下,用该模式模拟了地基多通道微波辐射计12个通道的下行辐射亮温.通过设置相对湿度阈值,利用MWMOD模式自带的绝热液态水含量分析方法,从探空廓线中分析出液态水廓线,进而模拟出有云情况下的下行辐射亮温.辐射传输模式的模拟亮温和地基多通道微波辐射计观测亮温的对比表明,进行云分析之后的模拟亮温值更接近于实测值.由此,利用由辐射传输模式和地基微波辐射计,从探空廓线中分析出液态水廓线,计算出有云情况下的大气整层透过率,进而得到路径积分衰减,为降水雷达衰减订正提供一种有效手段.     

地基遥感联合反演大气边界层高度与ERA5再分析资料比对分析

利用北京国家综合气象探测试验基地超大城市观测试验建设的地基垂直遥感设备(激光气溶胶雷达、微波辐射计及风廓线雷达),使用2021年5—8月的观测资料,根据不同设备的探测优势以及边界层的日变化规律,利用激光气溶胶雷达、微波辐射计、风廓线雷达观测资料进行联合反演,得到全天候大气边界层高度。并将联合反演所得的边界层高度与探空资料计算及ERA5再分析资料提供的全天候大气边界层高度进行比较,发现:联合反演边界层高度与ERA5数据提供的大气边界层高度有较好的一致性;激光气溶胶雷达适用于白天对流边界层的观测,微波辐射计适用于夜间稳定边界层的观测,使用微波辐射计与风廓线雷达联合反演大气边界层高度可以改善弱降雨时单设备的反演结果;联合反演的大气边界层高度结果与单设备反演大气边界层高度均符合大气边界层的日变化规律;得到的联合反演边界层高度与探空数据计算得到的大气边界层高度差值的标准偏差为62 m,相较于ERA5数据提供的一定范围内大气边界层高度均值,联合反演边界层高度能更精准地反映更小范围内的大气边界层高度。     

地基微波辐射计与探空数据对比分析

利用西安泾河国家高空气象站2020年1—9月电子探空仪在0～10 km探测高度内观测的温度和水汽密度数据,与同址的MWP967KV型地基微波辐射计反演的同类气象数据对比分析,以评估微波辐射计反演气象要素的准确性。结果表明：MWP967KV型地基微波辐射计反演的温度廓线与探空数据相关性较高,平均偏差小于15 ℃,均方差小于20 ℃,两者相关性达到0990;水汽密度的平均偏差和均方差均小于10 g/m3,相关性为0972;在任何天气条件下,温度的相关性均较高,水汽密度相关性较好;在雨天天气条件下,地基微波辐射计反演廓线与探空仪观测数据一致性最高,说明地基微波辐射计对厚云的反演精度比薄云高。地基微波辐射计在观测精度和探测高度方面还需要进一步优化改进,使其能获得高质量的探空观测资料。     

基于LSTM的地基微波辐射计湿度廓线反演

大气湿度廓线对于研究大气系统的复杂性具有十分重要的作用.地基微波辐射计有着连续观测的特性,能够以高时间分辨率反演出高度至10 km的大气湿度廓线,廓线数据对于气象预报和研究气候系统的变化至关重要.为了提高反演大气湿度廓线的精准度,本文使用时间循环神经网络模型,利用微波辐射计连续探测的信号并使用Ka波段毫米波云雷达数据提...     

冬奥赛场卫星和地基微波辐射计气温廓线观测对比和验证

利用探空站数据对北京和张家口冬奥赛场周边地区的地基微波辐射计和FY 4A大气垂直探测仪资料进行验证分析。选取2020年全年FY 4A大气垂直探测仪资料以及2020年12月至2021年3月期间对冬奥赛事有重要影响的寒潮前后、雾霾和沙尘暴这3种不同天气现象下探测得到的气温廓线数据进行个例分析。结果表明：在晴空条件下，地基微波辐射计和FY 4A大气垂直探测仪探测大气垂直气温的精度较高，平均相关系数达到0.97，低层大气（500 hPa以下）较高层大气探测结果的一致性较好；大气污染对探测精度产生一定影响，其中PM2.5产生的影响较小，PM10的提高对FY 4A大气垂直探测仪的探测产生较大影响，尤其是发生沙尘暴时，星载探测仪无法对低层大气进行探测。经过对比和验证，卫星探测作为补充探测手段，可以与地基微波辐射计互相补充，尤其是在空间覆盖和时间分辨率上具备一定优势，但在有云和沙尘暴的天气条件下无法对低层大气开展探测；地基微波辐射计可以对一个地点的大气垂直参数开展不间断的探测，与探空站数据的一致性较高。卫星探测和地基微波辐射计均可以为冬奥赛事提供高时间分辨率的探测数据，为数值天气预报提供有力的数据支撑。     

HTG-4型微波辐射计资料在贵阳机场夏季2次雷雨天气中的应用分析

【目的】该文旨在研究微波辐射计资料在雷雨天气的分析与预报中所发挥的作用。【方法】利用贵阳站探空数据、微波辐射计资料、常规观测资料、ERA5 0.250.25再分析资料,采用统计、对比和诊断分析的方法,探讨贵阳机场HTG-4型微波辐射计的探测效果,并对2022年夏季贵阳机场2次雷雨天气进行对比分析。【结果】微波辐射计探测资料与探空站数据的整体相关性较高,其对机场上空气温和低空露点的探测比较可靠。机场两次雷雨期间,微波辐射计探测到上空大气转为“上干冷、下暖湿”的温湿分布,IWV、LWP、LPR值出现激增,能量指数有显著波动,雷雨结束后IWV、LWP、LPR值快速回落,能量指数回归稳定状态,微波辐射计资料更为灵敏、直观地展现了雷雨期间温湿条件的变化。【结论】系统性雷雨与局地热对流的触发机制和水汽含量有所不同,微波辐射计对系统性雷雨的起止及演变可做到约20min的预警提前量,但对局地热对流的开始和结束则很难提前预警。     

我国Ka频段降水测量雷达机载校飞试验结果

2010年6—10月在天津与江苏地区开展了国内首次Ku/Ka频段星载降水测量雷达机载校飞试验。此次校飞试验获得了宝贵的机载雷达观测数据和地面、海面同步观测数据,目前已开展了外定标、数据对比与衰减订正等工作。该文给出了天津校飞试验中Ka频段降水测量雷达实测结果,对Ka频段降水测量雷达资料与天津地区S波段地基多普勒雷达资料进行了详细的对比分析,有利于更好地了解Ka频段降水测量雷达仪器本身的性能及其探测降水的能力;利用由GPS探空资料、地基多通道微波辐射计观测亮温结合微波辐射传输模式得到的雷达路径积分衰减量,对Ka频段降水测量雷达进行了衰减订正,为继续开展降水反演工作奠定了基础。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences