2009年广州第一场强对流天气的强对流单体雷达特征

利用自动气象站和广州新一代雷达资料,对2009年3月28日影响广州的强风暴单体进行了分析.在该风暴影响广州之前,广州地区近地层环境风场出现了辐合,使得风暴影响广州期间强度得以维持且略有加强.通过区域雷达拼图可以对大范围的对流活动进行监测.风暴影响广州期间最大反射率因子在加强,对应的高度也在抬升,垂直液态水含量最大达到58 kg/m2,风暴顶高一直维持在12 km以上,相应的最大反射率因子上方3 km厚度层内的反射率因子垂直梯度约为-1.8 db/km.强天气探测产品的分析,有助于了解风暴的特征和发展趋势,为广州地区的强对流预警服务提供了技术支持.     

深圳新一代天气雷达山体阻挡的订正方案及效果检验

分析了广东深圳新一代天气雷达山体阻挡情况以及对雷达产品的影响。多个山体使得深圳雷达北部、东北部出现了较大范围的阻挡,对于1 km和3 km的垂直高度,有效探测距离仅分别为15 km和50 km。阻挡致使低仰角PPI和3 km CAPPI产品出现明显的缺测区。为了解决阻挡问题,采取反射率因子平均垂直廓线(WVPR)订正技术。对于2008年6月25日台风“风神”个例,垂直廓线订正弥补了低层探测信息,使得阻挡区域内的定量降水估测得到改善,对于较强降水相对误差约为10%;同时廓线订正对于阻挡区域外的降水估测也有一定的改进。对于以层状云性质为主的大范围降水系统,由于反射率因子垂直廓线易获取且具有较好的代表性,因此订正效果较好;但对于孤立的对流风暴,廓线技术难以发挥作用。为此,开发了1 km 高度上组合反射率因子产品。选择2010年5月7日广州强对流个例,该产品既减轻了阻挡影响、能较好探测到阻挡区域内的风暴,又避免了测站周围其他地物杂波污染。利用COTREC运动矢量对1 km组合反射率因子进行外推预报,并给出不同强度等级、不同预报时效的检验结果。对于出现频次较高的较强回波(如30～45 dBZ),在30 min预报时效,POD、FAR和CSI分别为0.82、0.21和0.67,当预报时效拓展到60 min时,CSI仍达到0.54,预报效果较好。对于更强的回波(如55～65 dBZ),预报效果随时效增加而明显下降,CSI在6、30和60 min时分别为0.80、0.31和0.13。而对于较弱回波(5～15 dBZ)预报效果一般。      

湖北省两类强对流天气云地闪特征及其环境条件对比研究

选取30次短时强降水天气和10次冰雹、雷雨大风天气个例,对云地闪特征及其环境条件进行对比分析。结果表明:以降水为主的强对流天气,负地闪占绝大多数,闪电频数较多,其10分钟云地闪频数过程最大值在50次以上,云地闪与雷达强回波区吻合得较好,且分布比较集中,而以冰雹、雷雨大风为主的强对流天气,正地闪与负地闪频次相当,甚至超过负地闪,闪电频数较少,云地闪并非分布在雷达强回波区,而是零散地分布在冰雹回波下风方向的云砧处。两者在环境条件上也存在差别,以冰雹、雷雨大风为主的强对流天气较之以降水为主的强对流天气,具有较低的整层比湿,较厚的零度以下层结厚度(冷云厚度)以及较大的垂直风切变。     

广东省后汛期强对流天气潜势预报方法研究

利用2007—2008年两年7—10月广东后汛期强对流天气出现时的雷达资料、对应的GRAPES模式资料以及地市台站上报的强对流天气发生的实况,把瞬时大风〉17.2 m·s^-1、冰雹、龙卷作为强对流发生的依据,对上述数据进行整理。根据广州热带海洋研究所中尺度模式的输出GRAPES资料,结合雷达CAPPI数据,计算单体的各层风速、温度、湿度、有效位能等环境特征量,将单体特征和模式计算的单体环境场要素以及强对流发生实况,通过多元逐步回归方法建立后汛期强对流天气潜势预报方程,据此对发生于广东省后汛期强对流天气（如雷雨大风、冰雹和龙卷风）进行0～1小时临近预报。用预报成功率（POD）、虚假警报率（FAR）和关键成功指数（CSI）衡量方法的预报性能。共有5540个有效样本参与回归计算,31个因子中有12个引入了回归方程,建立的预报方程在阈值取为0.26时,得到的预报成功率POD为0.73,虚假警报率FAR为0.61,关键成功指数CSI为0.338,各项指标均要好于前汛期预报性能;从实际的预报能力来看,在后汛期强对流潜势预报中,后汛期强对流潜势预报方法得到的空报率和漏报率都要低于前汛期,预报效果较好,可用于广东后汛期的强对流天气潜势预报中。     

雷达反射率因子数据中的亮带自动识别和抑制

为了减轻雷达反射率因子数据中的亮带污染对雷达降水估计的影响,一种基于新一代天气雷达体扫资料自动识别零度层亮带平均高度、厚度和区域以及对亮带进行抑制的算法被提出。该算法首先利用近距离分层平均方法建立视反射率因子垂直廓线,然后基于亮带VPR曲线在融化层高度的显著弯曲特征来识别和抑制亮带。比较该方法识别的零度层亮带的平均高度和实测0℃等温层高度表明,前者比后者平均低0.5km。亮带的厚度大多在1～1.25km。亮带区域识别算法能合理地识别亮带反射率因子高值区,用经过亮带抑制后的体扫资料得到的组合反射率因子和反射率因子垂直剖面上的高值区被抑制掉,用经过抑制后的亮带区的所有反射率因子库建立的平均VPR在融化层高度的显著弯曲消失。通过亮带抑制后的雷达体扫资料将用于雷达降水估计。     

0～3小时短时定量降水预报算法研究

利用广东省3 km高度CAPPI雷达反射率因子拼图资料,对2012年6月22日一次降水个例进行0～3 h短时定量降水预报算法研究,以期通过改进算法来提高降水短时预报的准确率。在利用交叉相关算法获取回波移动矢量场后,使用五点平滑及卡尔曼滤波的方法对其进行处理,利用处理后的矢量场对雷达回波进行3 h外推,再进行0～3 h降水量预报。研究结果表明,经过滤波处理后可得到时空连续性更好的回波移动矢量场,滤波后回波外推预报效果明显改善,其临界成功指数（CSI）有所提高,空报率（FAR）显著降低,提高了降水预报准确率。      

利用雷达垂直廓线对广州地区降水估测订正的初步分析

利用雷达反射率因子垂直廓线技术,对2010年4月29日广州地区一次较大范围内混合型降水过程进行了平均垂直廓线特征分析,并在此基础上对雷达定量降水估测进行了订正.结果表明,选定区域内雷达回波稳定少动,不同时段的垂直廓线的高低空变化均不大;在反射率因子垂直廓线中有一个极大值区为零度层亮带;在零度层亮带以上,反射率因子随高度增加迅速减小.进一步结合降水站点评估表明,直接利用雷达最低仰角估测的降水量偏低,而利用反射率因子垂直廓线技术订正后的降水估测的准确度提高,绝对误差率由订正前的28.9％下降到13.7％.     

对丽水强对流天气过程的中尺度分析和预警启示

通过对强对流过程天气背景、物理量诊断分析,发现西南暖湿气流致使大气增温增湿和能量的积聚,大气处于不稳定状态;利用高频次、高分辨率的新一代天气雷达产品进一步分析,发现雷达基本反射率图像中显现出风暴的"穹窿"和BWER等结构特征;对流单体质心反射率强度、高度和冰雹概率均有陡增的现象.大气中的暧平流、高低空辐散、辐合场相配合导致垂直运动强烈发展并维持,促成了强对流天气过程.     

广东大冰雹风暴单体的多普勒天气雷达特征

选取2004—2012年广东省12个大冰雹风暴单体为样本,利用多普勒天气雷达资料,计算了最大反射率因子及其高度等多个雷达参数,分析了三体散射、旁瓣回波和环境温度层上回波特征以及大冰雹与非冰雹风暴单体间的反射率因子垂直廓线差异。结果表明:大冰雹风暴单体发展均非常旺盛,最大反射因子多超过65 dBZ,对应高度几乎都达到5 km。除受周围大范围雷达回波影响外,大冰雹风暴单体均观测到了三体散射或旁瓣回波特征,并具有一定的预报提前量;在0℃和-20℃层高度上的最大反射率因子均超过54 dBZ。大冰雹风暴单体与非冰雹风暴单体相比,低层回波迅速增加,强核心区垂直伸展更深厚,回波垂直递减率更小。     

鄂西南两次典型冰雹天气特征的对比分析

利用宜昌多普勒天气雷达产品和有关天气图资料,对2002年8月24日和2003年3月21日发生在鄂西南的两次典型冰雹天气的热力不稳定、风的垂直切变等环境因子特点以及反射率因子、径向速度等特征进行了分析。结果表明：对流风暴的发展与热力不稳定程度、风的垂直切变强度密切相关;强烈发展的多单体风暴大多具有特殊的反射率特征和风暴垂直结构;强对流天气的出现、发展与气流的辐合辐散及气流的旋转有关。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.