1710号台风“海棠”外围龙卷大气环境条件和雷达特征分析

2017年8月1日18:10—18:30受1710号台风"海棠"外围螺旋雨带影响,江苏省淮安市淮安区出现EF1级龙卷。利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、多普勒雷达资料等,对龙卷过程进行分析。结果显示:龙卷发生在"海棠"残留低压和副高边缘间的东南暖湿急流中,其发生前1h地面出现小尺度涡旋并沿着地面辐合线移动。龙卷影响时,相邻地面自动站观测到气压上升、气温和露点下降、风力明显增大。逐渐增大的对流有效位能、小的对流抑制能量、较大的0～1km垂直风切变、1km以下的抬升凝结高度、干侵入等环境场特征均有利于本次龙卷风暴的生成。淮安多普勒雷达探测到入流缺口、TVS特征、气旋性风场结构。通过垂直螺旋度分析和双多普勒雷达风场反演等方法,发现在龙卷发生前低层环境垂直风切变有利于小尺度涡旋生成,中低层水平风场以辐合为主。当出现龙卷时,气旋式辐合中心下降有利于涡旋触地,龙卷发生地位于低层涡旋移动方向左前侧与1km高度切变线附近。     

海南一次微型超级单体引发的EF1级龙卷天气过程分析

利用常规高空地面资料、海南省区域加密观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、海口多普勒雷达、风云2G高分辨可见光云图和欧洲中心预报场等资料,对2019年2月18日发生在海口三江镇的一次EF1级龙卷天气进行分析,并对欧洲中心18日08时预报场进行检验.结果表明:1)副热带高压较弱、500 hPa槽前、低层切变线南侧、高低空辐合辐散为此次龙卷的发生提供有利的天气背景;良好的不稳定条件、较强的低层垂直风切变与较低的抬升凝结高度为龙卷的发生提供较高的环境条件;2)对流带发展前期呈辐合速度带,东移加强中变粗变短,逐渐发展为气旋式旋转的辐合速度对,最后发展为微型超级单体,强盛高度仅3 km,回波顶高5 km;风廓线产品在近地面风速增强、风向转向,0—1 km垂直风切变加大,对龙卷的预警有一定作用;3)南支槽前西风汇入海风,与近地面背景风相对,补充加强边界层切变线上的次级环流,伴随增强的边界层垂直风切变造成水平涡度管对垂直涡度的正输送,直至在海南岛北部形成具有若干中β尺度涡旋的边界层切变线,是龙卷的主要发展机制;4)欧洲中心(ECMWF)较准确把握了此次过程的环流形势与发展时间,但预报的对流强势区域偏移对能否预判此次龙卷的作用很小.     

内蒙古一次强龙卷天气的中尺度特征分析

本文利用新一代多普勒天气雷达资料、逐5分钟自动站资料、常规观测和NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料等,对2021年6月25日发生在内蒙古太仆寺旗的一次强龙卷过程进行分析研究。结果表明,龙卷发生在前倾槽背景下,出现在低层的西南气流当中。龙卷发生的环境场特征为上干冷下暖湿的不稳定大气层结;地面辐合线及干线为强对流提供了触发条件;低抬升凝结高度、强低层垂直风切变和大的对流有效位能为龙卷提供了有利条件。此次龙卷过程由多个超级单体风暴相互作用造成的,雷达回波资料分析显示超级单体出现明显的钩状回波,“V”型缺口,回波悬垂、旁瓣回波的特征,雷达距离龙卷发生地超过100 km,未识别出龙卷涡旋特征,但识别出了中气旋,中气旋最大转动速度达到了15 m/s,为弱到中等中气旋;龙卷发生前基于单体的垂直累积液态水和最大反射率回波顶高有明显的跃增。     

海南一次超级单体引发的强烈龙卷过程观测分析

利用常规高空地面观测、海南省区域加密自动站、海口多普勒雷达、海口风廓线雷达以及风云2G高分辨可见光云图资料对2016年6月5日海南省文昌市一次EF2级龙卷过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)这次龙卷过程发生在副热带高压边缘、500 hPa槽前、850 hPa切变线和地面热低压的南侧,是由超级单体引发的;由于海陆风效应而显著增大的0~2 km垂直风切变,较低的抬升凝结高度,随着白天地面太阳辐射加热迅速增大的CAPE值为超级单体风暴的生成提供了有利的环境条件。(2)超级单体是在东移飑线的东侧,由β中尺度海风锋辐合线和雷暴外流边界触发并加强的,沿着海风锋辐合切变线自东向西传播,与风暴承载层平均风向相反,即后向传播;超级单体具有勾状回波、中高层回波悬垂、中气旋和类似龙卷式涡旋特征(TVS)的小尺度强切变等特征,中层中气旋向低层延伸加强期间龙卷漏斗云生成、触地,小尺度强切变自中层同时向上、向下发展时龙卷达到最强;龙卷发生在勾状回波低层反射率因子最大梯度区域靠近弱回波区域一侧,也是小尺度强切变(类TVS)所在位置;(3)海风锋辐合线与超级单体的下沉气流外流边界合并,形成位于超级单体南侧的阵风锋,从而形成由东指向西的水平涡管,该水平涡管在钩状回波旁的弱回波区被上升气流扭曲拉伸,形成低层中气旋,超级单体南侧的阵风锋与东移的飑线阵风锋相遇而加强的地面辐合,有助于低层中气旋获得拉伸旋转加速而形成龙卷。     

黄土高原一次疑似龙卷天气的中尺度分析

利用高空、地面常规观测资料、分钟级加密自动气象站资料和榆林多普勒雷达资料,对 2013 年8月4日傍晚发生在榆林市的一次超级强对流风暴天气进行中尺度分析。结果表明：（1）此次过程疑似一次超级单体龙卷天气过程;（2）从环流背景来看,榆林市上空中层强干冷平流配合低层切变线、西南急流,高层干冷、低层暖湿特征明显;从环境条件来看,强风暴发生前和发生期间能量、抬升凝结高度、风切变满足龙卷发生所需的热力不稳定、垂直风切变条件;（3）雷达钩状回波结构清晰,并伴有强中气旋,大于60 dBZ的回波和正负速度对已接地,呈现龙卷发生时的回波特征;（4）强风暴发生前后,由北向南经过榆林地区有多个龙卷涡旋TVS产品被识别;（5）气象要素场变化剧烈,地面气压明显降低,风速出现极值增强,风向发生突变,与龙卷发生期间风场观测特征基本一致,表明该区域出现龙卷的可能性较大。     

2021年9月通辽一次龙卷形成机理和雷达回波特征分析

2021年9月8日午后分别有两个EF1级龙卷对内蒙古通辽市科尔沁区左翼中旗、科尔沁区造成严重影响。为深入认识东北冷涡背景下内蒙古东南部平原地带龙卷的形成机理和特征,利用常规观测资料、ECMWF-ERA5的0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、多普勒雷达探测资料等对本次龙卷过程进行分析。结果表明：龙卷发生于东北冷涡底部、低空冷切南部的西南暖湿气流、地面辐合线南侧偏南气流中,龙卷发生前中低层有干空气入侵,增强大气对流不稳定度;较低的抬升凝结高度,低层位温随高度减小,0～3 km有较强的风垂直风切变、强的垂直上升运动,低层存在正垂直螺旋度大值中心,均是龙卷形成的有利条件;辐合线和干线相伴作用共同触发龙卷。通辽多普勒雷达探测出两龙卷钩状回波、入流缺口、有界弱回波区、气旋性风场辐合、中气旋特征;分析雷达数据反演的风场得出,龙卷发生在近地面辐合线附近的偏南气流中,位置在发展阶段钩状回波移向的东南侧、入流缺口附近;龙卷发生前中低层具有气旋性辐合,气旋性辐合中心逐渐下降,垂直方向上具有较强的垂直风切变,呈现低层辐合高层辐散特征;在低层和中低层的辐合中心接近时,龙卷形成并逐渐接地。     

2019年7月3日辽宁开原伴随EF4级强龙卷的超级单体风暴分析

综合利用多普勒雷达、地面自动气象站以及风廓线等观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对2019年7月3日发生于辽宁开原的超级单体风暴伴随EF4级强龙卷环境条件、多普勒雷达回波特征和形成机理进行详细分析。结果表明:本次过程发生于低层暖湿高层冷干强的热力不稳定环境条件下,在地面干线汇合流场形成地面辐合线附近触发湿对流并发展为伴有龙卷的超级单体风暴。龙卷发生于低层钩状回波附近,多普勒雷达上呈现经典超级单体风暴雷达回波特征,低层强的垂直风切变将水平涡度转化为对流风暴中垂直涡度,强上升运动使得顺流涡度倾斜拉伸,从而龙卷发生前17 min在多普勒雷达2.4°仰角首先出现中气旋结构,随后风暴向南移动过程中,风暴的后侧下沉气流(RFD)将中低层的涡度“压低”致使龙卷接地,因此龙卷发生后1 min在0.5°仰角也出现强中气旋并有类龙卷涡旋特征(TVS),中气旋最强时的旋转速度达到28 m·s^(-1)(强中气旋标准),因此本次龙卷符合“自上而下”I型龙卷特征。由于环境干燥空气夹卷造成水滴强烈蒸发和冷却,使得地面出现了1 h降温达10℃的强冷池,过强的冷池可能在促使龙卷消亡过程中起到关键作用,致使龙卷持续了约30 min后消亡。     

1713号台风“天鸽”外围龙卷特征及成因分析

利用常规观测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和区域加密自动站资料对1713号台风"天鸽"外围的龙卷过程进行分析,结果表明:(1)此次龙卷过程发生在台风外围螺旋云带前部,物理量分析表明广西东南部具有较大的不稳定度能量,抬升凝结高度较低,低层垂直风切变较大,具有利于龙卷发生的环境热力和动力条件。中尺度地面辐合线触发出新生对流单体,该对流单体在高温高湿和强不稳定状态环境中最终发展为龙卷。(2)此次龙卷为微超级单体风暴,具有低层有钩状回波、中高层回波悬垂和有界弱回波区(BWER)等典型超级单体特征,低层钩状回波的演变与龙卷的生消密切相关。(3)中气旋先于低层钩状回波出现,钩状回波形成于强中气旋附近。龙卷发生时中气旋底高在2㎞左右,TVS切变底部高度0.5㎞左右并且不断下降,与龙卷漏斗状云柱高度逐渐下降接地的趋势一致。     

"山竹"(1822)台风外围佛山强龙卷天气过程观测分析

利用地面气象观测、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达及现场灾调等资料,对2018年9月17日上午发生在佛山的"山竹"台风(1822)外围强龙卷天气过程进行分析。结果表明:龙卷发生在台风登陆后前进方向右前侧的东北象限,强度为EF2级。低层急流汇合与高层辐散相互配合提供了有利的环流背景,环境场表现为中等偏弱的对流有效位能、弱的对流抑制能量、低的抬升凝结高度、大的风暴相对螺旋度和0—1 km强垂直风切变等特征。地面气象要素受龙卷影响表现出明显的信号,龙卷过境前后单站气压降低/升高明显,风向出现明显气旋式旋转。产生龙卷的风暴为低质心微超级单体,龙卷出现在雷达钩状回波的弱回波区附近,雷达低仰角速度图上出现强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征,中气旋尺度小、伸展高度低,且在龙卷发生前其最强切变突然增强。当环境条件有利时,在台风龙卷的高发区,当雷达低仰角速度图上出现中等强度以上中气旋,且底高在1 km以下时,可以考虑发布龙卷预警。     

广西3次不同类型强对流天气对比分析

利用常规、非常规观测及NCEP再分析资料,对广西1次高空触发强对流(简称高架强对流)及2次地面触发强对流(简称地面强对流)天气过程进行诊断对比分析。结果表明:高架强对流云系TBB值高,造成小冰雹,而地面强对流云系TBB值低且梯度大,冷中心达200 K,产生大冰雹、局地龙卷等;大冰雹回波具有高悬强回波、弱回波区、中气旋、三体散射及高的VIL;由弓形回波造成的强降水、雷暴大风,其发生前强回波质心迅速下降;超级单体风暴造成的局地龙卷,其回波具有中气旋、弱回波区及强组合切变,0~3 km垂直风切变在强风暴减弱消失前1 h左右明显减弱;"120227"、"130323"、"130417"3次强对流发生在高空急流轴右侧辐散区、中低层急流汇合处,具有强的环境风垂直切变及上干下湿特征,且抬升触发系统分别为近垂直分布的中高层、整层、中低层辐合系统(槽、切变、锋面或辐合线);"130323"地面过程造成的强对流灾害天气最强,其层结不稳定性及抬升运动也最强。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.