基于Aqua/CERES数据的辽宁省云宏微观特征及其与降水的相关性研究

利用2014—2015年的云和地球辐射能量系统CERES Aqua Edition 4A SSF的云产品以及地面小时降水数据,对辽宁地区(38.5°N—43.5°N、118.5°E—126°E)云宏微观特征参量的时空分布进行分析,并研究各参数与降水的相关性,建立基于云光学厚度(COD)与云水路径(CWP)的降水云识别指标。结果表明,夏季云层发展旺盛,云量(CF)、COD、云顶高度(CTH)以及CWP值均较高,平均值分别为62.7%、17.9、6.5 km和252.1 g·m~(-2),而冬季云参数的值最低,分别为48.3%、7.0、3.4 km和106.2 g·m~(-2),仅云粒子有效半径(ER)显著高于其他季节。受地形影响,西部地区(122°E以西)的成云条件较东部差,除CTH较高外,其他云参量均较东部偏低。除云顶气压(CTP)和云顶温度(CTT)外,CF、COD、CWP和ER均随降水强度的增加而增加,说明云层越深厚降水强度越大,云含水量越高,粒子尺度越大。筛选出的与降水强度相关性最高的COD与CWP作为降水云识别因子,利用TS评分及HSS评分方法,选取评分值最高时对应的COD和CWP作为降水云的识别阈值,分别为35和415 g·m~(-2)。     

华北云特征参数与降水相关性的研究

利用河北省、河南省和山西省2013—2014年的每日10—15时逐时FY2E卫星反演得到的云结构特征参数和地面小时降水,统计分析了云顶高度、云顶温度、云光学厚度和云粒子有效半径等4类云结构特征参数与地面降水的关系。主要结论有:随着云光学厚度的增加,降水概率呈增加趋势。云光学厚度比其他云参数对降水更具有指示意义,当云光学厚度大于20时,降水概率显著增大。双参数、多参数组合下,对地面是否出现降水的判断和识别要优于单个云参数的判别结果。4类云参数中,云光学厚度与降水强度呈正相关关系,对降水强度的影响最为显著;云顶温度和云顶高度对降水强度的影响次之;云粒子有效半径与降水强度的关系不明显。地面降水时,当云光学厚度小于20或云光学厚度介于21—30、云顶温度大于-15℃时,出现小雨的概率最大;当云光学厚度介于21—30、云顶温度小于-15℃或云光学厚度大于30、云顶温度大于-30℃时,出现中雨的概率最大;当云光学厚度大于30、云顶温度小于-30℃时,出现大雨或暴雨的可能性最大。云光学厚度、云顶温度、云顶高度和云粒子有效半径等云结构特征参数组合使用,对判断降水概率和降水强度具有较好的指示作用。     

青海省东部地区云特征参量与降水相关性分析

利用青海省东部地区2018年7—9月、2019年4—9月、2020年4—7月FY-2G卫星反演的云特征参量及地面小时降水数据,分析了云顶高度、云顶温度、云光学厚度和云粒子有效半径4种云特征参量对降水频率及降水强度的指示性。结果表明:(1)单云特征参量中,云光学厚度对降水频率指示性最强。中雨、大雨频率分别随云顶温度下降、云顶高度及云光学厚度增加呈明显增加趋势,而小雨频率随之呈减小趋势。(2)双云特征参量(云光学厚度和云顶温度)对降水频率指示性优于单云特征参量,降水频率随云光学厚度增加及云顶温度下降而增大。当云光学厚度为21~30且云顶温度大于0℃时,小雨频率最大。云光学厚度大于40且云顶温度为-45~-31℃时,中雨频率最大。云光学厚度大于40且云顶温度小于-45℃时,大雨频率最大。(3)三云特征参量(云顶温度、云光学厚度和云粒子有效半径)对降水频率指示性优于单云特征参量,但比双云特征参量降水频率指示性弱。     

FY2C/D卫星反演云特性参数与地面雨滴谱降水观测初步分析

针对2008年4月11-12日一次北方层状云降水过程,将FY2C/D静止卫星反演的云参数和地面同时段的雨滴谱仪的观测资料进行联合分析,发现反演得到的一些特征云参数对地面降水有一定的指示意义:一般降水发生前,云系发展,云顶抬升,云顶温度和云黑体亮温都降低,云光学厚度增大,云参数先于地面降水变化,两者大概相差2小时。其中,云光学厚度与地面降水量和降水粒子数关系密切,其相关性比云顶高度、云顶温度和云黑体亮温的相关性都好;一般地面降水强,光学厚度一定大,若云层光学厚度较小,即便云顶发展得很高,地面几乎无降水或降水较小,但云光学厚度大时,地面降水强度并不一定都大,可能降水粒子数浓度大,地面多降毛毛雨。     

基于CERES资料的新疆云物理参数时空分布特征

利用2011—2020年ERA5再分析降水资料、CERES云物理参数产品，分析新疆云参数的时空变化分布特征，归纳总结云物理参数与降水的相关性，结果表明：1）云水路径（冰相）值、云粒子有效半径（冰相）、云光学厚度与降水量的空间分布一致，均为山区最大，北疆次之，南疆最小。2）夏季（6—8月）在南、北疆、山区云水路径（液、冰相）、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度与降水量呈同位相变化；云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈反位相变化。3）夏季（6—8月）北疆、山区的云水路径（液、冰相）值、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度，南疆云光学厚度与降水量呈正相关；北疆云粒子有效半径（冰相），南疆云粒子有效半径（液相）、云顶气压，山区云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈负相关。     

基于FY-2G数据的青海省云宏微观特征参量时空分布研究

利用FY-2G静止卫星数据反演的云宏微观特征参量(简称“云参量”),对2018—2020年青海全省及3个子研究区云参量时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明:云顶高度(cloud top height,CTH)、云顶温度(cloud top temperature,CTT)、过冷层厚度(overcooled layer depth,OLD)、云光学厚度(cloud op⁃tical depth,COD)、云粒子有效半径(effective radius,ER)及液水路径(liquid water path,LWP)6个云参量全省区域年平均值分别为3.8 km、-9.7℃、2.0 km、7.1、7.1μm及63.7 g∙m^(-2)。纬度相同的柴达木盆地、青海东北部除CTT外,其余云参量月变化大致呈双峰双谷分布,峰值基本出现在5、11月,谷值基本出现在8、9月及12、1月,三江源各云参量大致呈单峰分布,峰值基本在11月。各云参量年平均值空间分布均呈沿地形和山脉走向分布的特征,除CTT外,其余云参量高值区与高大山脉相对应、低值区与沙漠盆地及低海拔地区相对应,柴达木盆地在四季均存在一低值区,夏季低值区范围最大,三江源地区及青海祁连山区在春、冬季存在明显高值区。三江源地区OLD、COD及LWP在春季及秋季较大,青海东北部地区OLD、LWP在春季最大,而春、秋季则是进行以水源涵养、抗旱减灾等为目的的人工增雨作业的较佳时机。     

西太平洋副热带高压下热对流降水结构特征的个例分析

利用热带测雨卫星的测雨雷达和红外辐射计的探测结果,对2003年8月2日15时(北京时)中国东南部副热带高压下发生的热对流降水结构特征、云和降水云之间的关系进行了分析研究。大气背景分析表明,500 hPa副热带高压中心附近的较强上升运动和850 hPa的水汽通量辐合为此次午后热对流降水云团的发生提供了动力和水汽条件。热带测雨卫星的测雨雷达探测结果表明,热对流降水云团的水平尺度多为30~40 km,平均垂直尺度均超过10 km,最高达17.5 km;云团的最大近地面雨强超过50 mm/h。热对流降水云团的平均降水廓线表明,其最大降水率出现在5 km的高度,这一高度比估计的环境大气0℃层高度低1 km。与“98.7.20”中尺度强降水的对流降水廓线比较表明,两者的最大降水率高度相同,但热对流降水云团更深厚;在4 km高度至近地面,热对流的降水率减少速度比“98.7.20”强对流降水的快,表明前者雨滴在下降过程中因气温高而发生强烈蒸发。对降水云团顶部特征与近地面雨强关系的分析结果表明,雨顶高较低时,云顶高度变化范围大;当雨顶越高时,云顶高度与雨顶高度越相近;平均而言,给定地面降水率,云顶高度比雨顶高度高出1~4 km;当近地面雨强越大,则云顶高度和雨顶高度越高、且越相近。结果还表明,非降水云面积约占86%,晴空面积仅占2%,而降雨云面积约为云面积的1/8。     

云特征参数与降水相关性的研究

利用FY2C卫星和探空反演得到的云结构特征参数,结合地面降水,研究了云顶高度、光学厚度、云粒子有效半径和云厚度等云结构参数与降水的关系,并分类研究了层状云和对流云在不同降水强度情况下,云参数的频数分布规律及其与降水的关系。结果表明：通常云厚大于5km、云底较低、云粒子有效半径较大时,地面易出现降水,若云顶高于10km、云光学厚度大于20且云中无夹层或夹层稀薄时,地面雨强多大于1mm/h;对于层状云降水,当云光学厚度大于17时,地面出现降水的概率较大,随光学厚度值增加,地面雨强呈增大趋势;对于对流云降水,云顶高度和光学厚度相关性较好,云光学厚度大于17且云顶高于7km时,地面出现降水的概率较大,当光学厚度大于20时,地面雨强明显增大;层状云和对流云的降水概率均随云顶高度和光学厚度的增加而增大,降水概率与云光学厚度的相关性更为密切,光学厚度小于10的云很难产生降水,而云光学厚度大于20时,层状云和对流云的降水概率都会显著增加;综合云体的高度、厚度和云光学厚度等云参量的组合特征,对分析判断地面降水落区和降水强度更加有效。     

不同路径移出型西南涡对中国中东部降水的影响

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的ERA-Interim再分析资料、热带降雨测量(tropical rainfall measuring mission,TRMM)卫星提供的降水反演产品3B42RT、全球降雨观测(global precipitation measurement,GPM)卫星搭载的双频降雨雷达(dual-frequency precipitation radar,DPR)观测数据、FY-2F云类型和云顶亮温等资料,对2010—2020年4—10月(暖季)影响中国中东部降水的西南涡进行分析。结果表明,2010—2020年暖季移出型西南涡共计108例,东移型、东北移型和东南移型占比分别为58.3%、27.8%、12.0%。其中东移型西南涡主要影响长江中下游,雨带呈东西向分布;东北移型西南涡雨带主要位于黄淮到华北一带;东南移型西南涡降水则主要集中在华南及沿海海域。另外,3类暖季移出型西南涡降水云系特征有明显差异,东移型西南涡30°N以北为层状云降水,以南为对流云降水,东北移型为对流云和层状云降水共同影响(即混合性降水),而东南移型则以对流云降水为主;暖季移出型西南涡降水云分类均以积雨云和密卷云为主,且伸展高度高、云顶亮温低,其中东移型和东北移型西南涡云系影响范围更广,而东南移型西南涡云系则呈块状、更密实。     

云顶参数与降水间关系的统计分析和数值模拟

利用FY2C静止卫星云顶物理参数及地面加密雨量观测等,结合MM5中尺度非静力数值预报模式,综合分析了典型层状云降水过程的云系演变和结构特征,揭示了云顶参数与单站雨强之间并不是简单的量化统计关系：即降水大,每小时降水量与云顶高度、有效粒子半径是较好的正相关,与云顶温度是较好的负相关;反之则不尽然,云顶高度高、云顶温度低、有效粒子半径大却不一定降水大。并用模拟结果分析解释了形成这种现象的机理。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences