季节降雨特征对青藏高原中部冻土活动层的水热影响

降水作用会导致冻土活动层的水热状态发生明显变化,并且青藏高原地区的降水也表现出明显的季节性差异。为了分析季节降雨特征对冻土活动层内部水热状态的影响效果,对青藏高原中部北麓河地区的气象资料以及活动层内部的热通量、含水量、温度变化开展了原位监测。研究结果表明：北麓河地区是以小雨事件为主,中雨事件为辅的降雨特征,小雨事件占3-11月降雨事件的90%左右。并且,夏季还会发生大雨事件,秋季出现持续降雨事件。其中,各个季节降雨事件导致地表净辐射整体呈现减小的趋势,且夏季大雨事件对净辐射的影响效果更加明显,秋季持续降雨事件导致净辐射表现出先增加后减小的趋势,土壤热通量的变化规律与净辐射的变化基本一致。降雨作用通过影响地表净辐射改变了土壤热通量的变化,进而引起土壤内部水分场及温度场发生改变。其中,夏季大雨及中雨事件会显著增加浅层土壤含水量,而春季和秋季降雨对土壤含水量影响较小;各个季节小雨事件对土壤温度的影响可以忽略,但中雨、大雨及持续降雨事件会显著缓解浅层土壤升温趋势,且随着深度增加,降雨事件对于缓解土壤升温趋势逐渐减弱。研究结果对于多年冻土区的区域生态环境问题以及工程建筑物病害防治问题的解决具有一...     

上海菜区人工模拟暴雨入渗试验研究初报

根据水量平衡原理,采用人工模拟降雨入渗实验装置,对上海新老菜区土壤进行不同墒情状态下的多种雨强人工模拟降雨入渗试验,获取了上海菜区代表性土壤的暴雨入渗过程动态实验数据和入渗基本参数,并分析了土壤水分变化规律,可作为上海菜区开展暴雨雨涝灾情评估的依据,对类似土壤条件的长江流域平原地区菜田,也有一定的参考价值。     

一个用于气候模式的简单冻土过程参数化方案的建立和检验

在NCAR／LSM的基础上，发展了一个简单的冻土过程参数化方案，并使用苏联6个站的水气象观测资料考察了耦合了新方案模式的气候效应。在新方案中，加入了对含冰量的求解和在相变过程中的能量变化;并使用Johanson的方案替代了模式中原有的土壤导热率的参数化方案，考虑了含冰量对土壤水热性质的影响。原模式和改进后模式的模拟结果的比较得到，冻土过程方案能够合理的模拟土壤列中的能量收支及水热性质随含冰量的变化。随着入渗的减少和径流的增加，春季的土壤湿度减小。因此，热通量的分配和土壤温度也产生了相应的变化。     

中尺度模式中辐射作用的敏感性试验

在中尺度区域气候模式RIEMS中通过考虑和不考虑辐射对大气温度变化的影响来研究中尺度气象过程对辐射的敏感性。结果表明,在月尺度上,辐射可以引起平均约2℃的温度差,从而影响气压形势场和中尺度气象过程,进而影响降水。但在日尺度上,辐射的作用可以不计。     

不同强度降雨过程对东莞PM2.5气质量浓度的影响

通过统计2012-2013年东莞市观测到的629次降雨过程和对应的PM2.5质量浓度降雨前后的变化,分析每次降雨过程的雨量级、时间、强度与PM2.5质量浓度净化大小的关系.结果表明:虽然降雨有助于PM2.5沉降,缓解空气污染,但由于每次降雨过程的雨量、降雨时长、强度不同,降雨前的PM25质量浓度不同,雨滴、雾滴的影响,局部性降雨的影响,雨滴大小、数密度以及其它气象要素的影响,导致每次降水过程不是都能削减PM2.5质量浓度,起净化作用,净化的程度也不一样;从平均净化能力来说,雨量级越大、降雨时长越长,雨强越强的降雨过程对PM2.5质量浓度削减的能力越强,净化效果越显著.     

2015年冬季湖北省PM2.5重污染传输特征及影响天气系统的数值模拟

为了研究湖北省两种污染来源的重污染天气特征及其形成机制,采用WRF/Chem零排放情景模拟方案,将2015年冬季湖北省PM2.5模拟浓度分离为外源传输量和本地累积量,基于对数值模拟结果的统计分析,确定了湖北省污染传输通道和外源传输贡献率,研究了敏感区天气系统对两种污染来源的影响作用。结果表明,外源污染物输送在湖北省内有两条主要通道,一是由南襄盆地夹道直接输送汇入江汉平原,二是沿京广线从信阳到随州、孝感、武汉至江汉平原。湖北长距离跨区域传输的潜在污染源区为河南、安徽、江苏、山东等地。2015年冬季湖北省17个地（市）平均外源贡献率为42%,而对于重污染过程,平均外源贡献率高达66%,外来源输送对湖北重污染过程贡献非常显著。对外源传输型,我国东南地区为主要敏感区,气压（气温）变化与PM2.5输送显著负（正）相关,对维持南、北两支矢量带（PM2.5输送与风场相关）,推动偏南和偏东气流起到积极作用。此外,伊朗高原天气系统通过上下游效应对东亚地区大气环流起到一定影响,从而也间接影响了区域污染输送。对本地累积型,冬季风环流系统为主要影响天气系统,在弱的冬季风环流形势下,蒙古高压系统偏弱、西太平洋地区海平面气压值偏高,对应湖北本地累积污染总量贡献大。     

一次雨雪天气过程的风廓线雷达特征

利用3部风廓线雷达资料对2016年2月12—13日鲁中地区出现的一次雨雪天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次雨雪天气是由低涡和地面气旋共同作用造成的一次回流降水过程,强降水出现在气旋中心的北侧冷区中,925 h Pa和近地面气温下降到0℃以下是雨转雪的重要标志。(2) 1 km以下超低空风场变化是降水开始的信号,低层冷垫强度的变化决定降水相态的转变,降雪时雷达最大探测高度比降雨时有明显下降;低空切变指数在降水开始和结束时会出现较大幅度增大,降雨持续阶段低空切变指数的小幅增加与雨强增强相对应。(3)风廓线雷达垂直速度不仅能体现降水强度的变化,同时也能反映降水相态的变化,降雨转雨夹雪转降雪过程中近地面的垂直速度逐渐变小。(4)大气折射率结构常数和信噪比随高度均呈现逐渐减小趋势,两者的变化能够反映降水强度的变化,均具有零度层亮带特征,亮带的消失对应降雪的开始。     

不同强度降雨过程对东莞PM2．5质量浓度的影响

通过统计2012—2013年东莞市观测到的629次降雨过程和对应的PM2．5质量浓度降雨前后的变化,分析每次降雨过程的雨量级、时间、强度与PM2．5质量浓度净化大小的关系。结果表明：虽然降雨有助于PM2．5沉降,缓解空气污染,但由于每次降雨过程的雨量、降雨时长、强度不同,降雨前的PM2．5质量浓度不同,雨滴、雾滴的影响,局部性降雨的影响,雨滴大小、数密度以及其它气象要素的影响,导致每次降水过程不是都能削减PM2．5质量浓度,起净化作用,净化的程度也不一样;从平均净化能力来说,雨量级越大、降雨时长越长,雨强越强的降雨过程对PM2．5质量浓度削减的能力越强,净化效果越显著。     

新疆农业区电力负荷与天气的关系

用2005--2006年新疆农业区电力负荷与气象资料,统计得出电力负荷的年、季变化与农事活动周期相符,电力负荷日变化的次高峰与日最高气温、最小相对湿度出现时间较一致.将逐月的日平均电力负荷及变化量分别与气压、气温、空气湿度、风速和降水量做相关分析,并将有无降雨日分段统计.结果表明,电力负荷与降水量、湿度和气温的变化关系较为密切.利用逐步回归方程将4种不同模式模拟的电力负荷进行了误差分析,发现要素差值模式的模拟效果较好,并对2007年5月的电力负荷进行了预测检验及误差分析,得出:在降雨日,用上一日负荷计划当日负荷的误差高达63.2%,而用要素差值模式预测电力负荷的误差为18.7%,月平均预测误差由前者的26.0%下降到13.4%.     

肇庆市臭氧污染的气象影响及预测方法

通过肇庆市2013—2017年逐日气象要素和近地面臭氧连续观测数据,分析臭氧质量浓度变化特征及气象要素对臭氧变化的影响,结果表明:肇庆臭氧高质量浓度污染主要发生于秋季,全年臭氧质量浓度与日照时数相关性最好,其次为相对湿度和最高气温;秋季除气压和风速外,其余气象要素与臭氧相关性均不如全年。当日照时数介于8～10 h、相对湿度低于50%、平均风速介于1.5～2.0 m/s、气压介于1 010～1 015 hPa时臭氧质量浓度和超标率最高。主导风存在偏南分量时臭氧质量浓度明显较高,西南偏西风时达到最高,偏北到偏东风下质量浓度普遍较低;主导风为较大北风、东风、西北偏西风、南风时外来输送影响明显。当相对湿度为45%～85%、平均风速为1.0～2.0 m/s、日照时数>6 h、日平均气压为998～1013 hPa,同时主导风存在偏南风量或吹较大北风、东风或西北偏西风时可考虑发布臭氧污染预警。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.