陆面露水特征及生态气候效应的研究进展

在总结陆面降露水研究工作基础上,比较系统地讨论了降露水的形成机制;分析了与温度、湿度、风速、云特征、地形等气候和环境因素的关系;论述了陆面降露水的生态、气候和生物化学效应,同时还讨论了降露水研究中存在的几个问题。     

关于陆面降露水测量方法及其开发利用研究

在系统总结以往陆面降露水观测仪器和测量方法的基础上,比较全面地分析了目前一些常用降露水观测仪器的基本特点,归纳出了几种典型的降露水观测方法,并解释了这些方法和仪器的主要科学原理,比较了它们的优缺点和适用性。同时,还提出了进一步改进陆面降露水观测仪器和发展降露水观测方法的初步思路。最后,简要探讨了开发利用降露水的技术措施和科学建议。     

黄土高原陆面水分的凝结现象及收支特征试验研究

中国黄土高原是全球独特的地理区域,其陆面水分过程比较特殊。利用黄土高原陆面过程试验研究(LOPEX)的陇中黄土高原定西陆面过程综合观测站的资料,分析了陆面水分凝结现象及其出现频率与局地微气象条件的关系,研究了露水(霜)量及其出现频率的季节分布特征以及受降水和天气阴、晴的影响规律。同时,对比分析了降水、露水、雾水和土壤吸附水对陆面水分的贡献率,讨论了涡动相关法、蒸渗计和蒸发皿观测的陆面蒸发量的差别及其与陆面水分来源的年平衡关系,给出了半干旱区陆面水分平衡的日循环特征。发现露水对风速、大气湿度、近地层温度梯度的依赖很强,一般在风速为1.5 m/s、相对湿度大于80%和逆温强度为0.25℃的情况下露水(霜)量最大;刚降水后的晴天露水量比较大;实际蒸散量与蒸发力的差距十分明显,陆面水分平衡特征表现为一个"呼吸"过程。     

陆面露水凝结预估模型研究进展及面临的主要科学问题与展望

露水发生在大气边界层最底层,受大气、植被、土壤的共同影响,在干旱半干旱地区陆地生态系统中发挥着重要作用。文章回顾了近几十年露水凝结模型所经历的3个发展阶段:统计回归模型、潜热通量模型、简化的云物理/能量平衡模型,凝练了当前因观测数据序列短造成的模型代表性不足、对不同下垫面露水形成物理机制分析不够透彻、对自然下垫面露水的有效模拟欠缺、干旱半干旱地区陆面模型的潜热通量关系不合理等造成的露水凝结模型的诸多问题,并指出未来需加深自然下垫面露水凝结机理及下垫面性质对露水凝结速率的影响机制研究,需要发展适用于中国不同气候背景和下垫面的露水凝结模型。     

沙漠陆面过程与沙漠小气候研究进展

陆面过程是影响大气环流和气候变化的基本物理、生化过程之一。沙漠陆面过程及相应的小气候效应已经成为当前沙漠气象研究的热门问题。近年来,在沙漠陆面过程野外观测、陆面过程特征及参数化、陆面过程模拟、小气候及陆面过程对小气候影响等方面已取得重大进展。本文对于沙漠小气候、沙漠陆面过程及沙漠陆面过程参数化进行了简要概述,重点总结了国内外在沙漠地区气候考察、沙漠边界层高度、沙漠热力环流、绿洲效应、塔克拉玛干沙漠气候特征、沙漠陆面过程野外观测试验及结果、沙漠陆面过程对气候的影响、沙漠陆面过程参数化方案方面的成果,回顾了近年来利用地面观测设备和数值模式等对气候效应和陆面过程直接观测和数值模拟所获得的观测事实和模拟试验,并讨论了其陆面过程参数化对模拟的影响,在总结前人研究成果的基础上对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

陆面过程模型研究进展简介

在陆面与大气界面上不断进行着辐射、热量、水分和动量的交换,用于气候模拟或数值天气预报的大气环流模式需要陆面模式计算这些通量(陆面参数化).40年来,陆面模式经历了从简单和不真实的第一代陆面模式发展到更可信的第二和第三代陆面模式.第二代陆面模式包含了生物物理过程而第三代陆面模式包含了生化过程.近10年来,一些陆面模式耦合了动态植被模型和能考虑土壤水分空间非均匀性的水文模型.这些陆面模式与气候和海洋环流模型耦合能够模拟陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应.     

陆面过程模式研发中的问题

陆面过程研究是充分理解天气/气候/地球系统过程不可或缺的重要主题。本文全面梳理了当前用于数值天气/气候/地球系统模式的陆面过程模式研制的问题,建议了当前陆面过程模式研制中需加强和改进完善的关键内容。特别强调在新一代模式研发中建立包含人类活动的高分辨率全球陆面过程模式;特别强调与其他学科相结合,形成不同行业的预报预测系统或研究方法和工具。建议建设中国的集模式发展、数据分析、模拟方法、高性能计算、数据可视化和应用示范为一体的陆面模拟综合集成平台,为天气/气候/地球系统模式提供陆面过程模式,为开展精细化的全球和区域陆面水文-气象-生态的预报预测提供科技支撑。     

干旱区天气、气候数值模拟的研究进展

干旱区的气候模拟有着很强特殊性。气候模式是研究和探讨干旱区形成物理机制的有效手段和工具。介绍了近年来国内外干旱气候数值模拟和试验的研究与进展．总结和评述了陆面过程中地表反照率、土壤湿度、植被状况的参数化和对气候的影响．讨论和阐述陆面过程在气候模拟中的重要性。对干旱区的气候和天气灾害的数值模式模拟研究作了一些评述，并对干旱区数值模拟的有关问题进行了讨论和展望。指出干旱区陆面过程的深入研究和干旱区陆面参数的标定，是改进干旱区气候模拟的重要途径。     

简评陆面过程模式

在这篇文章中,阐述了陆面过程对天气,气候和大气环流的影响以及陆面过程模式在大气数值模拟中的重要性;回顾了陆面过程模式的发展历史;分析了一些陆面过程模式之间的主要结构差别;讨论了目前陆面过程模式的发展水平和未来的发展方向;简述了大气中尺度模式与陆面过程耦合的必要性以及当今耦合模式的研究现状。     

新书架

正《陆-气相互作用对东亚气候的影响》张井勇,吴凌云著该书从简要回顾陆-气相互作用的基本过程、陆面过程模式的发展进程及陆面反馈对气候影响的研究进展开始,系统介绍了陆-气相互作用对东亚气候影响的最新研究成果。全书共分为五个部分:陆-气相互作用的基本过程及其对气候的反馈作用;土壤湿度-大气相互作用对东亚气候的影响;土壤温度-大气相互作用对东亚气候的影响;植被-大气相互作用对东亚气候的影响;绿洲效应对局地气候的影响。本书     

Urban and rural dewfall,surface moisture,and associated canopy-level air temperature and humidity measurements for vancouver,canada

Canopy-level humidity is often less at night during fine weather in a mid-latitude city, compared to its rural surroundings. This feature has been attributed, in part, to reduced urban dew, but links are largely unproven, because urban dew data are rare. In this study, surface moisture (i.e., dew + guttation by blotting) and dewfall (by mini-lysimeter) were measured at rural and urban residential sites in Vancouver, Canada, during the summer of 1996. Air temperature and humidity were measured at both sites, and on rural-to-urban vehicle traverses. Weather and location effects were evident. Humidity data suggested the small (< 1 g m^–3) urban moisture excess observed on fine nights was linked to reduced urban dew. For grass, the frequency of moisture events, and surface moisture amounts, were similar for both sites. However, on grass, rural dewfall (mean=0.10 mm per night) was more than urban dewfall (mean=0.07 mm per night). On the other hand, data for a roof lysimeter (mean dewfall=0.12 mm per night) showed that an urban roof could rival rural grass as a favoured location for dewfall in Vancouver.     

On the contribution of atmospheric moisture to dew formation

The relative contributions of dewfall (a flux of water vapour from air to surface) and distillation (a flux of water vapour from soil to canopy) to dew formation on closed canopy and bare soil surfaces are assessed, and the dependence of dew amount upon wind speed, absolute temperature, atmospheric stability, relative humidity, soil characteristics and cloudiness, all of which are significant factors, is evaluated. Some of these evaluations provide refinements to similar ones given in Monteith (1961). High dewfall rates are usually 0.06 mm hr^–1 over canopy or bare soil, though upon a canopy under soil-saturated and air-saturated conditions, rates of dew formation may reach 0.07–0.09 mm hr^–1 with contributions from distillation. Various sets of observations are reanalyzed to illustrate the importance of the horizontal advection of moisture in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) to observed high rates of dew formation arising from the atmospheric contribution of water vapour (dewfall). These locally observed high dewfall rates must be the result of small-scale or mesoscale horizontal advection of moisture in the NBL, since the humidity changes within the typically shallow NBL required to balance the loss of water at the surface are not observed. Over extensive areas of uniform surface (horizontal scales 10 km), such continuously high dewfall rates could only be balanced by a local supply of atmospheric moisture since advection of moisture would necessarily be small.     

Climatic responses to anthropogenic groundwater exploitation: a case study of the Haihe River Basin,Northern China

In this study, a groundwater exploitation scheme is incorporated into the regional climate model, RegCM4, and the climatic responses to anthropogenic alteration of groundwater are then investigated over the Haihe River Basin in Northern China where groundwater resources are overexploited. The scheme models anthropogenic groundwater exploitation and water consumption, which are further divided into agricultural irrigation, industrial use and domestic use. Four 30-year on-line exploitation simulations and one control test without exploitation are conducted using the developed model with different water demands estimated from relevant socioeconomic data. The results reveal that the groundwater exploitation and water consumption cause increasing wetting and cooling effects on the local land surface and in the lower troposphere, along with a rapidly declining groundwater table in the basin. The cooling and wetting effects also extended outside the basin, especially in the regions downwind of the prevailing westerly wind, where increased precipitation occurs. The changes in the four exploitation simulations positively relate to their different water demands and are highly non-linear. The largest changes in climatic variables usually appear in spring and summer, the time of crop growth. To gain further insights into the direct changes in land-surface variables due to groundwater exploitation regardless of the atmospheric feedbacks, three off-line simulations using the land surface model Community Land Model version 3.5 are also conducted to distinguish these direct changes on the land surface of the basin. The results indicate that the direct changes of land-surface variables respond linearly to water demand if the climatic feedbacks are not considered, while non-linear climatic feedbacks enhance the differences in the on-line exploitation simulations.     

On the Measurement of Dewfall and Fog-Droplet Deposition

An observational study has been conducted concerning atmospheric dewfall and fog-droplet deposition with application to the formation and maintenance of fog layers. The relationship between dew and fog is discussed together with the challenges and requirements to measure representative values of their deposition to the surface. A practical instrument developed at the UK Met Office Research Unit, Cardington, is described. The instrument is a small portable device that uses a load cell to measure the weight of a pan upon which various types of natural and artificial canopies can be placed, and can measure dewfall and fog-droplet deposition to an accuracy of 0.0005 mm. Dewfall results from this device are shown for a selection of nights under varying conditions. On a given night the overriding factor determining the amount of dew deposition appears to be location. Several dewmeter devices were placed at different locations around the 18 ha Cardington field site for various clear nights and it was found that dew amounts varied significantly, depending on location: canopies with a more open aspect experienced more deposition by up to a factor of two. The results also suggest that the hygroscopic effect of a canopy, whereby water is absorbed into the canopy and topsoil layer before dew formation begins, is also important for the removal of atmospheric water vapour. Results indicate this effect can be of a similar magnitude to dew deposition. Measurements of fog-droplet deposition showed total water deposition rates did not change when thin radiation fog formed. When optically thick adiabatic fog formed, deposition rates were seen to decrease with time or be generally lower than for thinner radiation fog. Further observations are required to establish if the behaviours found are typical for all fogs.     

A simple model for potential dewfall in an arid region

It is not always easy to know, post-facto, whether both dewfall and fog may have occurred over a given evening period. Instrumentation limitations make it difficult to quantify dew deposition since they rely on artificial sensing surfaces that are either visually examined on a daily basis or recorded. In arid to Mediterranean regions, both dew and fog can play significant ecological roles as suppliers of moisture. Long-term observation records of dew and fog in such regions tend to be limited, however, due partly to a lack of interest and limited distribution of well-instrumented meteorological stations. Simple meteorological criteria are suggested here to calculate potential dewfall and to indicate whether fog was likely to have occurred over a given evening. A field campaign was carried out in the NW Negev desert, Israel, in September and October 1997, to collect meteorological data and carry out dewfall measurements.     

人为扰动对陆面水分能量的影响——以沩水河流域为例

以沩水河流域为例,基于陆面模式CLM4.5,建立了综合考虑作物种植、地下水开采及灌溉等人类活动的流域陆面水文模型。利用所发展模型,针对1981~2012年,取500 m空间分辨率,探讨人为扰动对陆面过程的影响。研究表明:1）地下水侧向流使得中下游地区地下水位有所提高,平原地下水埋深分布在4 m左右,山区埋深可达到几十米;模拟的叶面积指数较静态MODIS叶面积指数偏大1左右,由此使得种植区月蒸腾量提高约10 mm,土壤蒸发和地表产流有所减少;在灌溉作用下,作物叶面积指数略增长,蒸散发稍有提高,而在假设水稻采用漫灌的情况下,水库灌溉补偿了作物生长产生的水消耗,提高了该区域土壤湿度,增加潜热通量;研究区地下水开采存在但其水文效应并不显著。2）土地覆盖变化自1990年有较大变动,1990~2000年以林地为主,2000年后以耕地为主,其中,1990~2000年土地覆盖类型变化不明显,2001~2012年耕地面积呈先减少再增加又减少的趋势,林地面积则先增加再减少又增加,耕地与林地在2012年所占比例基本持平;同一土地类型内,植被类型变化较为明显,导致陆面水文模拟结果差异较大。     

Dewfall features of a tropical station: The case of Onne (Port Hartcourt), Nigeria

Summary This study presents the results of an analysis of the dewfall features of a tropical station. The importance of dewfall cannot be overemphasized, especially during the dry season when plants are under seriously stress. A positive correlation was found between dewfall and rainfall. Dew formation was found to peak on a diurnal basis between 6 a.m. to 8 a.m., suggesting that some steering mechanism is required for dew formation at this station. Dew formation starts later at night during the dry season but much earlier during the rainy season. The August anomaly already highlighted by Ireland showed up in dew formation as there was a marked reduction in dew formation in that month.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Untersuchung behandelt den Tauabsatz einer tropischen Station. Die Bedeutung des Taus kann nicht überbetont werden, besonders in der Trockenzeit, wenn die Pflanzen unter starkem Wasserstress stehen. Es fand sich ein positiver Zusammenhang zum Niederschlag. Im Tagesgang liegt das Maximum der Taubildung zwischen 6 und 8 Uhr, was einen steuernden Prozeß zugrunde liegen haben dürfte. In der Trockenzeit beginnt die Taubildung später als in der Regenzeit. Die schon von Ireland hervorgehobene Anomalie im August mit deutlich geringeren Werten zeigte sich auch hier.

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With 3 Figures     

Dew Formation,Eddy-Correlation Latent Heat Fluxes,and the Surface Energy Imbalance at Cabauw During Stable Conditions

Observations collected between 2000 and 2008 at the Cabauw meteorological measurement platform in the Netherlands were conditionally sampled to select nights with stably stratified atmospheric conditions, clear skies and weak horizontal wind speeds (<3 m s⁻¹). For these conditions the eddy-correlation latent heat fluxes are found to be negligibly small, while the conditionally sampled surface energy balance exhibits a maximum residual. However, inspection of the specific humidities for these conditions reveals systematic drying trends that are a maximum at the lowest measurement level above the surface. These drying trends occur for any prevailing wind direction. Latent heat fluxes are calculated from the humidity budget equation and from a Penman-Monteith dewfall model, with the results suggesting that during clear, stable nights the observed latent heat fluxes as obtained from the eddy-correlation technique are erroneously small.