Relationship Between the Western Pacific Subtropical High and the Subtropical East Asian Diabatic Heating During South China Heavy Rains in June 2005

Based on the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the position variation of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in June 2005 and its relation to the diabatic heating in the subtropical East Asia are analyzed using the complete vertical vorticity equation. The results show that the position variation of the WPSH is indeed associated with the diabatic heating in the subtropical East Asian areas. In comparison with June climatology, stronger heating on the north side of the WPSH and relatively weak ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) convection on the south side of the WPSH occurred in June 2005. Along with the northward movement of the WPSH, the convective latent heating extended northward from the south side of the WPSH. The heating to the west of the WPSH was generally greater than that inside the WPSH, and each significant enhancement of the heating field corresponded to a subsequent westward extension of the WPSH. In the mid troposphere, the vertical variation of heating on the north of the WPSH was greater than the climatology, which is unfavorable for the northward movement of the WPSH. On the other hand, the vertical variation of heating south of the WPSH was largely smaller than the climatology, which is favorable for the anomalous increase of anticyclonic vorticity, leading to the southward retreat of the WPSH. Before the westward extension of the WPSH in late June 2005, the vertical variation of heating rates to (in) the west (east) of the WPSH was largely higher (lower) than the climatology, which is in favor of the increase of anticyclonic (cyclonic) vorticity to (in) the west (east) of the WPSH, inducing the subsequent westward extension of the WPSH. Similar features appeared in the lower troposphere. In a word, the heating on the north-south, east-west of the WPSH worked together, resulting in the WPSH extending more southward and westward in June 2005, which is favorable to the maintenance of the rainbelt in South China.     

“05. 6”华南强降水期间副热带高压活动与加热场的关系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日资料,根据全型垂直涡度倾向方程,研究2005年6月华南强降水期间西太平洋副热带高压(副高)位置变动特征及其与加热场的关系.结果表明,西太平洋副高位置变化和副热带地区的非绝热加热有密切关系.与气候平均状况相比,2005年6月副高北侧的加热区很强,而南侧赤道辐合带(ITCZ)没有相当强度的对流;伴随着副高北抬,其南侧均有明显的对流潜热加热向北伸展.副高西侧的加热基本上都大于副高纬带内的加热,副高的每一次西伸都伴随着西侧加热的显著增强,并且加热增强先于副高西伸.对流层中层,副高北侧非绝热加热率的垂直变化基本上都大于气候平均值,不利于副高北进;而南侧加热率的垂直变化均小于多年平均,有利于副高南侧反气旋性涡度异常增长,从而有利于副高南退.2005年6月下旬副高西伸之前,副高西侧非绝热加热率的垂直变化基本上都高于气候平均状况,有利于副高两侧反气旋涡度增加,从而诱使副高随后西伸;而东侧加热率的垂直变化大多数时间都低于气候平均状况,使得副高东侧气旋性涡度增加,有利于副高西伸,对流层低层也具有类似特点.因此在南北两侧加热和东西两侧加热的共同作用下,2005年6月副高位置较常年偏南偏西,从而有利于雨带在华南地区维持.     

江淮流域持续性强降水期间西太副高位置变异与非绝热加热的关系

采用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料及全国740站逐日降水资料,讨论了江淮流域持续性强降水期间西太平洋副高位置变动特征及其与非绝热加热的关系.通过个例合成研究发现:副高位置变异与强降水持续期间大气非绝热加热关系密切.强降水持续期间,副高北侧的江淮流域和西侧的孟加拉湾北部地区均存在强烈的视热源和视水汽汇.强降水发生前3 ...     

Subseasonal Zonal Oscillation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High during Early Summer

This study examines the features and dynamical processes of subseasonal zonal oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) during early summer, by performing a multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MVEOF) analysis on daily winds and a diagnosis on potential vorticity (PV) at 500 hPa for the period 1979–2016. The first MV-EOF mode is characterized by an anticyclonic anomaly occupying southeastern China to subtropical western North Pacific regions. It has a period of 10–25 days and represents zonal shift of the WPSH. When the WPSH stretches more westward, the South Asian high (SAH) extends more eastward. Above-normal precipitation is observed over the Yangtze–Huaihe River (YHR) basin. Suppressed convection with anomalous descending motion is located over the subtropical western North Pacific. The relative zonal movement of the SAH and the WPSH helps to establish an anomalous local vertical circulation of ascending motion with upper-level divergence over the YHR basin and descending motion with upper-level convergence over the subtropical western Pacific. The above local vertical circulation provides a dynamic condition for persistent rainfall over the YHR basin. An enhanced southwest flow over the WPSH’s western edge transports more moisture to eastern China, providing a necessary water vapor condition for the persistent rainfall over the YHR basin. A potential vorticity diagnosis reveals that anomalous diabatic heating is a main source for PV generation. The anomalous cooling over the subtropical western Pacific produces a local negative PV center at 500 hPa. The anomalous heating over the YHR basin generates a local positive PV center. The above south–north dipolar structure of PV anomaly along with the climatological southerly flow leads to northward advection of negative PV. These two processes are conducive to the WPSH’s westward extension. The vertical advection process is unfavorable to the westward extension but contributes to the eastward retreat of the WPSH.     

2003年7月西太平洋副热带高压变异及中国南方高温形成机理研究

运用全型垂直涡度倾向方程理论, 研究了空间非绝热加热在垂直方向的变化对2003年7月副高强度和位置变异的影响.结果表明: 副热带地区的非绝热加热对副高的强度和位置的变化有极其重要的影响.与气候平均状况相比较, 2003年7月副高北侧、西侧非绝热加热的垂直变化异常偏强, 而南侧、东侧较常年异常偏弱.这种异常的非绝热加热状况导致我国江南到副热带西太平洋地区呈现带状的异常反气旋性涡度制造, 使得7月副高偏强偏西.     

大气加热场影响西太平洋副热带高压短期位置变化的数值模拟

利用江淮2003年和华南1998年夏季持续性强降水典型个例,采用区域气候模式RegCM3模拟了强降水期间江淮、华南及孟加拉湾热源异常分布对西太平洋副热带高压短期位置东西进退及南北变动的影响。模拟证实：西太平洋副热带高压位置的短期变异与大气加热场及其配置有密切的联系。持续性强降水期间,副高西侧较远处孟加拉湾热源是诱导西太平洋副热带高压异常西伸的原因之一;华南强降水期间,华南和孟加拉湾热源的共同存在可使副高在季节性西伸过程中出现短期东撤;江淮强降水期间,江淮和孟加拉湾热源的共同存在会诱导副高异常西伸。但模式在模拟副高位置南北变动上效果并不明显,不能证实华南、江淮热源单独存在时对副高在南北位置变异上的阻碍作用。     

Dynamical and Thermal Problems in Vortex Development and Movement. Part I: A PV–Q View

Based on the Lagrangian change equation of vertical vorticity deduced from the equation of threedimensional Ertel potential vorticity(PV e),the development and movement of vortex are investigated from the view of potential vorticity and diabatic heating(PV-Q).It is demonstrated that the asymmetric distribution in the vortex of the non-uniform diabatic heating in both vertical and horizontal can lead to the vortex’s development and movement.The theoretical results are used to analyze the development and movement of a Tibetan Plateau(TP) vortex(TPV),which appeared over the TP,then slid down and moved eastward in late July 2008,resulting in heavy rainfall in Sichuan Province and along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The relative contributions to the vertical vorticity development of the TPV are decomposed into three parts:the diabatic heating,the change in horizontal component of PV e(defined as PV 2),and the change in static stability θ z.The results show that in most cases,diabatic heating plays a leading role,followed by the change in PV 2,while the change of θ z usually has a negative impact in a stable atmosphere when the atmosphere becomes more stable,and has a positive contribution when the atmosphere approaches neutral stratification.The intensification of the TPV from 0600 to 1200 UTC 22 July 2008 is mainly due to the diabatic heating associated with the precipitation on the eastern side of the TPV when it uplifted on the up-slope of the northeastern edge of the Sichuan basin.The vertical gradient of diabatic heating makes positive(negative) PV e generation below(above) the maximum of diabatic heating;the positive PV e generation not only intensifies the low-level vortex but also enhances the vertical extent of the vortex as it uplifts.The change in PV e due to the horizontal gradient of diabatic heating depends on the vertical shear of horizontal wind that passes through the center of diabatic heating.The horizontal gradient of diabatic heating makes positive(negative) PV e generation on the right(left) side of the vertical shear of horizontal wind.The positive PV e generation on the right side of the vertical shear of horizontal wind not only intensifies the local vertical vorticity but also affects direction of movement of the TPV.These diagnostic results are in good agreement with the theoretic results developed from the PV-Q view.     

亚——非季风区非绝热加热与夏季环流关系的诊断研究

基于热力适应理论,本文利用 ＮＣＥＰ／ ＮＣＡＲ再分析资料对撒哈拉沙漠、青藏高原和孟加拉湾地区的非绝热加热与夏季环流进行了诊断研究。在非洲撒哈拉沙漠地区,以感热输送为主的加热仅局限于近地面层,边界层以上的大气则以辐射冷却占优势。因而除了边界层内存在着浅薄的正涡度和微弱的上升运动以外,整个对流层几乎都维持负涡度并盛行下沉运动。对于青藏高原地区,强大的表面感热通量引起的垂直扩散是近地面大气加热的主要分量,与大尺度上升运动相关的凝结潜热对低层大气的加热也有一定的贡献。长波辐射造成的对流层中、上层大气的冷却则主要由深对流潜热释放来补偿。夏季高原地区总非绝热加热是正值,且最大加热率出现在边界层内。低空大气辐合产生正涡度,而中、高层大气辐散伴有较强的负涡度。因而高原盛行上升运动,最大上升运动位于近地面层。夏季孟加拉湾地区的深对流凝结潜热释放远大于长波辐的冷却作用,因而整个对流层几乎都保持较强的非绝热加热。４００ｈＰａ层附近的最大加热率引起３００－４００ｈＰａ最强的上升运动。对流层上层是负涡度区,而中、低层为正涡度区。结果还表明,垂直和水平辐散环流与大气的热源和热汇区密切相联：在高层,辐散气流从热源区流向热汇区;在低层则相     

THE POSITION VARIATION OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM

Using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data and SCSMEX data, an investigation is carried out of the relationship between the position variation of the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the apparent heating in June 1998 based on the complete vertical vorticity equation. It is found that the non-adiabatic heating plays an important role in the position variation of WPSH. In comparison with climatic mean status, the vertical change of non-adiabatic heating is stronger in the north side of WPSH in June 1998, but weaker in the south side of WPSH. The anomalous non-uniform heating induces anomalous cyclonic vorticity in South China, areas to the south of the Yangtze and its mid-lower valleys, but anomalous anticyclonic vorticity in the Indo-China Peninsula and South China Sea areas lead to the more southward position of WPSH than the mean.     

Intra-seasonal Features of an Extreme High Temperature Event in 2011 in Eastern China and Its Atmospheric Circulation

Based on the daily maximum air temperature data from the China Meteorological Data Network and the NCEP/DOE reanalysis data, the intra-seasonal circulation and evolution of an extreme high temperature event (EHTE) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MYR) from August 9-21, 2011 were explored, as well as the influence of diabatic heating on the position variation of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH). Results show that the daily Tmax in the MYR exhibits a vigorous intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) of 10-25 days in the extended summer of 1980-2018. The main factors affecting the EHTE in the summer of 2011 are the low-frequency wave train propagating southeastward in the mid-latitude of the upper troposphere and the low-frequency anticyclone moving northwestward in the low- latitude of the mid-lower troposphere. The diagnosis of 925hPa thermodynamic equation indicates that the ISO features of the Tmax in the core region is determined by the intra-seasonal variation of the adiabatic variation. In addition, the variations of the WPSH correspond well to the distribution of apparent heat source. In the early stage of the high temperature process, the apparent heat source in the north of the Bay of Bengal is a certain indicator for the westward extension of the WPSH.     

四川盆地夏季水汽输送特征及其对旱涝的影响

利用1981—2000年夏季观测资料,分析了四川盆地夏季平均的水汽输送状况及四川盆地典型旱涝年的水汽输送差异特征,并在此基础上,初步分析了四川盆地旱涝异常的大气环流背景。结果表明:四川盆地的夏季水汽主要来源于青藏高原、孟加拉湾及南海地区。当西太平洋副热带高压偏北偏西时,其外侧东南风可以把南海水汽带到盆地西部,孟加拉湾及青藏高原水汽受到阻挡被迫停留在盆地西部,形成了盆地西部异常的水汽辐合,东部异常的水汽辐散,由此导致四川盆地西涝东旱。反之,当西太平洋副热带高压偏南偏东时,其西南侧的南海水汽不能到达盆地西部,只能到达盆地东南部,而孟加拉湾及青藏高原水汽则可以进入盆地东部,在盆地东部形成异常的水汽辐合,在西部形成异常的水汽辐散,造成四川盆地西旱东涝。     

2013年盛夏中国中东部高温天气的成因分析

为了研究2013年盛夏中国中东部地区异常高温天气的成因,根据中国191个站地面观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用热力学方程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,非绝热加热(主要是长波净辐散)是夏季中国中东部地区升温最为主要的因子,但2013年盛夏中国中东部地区温度异常偏高(距平)主要是由中低层异常偏强(相对常年平均)的下沉运动造成的,偏强的非绝热加热也有一定的贡献,而异常的温度平流(冷平流)则起着负贡献。结合天气形势分析发现,500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)偏强、偏西、偏北和200 hPa南亚高压偏强、偏东、偏北是造成2013年盛夏中国中东部地区中低层下沉运动偏强的主要原因,偏强的下沉运动又会使空中云雨减少,地表吸收的太阳短波辐射偏强,地表温度偏高,地表向上的感热通量和长波辐射也随之增大。结合海表温度的分析发现,2013年盛夏西太副高偏强、偏西、偏北主要是由赤道西太平洋地区、黑潮地区和北半球西风漂流区海面温度异常偏高造成的。     

Diagnostic analysis of the evolution mechanism for a vortex over the Tibetan Plateau in June 2008

Based on the final analyses data (FNL) of the Global Forecasting System of the NCEP and the obser- vational radiosonde data, the evolution mechanism of an eastward-moving low-level vortex over the Tibetan Plateau in June 2008 was analyzed. The results show that the formation of the vortex was related to the convergence between the northwesterly over the central Tibetan Plateau from the westerly zone and the southerly from the Bay of Bengal at 500 hPa, and also to the divergence associated with the entrance re- gion of the upper westerly jet at 200 hPa. Their dynamic effects were favorable for ascending motion and forming the vortex over the Tibetan Plateau. Furthermore, the effect of the atmospheric heat source (Q1) is discussed based on a transformed potential vorticity (PV) tendency equation. By calculating the PV budgets, we showed that Q1 had a great inffuence on the intensity and moving direction of the vortex. In the developing stage of the vortex, the heating of the vertically integrated Q1 was centered to the east of the vortex center at 500 hPa, increasing PV tendency to the east of the vortex. As a result, the vortex strengthened and moved eastward through the vertically uneven distribution of Q1. In the decaying stage, the horizontally uneven heating of Q1 at 500 hPa weakened the vortex through causing the vortex tubes around the vortex to slant and redistributing the vertical vorticity field.     

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones with Rapid Intensity Change over the Coastal Waters of China

In order to investigate the different thermodynamic mechanisms between rapid intensifying (RI) and rapid weakening (RW) tropical cyclones (TCs), the thermodynamic structures of two sets of composite TCs are analyzed based on the complete-form vertical vorticity tendency equation and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Each composite is composed of five TCs, whose intensities change rapidly over the coastal waters of China. The results show that the maximum apparent heating source Q ₁ exists in both the upper and lower troposphere near the RI TC center, and Q ₁ gets stronger at the lower level during the TC intensification period. But for the RW TC, the maximum Q ₁ exists at the middle level near the TC center, and Q ₁ gets weaker while the TC weakens. The maximum apparent moisture sink Q ₂ lies in the mid troposphere. Q ₂ becomes stronger and its peak-value height rises while TC intensifies, and vice versa. The increase of diabatic heating with height near the TC center in the mid-upper troposphere and the increase of vertical inhomogeneous heating near the TC center in the lower troposphere are both favorable to the TCs’ rapid intensification; otherwise, the intensity of the TC decreases rapidly.     

季节转换期间副热带高压带形态变异及其机制的研究 Ⅲ:热力学诊断

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料从能量收支的角度探讨了气候平均状态下副热带高压形态变异和季节转换的物理机制。在考察温度场和加热场季节变化的基础上 ,发现中国江南地区春季降水所形成的非绝热加热源非常显著 ,该热源对后期亚洲季节转换有影响。副热带高压脊面附近经向温度梯度反转取决于温度脊所在纬度位置的变化。温度脊北移是由脊轴北侧的增温率大于脊轴附近的增温率而造成的。热力学方程诊断结果表明 ,亚洲各季风区 (孟加拉湾、南海和南亚 )季节转换的热力机制不同。导致孟加拉湾温度脊显著北跳的主要因素在季风爆发初期是经向暖平流 ,爆发以后是下沉运动 ;引起南海地区经向温度梯度反转的因素有经向暖平流、纬向暖平流和江南地区的非绝热加热 ,特别是经向暖平流的贡献更大 ;造成南亚季风区经向温度梯度逆转的原因是下沉增温。     

1998年夏季西太副高活动与凝结潜热加热的关系

利用1998年南海季风试验逐日再分析资料,分析了1998年夏季梅雨期内凝结潜热加热对西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)中短期活动的影响。结果表明,不同位置的凝结潜热加热对西太副高的作用是不同的:当西太副高西侧的降水在它的边缘发生时,释放的凝结潜热加热可能迫使西太副高东退,离它较远处的降水则可能诱使西太副高西伸;西太副高北侧降水释放的凝结潜热加热将阻止它北进;南侧降水则有推动西太副高北进的作用。当南北两侧的凝结潜热加热等强度时,它原地不动,但强度增强,达到一定强度时西伸;若某一侧加热强度减弱,西太副高则有向该侧移动的趋势。     

STUDY ON THE VARIATION IN THE CONFIGURATION OF SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONE AND ITS MECHANISM DURING SEASONAL TRANSITION-PART Ⅲ:THERMODYNAMIC DIAGNOSES

The mechanisms for the variation in the configuration of subtropical anticyclone during seasonal transition are explored from energy budget using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Based on the seasonal variations of temperature and heating fields,it is found that the significant diabatic heating associated with spring precipitation over southern China has impacts on subsequent Asian seasonal transition.The reversal of meridional temperature gradient in the vicinity of the WEB (westerly-easterly boundary) in the middle and upper troposphere also depends on the latitudinal position where temperature ridge locates.The northward shift of the warm temperature ridge results from the fact that the local temperature increase to the north of the WEB is more than that in its vicinity.The diagnostic results through thermodynamic equation show that physical mechanism responsible for seasonal transition is different from area to area over the Asian monsoon region.The dominant factors responsible for northward shift of the Bay of Bengal warm ridge are the meridional temperature in initial stages of the onset and the descending motion after the onset. The factors for causing the northward jump of the South China Sea warm ridge involve the zonal temperature advection,meridional temperature advection,and diabatic heating associated with the southern China spring rainfall.The subsidence is the factor leading to the northward migration of the South Asia warm ridge.     

暴雨中尺度环境场特征及积云对流的反馈作用

本文利用一套具有中尺度分辨率的观测资料,对发生在1983年6月下旬的一次长江流域梅雨暴雨过程进行了诊断研究,并比较了该过程的对流降水活跃期和非活跃期的中尺度环境场特征。结果表明,两个时期的动量场存在明显差异,而水热场差异不大,Q₁和Q₂以及涡度收支也存在明显差异。在降水活跃期（暴雨集中期）,积云对流对能量和涡度的垂直输送有着重要作用;在水热收支中,起主要作用的是垂直输送项,潜热加热基本上为抬升冷却所平衡,水汽的垂直输送是积云对流的主要水汽源;在涡度收支中,低层散度项和扭转项制造正涡度,并通过积云对流向上输送,无论在低层或高层积累的正涡度都被平流非线性过程所耗损。      

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT*

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV) equation was deduced from a complete set of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heating and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework of moist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,or convergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analysis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According to this theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,on convective stable or unstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind or moist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surface is slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the development of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist air to the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region most favorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially the isobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,is effective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low latitudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction of torrential rain.