CMA-TYM混合En3DVar方案的设计和初步试验

基于CMA-TYM的3DVar系统,发展了利用扩展控制变量引入流依赖背景误差协方差(集合扰动成员统计表达)的混合En3DVar同化方案。测试显示,单点台风中心气压数据同化会引起风场非对称增量形成,以及导致传统3DVar方案认为不相关的湿度增量出现。台风个例试验表明,混合En3DVar方案能提取台风内零散观测资料信息,并按实际台风动力特征和分布区域向四周传播,从而影响分析场中台风涡旋强度、结构。同时,与3DVar方案相比,混合En3DVar方案对提高台风路径、强度预报效果明显。     

雷达资料的3DVAR和EnSRF直接同化方法对一次暴雨预报的影响分析

利用合肥站雷达资料和NCEP再分析资料,采用WRF模式、WRF-3DVAR和WRF-En SRF同化系统设计了直接同化雷达径向风和反射率的试验,对2003年7月4—5日发生在江淮流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)同化雷达径向风资料可以增加暴雨区低层的扰动,增强对流运动,同时可以减少模拟的过量降水;(2)3DVAR同化方法对水平风场调整明显,同化反射率改进了模式中的微物理量和动力场,同时同化径向风和反射率可以更好地调整风场,改善模拟雷达回波带的强度和位置;(3)En SRF同化方法可以将更多小尺度的风场信息同化进入模式,单独同化反射率可以较准确预报出降水中心,同时同化径向风和反射率可以改进模拟雷达回波带的位置;(4)使用3DVAR和En SRF同化雷达径向风和反射率可以提高降水预报,改善雨带的范围,对降水中心位置和强度的预报也有改进。     

EnSRF雷达资料同化对一次强对流天气模拟的影响研究

利用ARPS(Advanced Regional Prediction System)模式和具有流依赖背景误差协方差的集合均方根滤波(Ensemble Square Root Filter,简称En SRF)方法,通过同化多部多普勒雷达资料,对2013年6月23日的强对流天气过程进行了研究。首先对比同化试验和观测的组合反射率因子,检验了同化效果。通过计算均方根误差和离散度,进一步定量评估了同化结果。再对比模式变量,综合分析了En SRF雷达资料同化对模式热力、动力、湿度和微物理量等变量的影响。最后对集合平均场进行1 km的高分辨率数值模拟。结果表明:En SRF能够同化出与观测类似的对流系统,且减弱了南北部的虚假回波。径向风和反射率因子的均方根误差明显减少。En SRF雷达同化能够明显优化模式的初始场,同化试验的回波在垂直方向上范围增加,强度偏弱。在强对流区域,低层的冷池温度最多降低6 K,相对湿度最多增加30%。对流区域的雨水、冰晶和雪的混合比均有明显增加。模拟发现同化试验能够较好地模拟出对流系统的结构和位置。     

大气风温湿垂直观测网资料快速更新混合同化试验研究

基于WRF预报模式、WRFDA Hybrid集合变分同化系统和ETKF方法,构建了面向城市气象观测网数据的快速更新混合同化系统。针对北京地区地基微波辐射计和风廓线雷达组网观测资料数据同化,开展了静态背景误差调整因子(特征长度尺度因子和方差因子)、局地化距离和集合权重系数4个重要参数敏感性试验研究。试验结果表明：当温度、相对湿度、u风和v风的特征长度尺度因子和方差因子分别调整为0.7/1.0、1.0/1.0、0.7/1.0和0.7/1.0,局地化距离和集合权重系数分别调整为11.2 km和0.5时,快速更新混合同化系统的分析场均方根误差最小。为对比三种常用同化方案,开展了默认参数混合同化、最优参数混合同化、三维变分同化对比试验,试验结果表明：在针对北京地区地基微波辐射计和风廓线雷达组网观测资料的快速更新同化预报试验中,混合同化方案表现优于三维变分,同时相对于默认参数混合同化方案,最优参数混合同化方案的风场、温度及湿度的分析场和预报场得到了进一步改善：风温湿的分析场均方根误差分别最大降低了13%、19%和5%,12～24 h预报场的均方根误差分别最大降低了2%、12%和5%。     

GRAPES Hybrid-3DVar对台风苏迪罗的数值试验

为了把反映天气形势变化的背景误差协方差引入到变分分析系统中来提高分析质量,本文在GRAPES区域三维变分框架的基础上通过扩展控制变量方法实现动态与静态背景误差协方差耦合,建立混合三维变分分析系统（GRAPES Hybrid-3DVar）。通过控制变量扰动产生的集合样本进行单点观测分析试验验证Hybrid-3DVar及其局地化方案的合理性,并针对台风苏迪罗进行实际观测资料同化和数值预报试验,结果表明:用集合样本描述的背景误差协方差是随着天气流型变化的,动力场和质量场的离散度在台风中心处最大,因而混合同化的分析增量包含更多细微结构和中小尺度信息;其分析和24 h内预报要素质量优于3DVar,24 h内降水强度和落区预报也更准确,混合同化分析改善了3DVar分析的降水空报问题;同时混合同化分析的24 h内台风路径预报也最接近实况,台风强度预报在48 h之内都比3DVar更接近观测。     

SVD-En3DVar方法同化多普勒雷达速度观测资料Ⅰ.模拟资料试验

利用WRF模式及模式模拟的资料,开展了利用SVD-En3DVar(基于集合和SVD技术的三维变分同化方法)方法同化雷达径向速度资料的试验.由于雷达观测经常出现大面积空缺,同化时引入了一种局地化方法避免远距离虚假相关的影响.试验着重研究了不同的初始扰动样本产生方法以及不同的样本积分时间对同化结果的影响.提出了一种为预报集合提供初始扰动场的新方法,这一方法将温度和比湿的伪随机扰动场当作观测增量,通过3DVar (three-dimensional variational technique)系统生成所有变量的初始扰动场.试验表明,用这种方法给出的初始扰动样本各个变量间有较好的协调性,积分后扰动不会快速衰减,可以减少模式调整的时间,达到缩短同化循环时间窗的目的.同化雷达径向风资料后对12小时内的温度,湿度和水平风的预报都有所改进,对降水的预报也有一定改进.     

雷达TREC风的三维变分同化应用与试验

介绍了雷达TREC风场在中国气象科学研究院开发的三维变分同化系统GRAPeS-3DVar中的应用，研究了GRAPES-3DVar系统同化雷达TREC风场资料的一些基本特性，发现雷达TREC风场在GRAPES-3DVar中有较好的应用价值，能有效地提高分析产品的质量，并通过一个热带气旋登陆变性过程的数值试验，说明了在GRAPES-3DVar中加入雷达TREC风场也能改善预报效果。     

雷达径向风观测在华北区域数值预报系统中的实时三维变分同化应用试验

以实现业务应用为目标开展了区域多部雷达径向风观测资料的三维变分直接同化应用研究。重点对背景场误差协方差的方差和尺度因子进行调整,形成能够与其他常规观测资料协同同化的雷达径向风同化方案,并建立了京津冀6部多普勒雷达观测资料的实时预处理系统。基于上述工作开展2011年汛期京津冀多普勒雷达径向风观测资料在华北区域快速更新循环同化和预报系统中的实时同化和对比试验,并对应用效果进行了初步评估。实时同化试验期间京津冀地区6部雷达经过质量控制后的径向风数据质量和同化情况的分析结果表明,同化系统有效地吸收了雷达径向风的观测信息并形成合理的分析增量,其中,S波段雷达观测的径向风数据数量、质量和稳定度均明显优于C波段雷达;整体来看,雷达径向风同化对地面和高空要素预报性能的影响基本为中性,且主要影响时段集中在最初的6 h。但降水预报评分结果表明,雷达径向风同化从降水强度、落区和范围等方面均明显提升了系统对对流尺度降水的短时预报性能。同时也应该看到,受制于目前3 h一次的同化更新频率,雷达资料同化的效果往往到对流临近时次才能体现。     

SVD-En3DVar同化方法在一次飑线过程中的应用北大核心CSCD

基于集合和奇异值分解的三维变分同化方法(SVD-En3DVar)对2009年6月14日江苏地区的一次飑线过程进行多普勒雷达资料同化预报数值试验,以检验该方法在这类尺度较小的强对流天气过程中的同化应用效果。同时,还讨论了SVD-En3DVar的分块局地化方案中水平半径对此次飑线过程同化效果的敏感性,并应用WRF 3DVar进行了平行对比试验。数值试验结果表明,应用SVD-En3DVar方法同化多普勒雷达资料后能够有效调整风场、比湿和位温等状态变量,同化预报结果对分块局地化方案中水平半径参数较为敏感,水平分块半径为50 km时对组合反射率的预报效果最好。SVD-En3DVar和WRF 3DVar两种同化方法同化雷达资料后都能够提高雷达组合回波的预报水平,但SVD-En3DVar方法的效果明显优于WRF 3DVar同化系统,对回波带位置及其向东南方向发展趋势的预报和观测回波较为一致。     

SVD-En3DVar同化方法在一次飑线过程中的应用

基于集合和奇异值分解的三维变分同化方法(SVD-En3DVar)对2009年6月14日江苏地区的一次飑线过程进行多普勒雷达资料同化预报数值试验,以检验该方法在这类尺度较小的强对流天气过程中的同化应用效果。同时,还讨论了SVD-En3DVar的分块局地化方案中水平半径对此次飑线过程同化效果的敏感性,并应用WRF 3DVar进行了平行对比试验。数值试验结果表明,应用SVD-En3DVar方法同化多普勒雷达资料后能够有效调整风场、比湿和位温等状态变量,同化预报结果对分块局地化方案中水平半径参数较为敏感,水平分块半径为50 km时对组合反射率的预报效果最好。SVD-En3DVar和WRF 3DVar两种同化方法同化雷达资料后都能够提高雷达组合回波的预报水平,但SVD-En3DVar方法的效果明显优于WRF 3DVar同化系统,对回波带位置及其向东南方向发展趋势的预报和观测回波较为一致。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.