水平螺旋度在沙尘暴预报中的应用

为了更准确地预报中国北方沙尘暴的强度和范围,应用2002—2010年3—6月逐日08和20时高空流场资料、高空图资料和地面每3 h的天气图资料,计算近地面至500 hPa的水平螺旋度。结果表明,螺旋度负值中心值越大,辐合上升运动越强,风速越大,对应沙尘暴的强度就越强。螺旋度负值中心常常在河西走廊附近最强,沙尘暴发生在螺旋度负值中心附近或下游。在沙尘关键区(40°—48°N,84°—120°E)当出现螺旋度≤-600 m2/s2的负值中心时,6 h内该区或其下游将产生能见度低于500 m的强沙尘暴,螺旋度负值中心与下游沙尘暴发生区有良好的对应关系。通过对中国北方区域性强沙尘暴典型个例、甘肃省河西走廊东部沙尘天气的对比分析,螺旋度有较强的日变化,白天强于夜间,对冬春季中国北方干旱区的冷锋型沙尘暴天气有较强的预报能力。     

北疆春季沙尘暴极多与极少年环流场特征

应用1961—2015年春季北疆地区52个气象站的沙尘暴资料,分析了其时空分布和沙尘暴极多与极少年的环流场特征。结果表明:春季沙尘暴极多年欧亚500 hPa高度距平场上,在北疆东西两侧分别是气旋性和反气旋性距平环流,东亚大槽弱,贝加尔湖附近脊减弱,乌拉尔山东部槽减弱,脊加强,而500 hPa和850 hPa风场距平场上,北疆上游都有反气旋性距平气流,东部都有气旋性距平气流加强,高纬冷空气易入侵,同时北疆是气流辐合区;700 hPa湿度距平场上影响北疆湿度较大的本地和周边地区湿度距平场都为负,负值中心有2个,分别位于北疆精河和吉尔吉斯至阿克苏之间,北疆水汽较多年平均偏少0.1 g/kg,欧洲与亚洲北部基本为正,中心在红海北部,对北疆湿度影响较小。春季沙尘暴极少年500 hPa高度距平场中亚到新疆的高压脊不强,东亚槽偏弱,贝加尔湖附近脊增强,而500 hPa和850 hPa风场距平场上,北疆以北都有反气旋和气旋距平气流加强,高纬冷空气不易进入北疆,北疆是气流辐散区。春季欧亚700 hPa湿度距平场基本为正,湿度正距平大值区在北疆及周边,北疆和周边的湿度比多年平均高1~2 g/kg。     

中国北方沙尘暴频数演化及其气候成因分析

利用地面气象观测资料 ,分析了中国北方 195 4～ 2 0 0 1年年、季沙尘暴发生日数的演变规律及其与风速、相对湿度、降水、气温和干燥度的相关关系。结果表明 ,中国北方沙尘暴发生日数在 195 4～ 2 0 0 1年呈波动下降的趋势 ,春季下降趋势最明显。沙尘源区的气候要素对北方沙尘暴发生日数具有比较明显的影响 ,其中风是影响较大的因子。平均风速和大风频率增加 (减少 )均有 (不 )利于沙尘暴天气的形成。气温与沙尘暴日数呈显著的反相关关系 ,反映了北方温度升高可能通过大气环流间接地抑制了沙尘暴的发生。降水增加对沙尘暴发生也有一定抑制作用 ,尤其春季和前冬沙尘源区降水多寡对沙尘暴的发生有着重要的影响。北方沙尘暴频数与沙尘源区的相对湿度或干燥指数也存在较明显的相关关系。在过去的近 5 0a内 ,造成中国北方沙尘暴频率显著下降趋势的直接自然原因是 :沙尘源区和发生区平均风速和大风日数的减少、主要沙尘源区降水量特别是春季和前冬降水量的增加、以及由于源区降水增加引起的大气和土壤湿润程度的改善。     

1961~2019年贵阳冬季凝冻时空特征与异常成因

利用1961~2019年贵阳8个地面观测站冬季（12月~次年2月）雨凇观测资料和北半球500hPa高度场、全球气温场及欧亚水平风场资料,通过EOF、M-K、小波及合成分析方法,对贵阳冬季凝冻日数的时空特征及其与北半球500hPa高度场、全球海温场及欧亚水平风场的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:近59年贵阳市冬季及各月平均凝冻日数为10.7d,由西南部向东北部逐渐增多,开阳东北部凝冻日数达到20d以上;凝冻日数变化趋势具有高度一致性,12月与冬季凝冻日数变化为显著正相关,突变多发于20世纪70~80年代末,在1980~1990年及2005~2015年出现4a的显著周期变化;强凝冻年500hPa高度距平合成场欧亚大陆的位势高度呈现“北高南低”分布,强弱年差值距平场欧亚大陆中高纬地区表现为“北正南负”,北半球高纬度地区格陵兰、北美及乌拉尔山-西伯利亚一带为正距平;强凝冻年赤道中东太平洋秋季海温距平为负,引起纬向环流加强,水汽交换增加;高层辐散低层辐合以及偏北强风带南下低空冷锋生成,利于西南水汽输送到云贵高原东北部与北方的冷空气交汇,为凝冻产生创造了条件。      

温度平流在沙尘暴和大风天气预报中的差异分析

针对内蒙古沙尘暴天气中大气层结稳定度问题,选取了内蒙古强沙尘暴、大风(以大风为主部分地区伴有扬沙天气)两种天气过程,对冷空气活动的温度平流空间分布特征进行对比分析。分析结果表明:沙尘暴、大风天气都有较强的冷平流活动,但强冷平流的垂直分布明显不同,其对大气层结稳定度、温度垂直廓线、垂直运动分布有明显影响。沙尘暴天气强冷平流中心位于较高的700~600 hPa层次,其与近地层弱冷平流叠加,形成高低层温度平流差异,使得垂直气温直减率加大并保持这一趋势,形成有利于沙尘暴发生的深厚不稳定层结条件,在低层扰动的触发下形成干对流风暴,能量交换不稳定能量释放,使该层大气趋于中性层结即混合层,混合层是能量交换的一个平衡态;大风天气强冷平流中心位于较低的850 hPa以下层次,不利于形成不稳定层结条件。沙尘暴扬起的高度就是混合层厚度,比强冷平流中心位置高出150 hPa左右,强度达到—45×10~(-3)℃·s~(-1)以上的强冷平流中心在700~600 hPa层次时,混合层厚度可达到500 hPa以上层次,这一强度的沙尘暴天气可以影响到我国江南沿海地区。     

东亚冬季环流季节内振荡与2008年初南方大雪关系

2008年1月10～16日、18～22日、24～29日和1月31日～2月2日,中国南方地区连续出现4次低温、雨雪、冰冻天气。根据NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,利用LANCZOS滤波器以及小波分析等方法,探讨雨雪冰冻前期2007年12月2日～2008年1月1日、同期2008年1月2～21日及后期2008年1月22日～2月14日850 hPa风场季节内振荡特征及对低温、雨雪、冰冻天气的影响。2007年12月～2008年2月850 hPa风场低频振荡分析显示,中国南方地区风场表现显著的20~50 d低频振荡,季节内低频振荡的位相变化,较好地揭示了2008年1月10日～2月2日南方地区降雪过程的3种环流特征：1）沿高原东侧100°E附近南下的冷空气到达我国30~20°N地区,与东亚沿海低纬的偏南风距平气流在我国南方地区形成气旋性环流,南方降雪（水）过程中,偏南风距平气流比偏北风距平气流强;2）沿高原东侧100°E附近南下的强偏北风距平气流与东亚沿海低纬的偏南风距平气流在我国南方地区形成气旋性环流,南方降雪（水）过程中,偏北风距平气流比偏南风距平气流强,造成南方雨雪伴随低温冰冻天气;3）南方雨雪由偏北风距平气流与偏南风距平气流在东亚东部25°N形成的辐合带引起。     

中国东部夏季极端降水事件及大气环流异常分析

主要利用1961~2014年中国东部地区438个台站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料,从大气内部动力角度对夏季不同极端降水情况下的环境场进行分析,结果表明:对长江中下游地区而言,在极端降水频次偏多年时,850 hPa风场及整层水汽输送距平场均表明东亚夏季风偏弱,有利于更多的水汽输送到长江中下游地区,500 hPa鄂霍次克海阻塞高压持续日数偏多,有利于冷空气南下,200 hPa东亚副热带急流偏南,且30°N以南偏西风异常有利于辐散,而在斜压波包从西北东南向传播为极端降水事件分发生集聚了能量;对华北地区极端降水频次偏多年而言,850 hPa风场及整层的水汽输送距平场均表明东亚夏季风偏强,有利于更多的水汽输送到华北地区,500 hPa高度距平场日本海正距平,贝加尔湖蒙古地区为负距平,华北地区东高西低,200 hPa东亚副热带急流偏北,从而导致我国华北地区极端降水频次偏多,能量传播也为西北东南向。这些结果表明极端降水的变化,与大气内部的动力作用和能量的传播有密切的关系。     

夏季风北边缘与沙尘暴的研究

使用1951—2000年相关资料,分析了夏季偏南风强度和夏季风北边缘、冬季风指数和春季偏北风以及沙尘暴的年际、年代际变化,并研究了它们的联系过程。结果表明,夏季风北边缘与沙尘暴、北边缘与冬季风和冬季风与沙尘暴的距平相关百分率分别是0.75,0.58和0.70,而且7~8月110°~120°E偏南风和12月~2月90°~100°E偏北风与3~5月90°~100°E偏北风的分析结果也相同。它们相互联系的过程是:夏季偏南风偏强(弱)—北边缘偏北(南)—冬季风偏强(弱)—冷空气偏强(弱)—春季偏北风偏强(弱)—沙尘暴偏多(少)。这些为沙尘暴的长期预测提供了一个新的事实依据。     

大连地区冬季气温异常与前期印度洋海温的关系

利用近40a全球海温、500hPa高度场、300hPa纬向风场和海平面气压场月平均资料以及大连地区冬季的气温资料,分析了大连地区冬季气温异常的变化特征,探讨了大连地区冬季气温异常与前期印度洋海温异常的相互联系。结果发现:影响大连地区冬季气温的海温异常关键区位于5°S~5°N、60°~75°E,关键影响时段为当年的4~7月;长时间的海气相互作用使前期的海温异常影响了后期的大气环流,在关键海区冷、暖水年,海平面气压距平场、500hPa高度距平场、300hPa纬向风距平场都存在着显著的差异;其中西伯利亚高压、极涡的位置、东亚大槽的强弱、极锋急流都差异显著,从而导致大连地区冬季气温的异常。     

乌海市沙尘暴日数变化特征及相关因素分析

使用乌海市国家一般气象站1961—2019年沙尘暴日数、降水量、气温等气象要素数据以及土壤水分、绿化覆盖率数据,分析了乌海市沙尘暴变化特征和影响因素。结果表明:(1)乌海地区沙尘暴日数呈减少趋势,以5.6 d/10 a的速度下降。(2)沙尘暴日数具有明显的月季变化,主要集中在3—7月,表现为“春夏多,秋冬少”的特征。(3)内蒙古荒漠化和沙化面积的减少,乌海地区绿化覆盖率的增加,为沙尘暴日数的减少提供了基础条件。(4)10～50 cm土壤相对湿度与春季沙尘暴日数的相关性较小或相关不显著;前一年年平均气温、平均水汽压与春季沙尘暴日数呈负相关;前一年平均风速、夏季大风日数、当年春季大风日数与春季沙尘暴日数呈正相关。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

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AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.