利用NOAA卫星HIRS探测器监测东亚地区辐射收支的研究

地球－大气系统的辐射收支是描述地球和宇宙空间能量交换的重要参量，也只有从卫星平台才能直接观测大气顶的地球－大气系统的辐射收支。目前，长期的地－气系统射出长波辐射序列资料是从美国ＮＯＡＡ极轨业务气象卫星的甚高分辨率扫描辐射计测量中计算的，精度不能满足气候监测的要求。本文根据美国ＮＯＡＡ卫星高分辨率红外大气探测器（ＨｉｇｈＲｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＩｎｆｒａｒｅｄＳｏｕｎｄｅｒ，缩写为ＨＩＲＳ）测量资料，研究了从中推算地球大气系统辐射收支的方法，并对计算出的１９９１年１月份东亚地区的地－气系统的辐射收支各参量、白天和夜间射出长波辐射差别分别进行了对比分析。结果表明，此方法计算的辐射收支分量，能揭示云和地球－大气系统的辐射分布特征及其分布细节，是进行区域气候研究的有效资料。     

山东省人工增雨云场分析及作业航线设计

根据１９７９－１９８８年４－６月、９－１０月逐时雨量资料、地面逐日云观测资料和济南、青岛的探空资料，分析了阴天与降雨日的关系，全省阴天时降雨日占阴天日的５０．１－８２．８％。文中还分析了不同天气系统降雨日的分布和可播云状的地理分布。认为黄淮气旋是所有天气系统中层、波状云降雨日最多和自然降雨量最大的天气系统，其次是黄河气旋、江淮气旋和西北冷锋。针对不同天气系统，文中设计了不同的飞机人工增雨作业航线，分析了不同月份的作业高度，并根据不同系统的可作业天气计算了作业机率。     

山东省降雨性层状云结构特征分析

利用１９８８－１９９０年潍坊站５０次冷锋和南方气旋降雨日观测资料，分析了云型和雨量的关系，利用９８９－１９９２年春秋季１２次降水过程微观观测资料，分析了冷静和南方气旋云层结构特征，发现除河西冷锋外，两类系统的云宏观结构相似，高层云下部为暖区，中上部为过区，层积云为暖云；两类系统云顶温度及高层云中降水粒子浓度面具?     

亚洲夏季风系统水汽输送的季节平均和低频结构

应用欧洲中期预报中心１９８０－１９８６年５－９月的８５０ｈＰａ逐日资料，分析了亚洲夏季风系统水汽输送的平均结构和低频结构。研究指出，从季节平均结构来看，亚洲季风系统是一个完整的体系。从低频活动结构看，亚洲夏季风系统中存在着印度季风和东亚季风系统的相对独立性。     

北京地区紫外线观测与预报系统

通过对1999－2000年紫外线观测资料的分析，得出紫外线强度与天顶距、总云量、低云量有很好的关系，并利用1999－2000年紫外线强度的观测资料和同期气象资料，利用统计学方法研制了紫外线强度预报方法，并建立了紫外线预报服务系统。     

黑河实验中系留探空系统探测精度的分析

在ＨＥＩＦＥ实验ＩＯＰ－２和ＩＯＰ－３期间，在戈壁、绿洲和沙漠观测站上同时用系留探空系统进行了大气边界层结构探测。本文详细地分析了系留探空系统的探测精度与资料处理方法，指出系留探空系统探测方法造成的误差往往大于仪器本身的测量误差，采用正确的操作方法和资料处理方法可以得到可靠的结果。黑河实验中３个站上使用的仪器有良好的一致性。     

2000—07—14和07—18大暴雨的演绎剖析

利用天气图资料和雷达观测资料，分析了2000－07－14和07－18焦作地区大暴雨过程的环流形势演变特征、影响系统及其垂直结构和雷达回波强度场、高度场、速度场的演变特征。     

汉江中上游致洪降水过程的预报方法研究

使用1970－1998年5－10日地面以及850hPa、700hPa、500hPa天气图资料，卫星云图资料，同期丹江口水库入库流量资料和汉江中上游50个雨量站点日平均降水量资料，采用统计学方法，对影响到丹江口水库运行的致洪降水过程的天气系统进行了归类分型，建立了汉江中上游致洪峰水过程预报模型；配合预报模型，对致洪降水的诸多天气因子进行了相关分析，筛选相关性和稳定性较好的因子，建立了汉江中上游不同量级降水的预报指标和预报判据；将以上预报方法试用于2000年5－10月，其预报效果较好。     

山东省地面气象资料数据库的建立及其管理检索系统

地面气象资料是气象研究及业务中所需要的最主要最基本的资料，通过对山东历史地面气象资料的信息化、标准化处理，建立了山东省１９６１年－９３年的地面气象资料数据库，并编制了数据库自动化管理及检索服务系统。本文概述了该系统的主要用途、制做原理和数据库结构的建立及检索的技术关键。     

黄淮气旋与山东飞机人工增雨

依据１９７９－１９８８年４－６月、９－１０月逐时降雨资料，分析了影响山东的黄淮气旋天气、气候特征、认为在山东人工增雨作业中黄淮气旋是最适宜的天气系统，中还分析了一次黄淮气旋的宏、微观特征，得到了云滴粒子、降水粒子的水平和垂直分布，给出了云滴谱的拟合表达式。在这个黄淮气旋的北部，云中过冷水含量最大值为０．１６ｇ·ｍ＾－３。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences