上海市气象场与SO2浓度数值模拟

采用地形坐标系下适合于复杂地形且满足地-气耦合的静力学三维中-β尺度气象预报模式,使用08时的实测流场经变分法初始化后得到的初始流场,模拟研究了上海地区的局地流场时空演变特征。模式较细致地考虑了湍流、长短波辐射、凝结、蒸发、地表热力平衡等因子,在此基础上,使用有限元法数值求解一阶闭合的三维欧拉平流扩散方程,模拟了上海地区的SO₂浓度分布。结果表明:上海的局地流场具有明显的日变化特征,受海陆温差的影响明显,日间风速较夜间风速大,风向呈顺时针旋转;在不稳定层结情况下,高架点源排放的高空污染物对地面的污染物浓度有贡献,会造成地面污染物浓度升高。     

海岸地区空气污染物输送与扩散的数值模拟

本文建立了求解三维扩散方程的数值模式,以经过处理地形影响经连续方程调整模式计算得到的三维风场和实测铅直湍流扩散系数作为输入,模拟了沿海城市秦皇岛地区海陆风演变过程中空气污染物(SO_2)浓度的时空分布(x-y和y-z两个剖面)。模式的数值求解,在水平方向采用伪谱方法,铅直方向采用上游格式和六点格式,对三维扩散方程运用分步求解的数值方法,用计算所得的地面SO_2浓度分布和实测值比较,一致性相当好。显示在早晨和傍晚出现极大值,午后出现极小值。计算所得的日平均浓度与实测结果相比,也相当吻合。分析表明,本文所建模式行之有效,且数值计算稳定性表现良好。     

用K理论研究南京大厂地区污染物扩散

本文用三维K理论扩散方程对南京大厂地区污染物浓度分布特征进行了讨论。在K理论扩散方程中,输入的风速廓线、扩散系数廓线采用Businger通量廓线关系式。用塔层风资料求取了南京地区近地面特征量。用具有四阶精度的Chapeau函数方法对三维K理论扩散方程进行数值求解,计算了大厂地区SO_2年平均浓度分布,和实测值基本上吻合。本文还研究了忽略水平扩散系数、不考虑风速随高度变化,对污染物地面浓度分布的影响。结果表明:在点源的下风方1—5千米范围内,不管是较强的还是较弱的风,忽略水平扩散系数都会使计算的地面浓度估计过高;忽略风速随高度的变化,会给计算带来一定的误差。     

H2释放扰动电离层的数值模拟

由于电离层中分子性离子与电子的复合要比氧离子与电子的复合快得多,因此H₂在电离层高度释放可有效地引起电子的消耗。本文基于一个包括中性气体扩散方程和离子化学反应方程的二维动力学模型,对H₂在电离层高度释放过程进行了数值模拟研究,并分析了不同释放条件下的电子扰动特性。结果表明:1)500 mol H₂释放后,迅速向周围空间扩散,释放中心处的电子密度30 s内下降了近4%,F₂层临界频率下降了1%左右;2)在不同高度处释放H₂时,最大的电子密度相对变化率并不是在峰值高度附近处释放时出现的;3)释放化学物质的量越多,电子密度的扰动幅度也越大,但两者之间并不存在线性关系;4)相同量的H₂在电离层峰值高度处释放,白天的电子密度扰动幅度要大于夜间的扰动幅度。     

城市热岛成因及其对污染物扩散影响的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟方法,通过数值求解可压缩流体的动力学方程和欧拉型的浓度扩散方程,建立了不同的地表模型,将城市地表差异等因素作为地面热通量的边界条件引入,得到了简单区域上的温度场和流场的三维结构,证实了城乡地表差异是引起热岛现象的根本原因之一,成功再现了城市热岛现象,并研究了城市热岛效应的存在对污染物扩散的影响。     

大气化学研究的若干进展

近年来,大气化学研究工作有着飞跃的发展,现就其中若干方面简介如下: 一、对现今大气的组成、污染物地面浓度以及它们的来源有了新的资料和认识,特别是对背景大气中许多痕量气体,如NH_3、HNO_3、O_3、HCN、CH_4、CO、NO_x、H_2S、SO_2、H_2SO_4、HCl、HNO_2和CH_3Cl等等,有了新的定量资料。这是一大批现代的物理、化学分析等测试方法得到运用的结果。例如,用电磁辐射光谱法测定CH_4、C_2H_4、     

降水回波谱参数估算雨滴谱参数的算法研究

地基遥感雷达反演云中降水参数有助于认识降水云微物理过程,本文提出一种直接由垂直指向雷达回波谱参数估算雨滴谱参数的方法;当雨滴谱满足Gamma函数分布时,联合雷达气象方程、雨滴下降末速度与雨滴直径关系,建立雷达降水回波谱参数反演雨滴谱参数的方程组,采用隐函数显化和级数展开进行方程求解,得到雨滴谱参数估算结果。用正演方法建立检验数据库,使用平均相对误差平均值对近似求解的雨滴谱参数精度进行检验,截距参数为0.83%、斜率参数为3.04%、形状参数为13.60%。对2012年7月22-23日云南腾冲的1320 M Hz雷达垂直波束探测降水回波谱参数进行了雨滴谱参数估算,并与地面激光雨滴谱仪获取的雨滴谱参数进行了比较,两者的平均粒径基本相同。使用风廓线雷达等垂直探测雷达回波谱参数估算雨滴谱参数的方法适用于稳定层状降水云。     

利用气象卫星资料定量测量黄河流域汛期降水

根据 Ｇ Ｍ Ｓ－ ５ 静止气象卫星数字化卫星云图的灰度分布,计算灰度共生矩阵,抽取云的纹理特征量,组成云自动分类方程,进而滤去地表和非降水云信息,实现云的自动分类,然后针对黄河流域不同类型云建立云顶温度与地面实测降水关系曲线,并选取订正因子,建立地面降水估算方程进行降水估算。使用结果表明,该方法对黄河流域汛期降水估算效果较好。     

贵州地区CMORPH卫星降水产品的误差订正

CMORPH卫星反演降水产品具有全天候、全球覆盖的特点,其时空分布相对均匀、独立,但是CMORPH本质上是通过间接手段反演得到,其降水精度无法与地面观测降水精度相比,并且存在一定的系统误差。结合地面自动站降水资料采用概率密度匹配法对贵州地区CMORPH卫星反演降水产品进行系统误差订正,该方法将每个格点的卫星降水累积概率分布曲线和地面降水概率密度分布曲线匹配,获取降水误差订正值;其中误差订正效果受降水累积概率分布拟合曲线的影响,而考虑到降水累积概率分布是非正态分布,因此选用Gamma分布拟合降水累积概率分布曲线。通过对2018年5月三次降水过程的订正结果分析得到如下结论:(1) 逐时的CMORPH卫星反演降水产品存在明显的非独立系统误差,误差范围随降水量级的变化而变化,存在低值高估的特点;(2) 在小时尺度下地面降水的累积概率密度呈指数衰减分布,而CMORPH的降水累积概率密度分布更加复杂,其在中雨、大雨区间内的降水概率较高;(3) 通过概率密度匹配法订正后的CMORPH与订正前相比降水空间结构更加贴近地面降水,强降水中心的量级和范围明显减小,平均绝对误差和均方根误差均减小,其中偏差订正值在0.114~0.468 mm/h,均方根误差订正在0.24~1.49 mm/h之间。经概率密度匹配法订正后的CMORPH卫星反演降水产品精度明显提升,更加接近于实际降水。      

一个模拟SO2浓度分布的数值模式研究

初步发展了一个空气污染准业务数值模式,该模式将修改过的二维Mass风场模式预报的风场据实测风廓线推广到三维,用有限元法求解欧拉平流扩散方程,在此基础上,预报上海地区SO2指数和浓度分布.通过半年的试验,其结果与实测值基本一致,初步可用于业务预报使用.通过模拟表明,上海市的浓度高值区一般位于市区和郊区宝山,一天中早晨的浓度最大,傍晚次之,中午最小.     

The scavenging of nitrate by clouds and precipitation

A model with spectral microphysics was developed to describe the scavenging of nitrate aerosol particles and HNO₃ gas. This model was incorporated into the dynamic framework of an entraining air parcel model with which we computed the uptake of nitrate by cloud drops whose size distribution changes with time because of condensation, collision-coalescence and break-up. Significant differences were found between the scavenging behavior of nitrate and our former results on the scavenging behavior of sulfate. These reflect the following chemical and microphysical differences between the two systems:

1. nitrate particles occur in a larger size range than sulfate particles.
2. HNO₃ has a much greater solubility than SO₂ and is taken up irreversibly inside the drops in contrast to SO₂.
3. nitric acid in the cloud water is formed directly on uptake of HNO₃ gas whereas on uptake of SO₂ sulfuric acid is formed only after the reaction with oxidizing agents such as e.g., H₂O₂ or O₃.
4. nitrate resulting from uptake of HNO₃ is confined mainly to small drops, whereas sulfate resulting from uptake of SO₂ is most concentrated in the largest, oldest drops, which have had the greatest time for reaction.

Sensitivity studies showed that the nitrate concentration of small drops is significantly affected by the mass accommodation coefficient.     

On the diffusivity of trace gases under stratospheric conditions

Transport of trace gases within the gas phase to a cloud or a sulphate aerosol droplet proceeds by molecular diffusion at the gas-liquid interface. An accurate determination of the molecular diffusion coefficient has a direct bearing on estimates of trace gas uptake and scavenging. A literature search revealed that this parameter is often chosen rather arbitrarily and the choice of a particular value is constrained by the availability of experimental data which are usually available at one atmospheric pressure under laboratory conditions. Since the process of trace gas transport to droplets occur at heights much above the ground level, it is important to determine an accurate value of the diffusion coefficient at varying levels in the atmosphere. This was achieved theoretically by estimating diffusivities for some important trace gases under stratospheric conditions by a Lennard-Jones method. Molecular diffusivity of 22 trace gases (including ClONO₂, HNO₃, SO₂ and H₂O₂ which may lead to heterogeneous reactions on various surfaces) have been estimated which can be used by modellers for improved scavenging estimates.     

Rain scavenging of soluble gases by non-evaporating and evaporating droplets from inhomogeneous atmosphere

We suggest a one-dimensional model of precipitation scavenging of soluble gaseous pollutants by non-evaporating and evaporating droplets that is valid for arbitrary initial vertical distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere. It is shown that for low gradients of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere, scavenging of gaseous pollutants is governed by a linear wave equation that describes propagation of a wave in one direction. The derived equation is solved by the method of characteristics. Scavenging coefficient and the rates of precipitation scavenging are calculated for wet removal of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ammonia (NH₃) using measured initial distributions of trace gases. It is shown that scavenging coefficient for arbitrary initial vertical distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere is non-stationary and height-dependent. In case of exponential initial distribution of soluble trace gases in the atmosphere, scavenging coefficient for non-evaporating droplets in the region between the ground and the position of a scavenging front is a product of rainfall rate, solubility parameter, and the growth constant in the formula for the initial profile of a soluble trace gas in the atmosphere. This expression yields the same estimate of scavenging coefficient for sulfur dioxide scavenging by rain as field estimates presented in McMahon and Denison (1979). It is demonstrated that the smaller the slope of the concentration profile the higher the value of a scavenging coefficient.     

The effects of below-cloud aerosol on the acidification process of rain

Using a model of the acidification process of rain, we calculate and analyze the effects and contributions of a below-cloud aerosol in its different concentrations and acidities on the pH and ion components of rain (SO ₄ ^2– , H⁺, NO ₃ ^– , NH ₄ ⁺ , etc.) under the conditions of different concentrations of pollution gases. The results show that the aerosol has an acidification or alkalization effect on the rain which changes the pHs of rain and aerosol. As acidifying pollution gas concentrations (SO₂, HNO₃) are low, the acid aerosol has important effects on the pH and H⁺ of rain, but as the gas concentrations are high, the acid aerosol has very little effect. The alkalizing aerosol makes the pH of rain increase by between 0.3 and 0.5 and neutralizes about 60% of H⁺ in the rain. As alkalizing pollution gas NH₃ exists, the acid aerosol has important effects on the pH and H⁺ of rain. But the alkalizing aerosol has very little effect, especially as the NH₃ concentration is high. The percentage contribution of the aerosol to SO ₄ ^2– in rain is generally 7–15%, the contribution of the aerosol to NO ₃ ^– is nearly the same as that of HNO₃=1 ppb, and the contribution of the aerosol to NH ₄ ⁺ is nearly the same as that of NH₃, from 5 to 7 ppb, and is an important source of NH ₄ ⁺ in rain. Finally, according to the actual conditions of typical regions in the south and north of China (Chongqing and Beijing), we analyze the effects of aerosol and pollution gases on the ion components of rain.     

THE APPROACH TO REMOTE SENSING OF WATER VAPOR BASED ON GPS AND LINEAR REGRESSION Tm IN EASTERN REGION OF CHINA

The approach to remote sensing of water vapor by using global positioning systems(GPS) isdiscussed.In order to retrieve the vertical integrated water vapor(IWV) or the precipitable water(PW),the weighted "mean temperature" of the atmosphere,T_m would be estimated to the specificarea and season.T_m depends on surface temperature,tropospheric temperature profile,and thevertical distribution of water vapor.The surface temperature dependence is borne out by acomparison of T_m and the values of surface temperature T_s using radiosonde profiles of BeijingStation(No.54511) throughout 1992.The analysis of radiosonde profiles spanning a one-yearinterval(1992) from sites in eastern region of China with a latitude range of 20-50°N and alongitude range of 100-130°E yields the coefficients a and b of a linear regression equation T_m=a+bT_s.     

SD-WACCM模式对平流层化学组分的模拟研究

利用美国大气研究中心开发的全球气候模式,对2008年平流层的化学组分(HNO₃、HCl和O₃)进行了模拟研究,并结合了MLS卫星资料进行了对比分析。结果表明,模式可以较好地再现平流层的各化学组分的时空分布状况。并选取了8个区域,将模拟的2008—2009年O₃柱浓度与臭氧监测仪资料对比,结果表明,模式可以较好地再现全球O₃总量的季节变化情况。     

Application of a Bivariate Gamma Distribution for a Chemically Reacting Plume in the Atmosphere

The joint concentration probability density function of two reactive chemical species is modelled using a bivariate Gamma distribution coupled with a three-dimensional fluctuating plume model able to simulate the diffusion and mixing of turbulent plumes. A wind-tunnel experiment (Brown and Bilger, J Fluid Mech 312:373–407, 1996), carried out in homogeneous unbounded turbulence, in which nitrogen oxide is released from a point source in an ozone doped background and the chemical reactions take place in non-equilibrium conditions, is considered as a test case. The model is based on a stochastic Langevin equation reproducing the barycentre position distribution through a proper low-pass filter for the turbulence length scales. While the meandering large-scale motion of the plume is directly simulated, the internal mixing relative to the centroid is reproduced using a bivariate Gamma density function. The effect of turbulence on the chemical reaction (segregation), which in this case has not yet attained equilibrium, is directly evaluated through the covariance of the tracer concentration fields. The computed mean concentrations and the O₃–NO concentration covariance are also compared with those obtained by the Alessandrini and Ferrero Lagrangian single particle model (Alessandrini and Ferrero, Physica A 388:1375–1387, 2009) that entails an ad hoc parametrization for the segregation coefficient.     

Sensitivity Analysis of Photochemical Indicators for O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Chemistry Using Automatic Differentiation

Photochemical indicators for determination of O₃–NO_x–ROG sensitivity and their sensitivity to model parameters are studied for a variety of polluted conditions using a comprehensive mixed-phase chemistry box model and the novel automatic differentiation ADIFOR tool. The main chemical reaction pathways in all phases, interfacial mass transfer processes, and ambient physical parameters that affect the indicators are identified and analyzed. Condensed mixed-phase chemical mechanisms are derived from the sensitivity analysis.Our results show that cloud chemistry has a significant impact on the indicators and their sensitivities, particularly on those involving H₂O₂, HNO₃, HCHO, and NO_z. Caution should be taken when applying the established threshold values of indicators in regions with large cloud coverage. Among the commonly used indicators, NO_y and O₃/NO_y are relatively insensitive to most model parameters, whereas indicators involving H₂O₂, HNO₃, HCHO, and NO_z are highly sensitive to changes in initial species concentrations, reaction rate constants, equilibrium constants, temperature, relative humidity, cloud droplet size, and cloud water content.