THE STUDY OF HIGH EFFICIENT AgI PYROTECHNICS AND THEIR NUCLEATING PROPERTIES

Two kinds of high efficient Agl pyrotechnics BR-88-5 and BR-91-Y have been developed.The tests in the cloudchamber show that the AgI ice nucleating effectiveness can reach up to 10~(15)/g,and the BR-91-Y has even higher icenucleating rate.Two kinds of foreign AgI pyrotechnics have been made according to the given formulations and alsotested in the cloud chamber for comparison.X-ray diffraction analysis for the aerosols produced by burning BR-91-Yshows that AgI in acrosols still retains the hexagonal crystal form and the lattice parameters are smaller than those ofpure AgI and other AgI composite nuclei,and closer to ice.Combining with the other tests,the reasons for the high effi-ciency of BR-91-Y have been discussed.     

CHINA'S FOUR MAJOR METEOROLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS

China lies in East-Asian monsoon region,which is one of the well-known active monsoonzones around the world.Monsoon anomaly results in frequent natural disasters,such as drought,torrential rain and flood.In 1998,joint intensified observations for 4 major meteorologicalscientific experiments have been carried out over Chinese major monsoon affected areas.A numberof valuable data have been obtained and some observational facts have come out after initialanalysis.The present paper is to give an introduction to the 4 major meteorological scientificexperiments conducted in 1998 in China.including its origin and scientific goals,implementationand planning,equipment and progress,and initial findings from the important observational facts.It aims to provide a comprehensive report on the progress of the above experiments for those whoare interested in.     

A 2M~3 ISOTHERMAL CLOUD CHAMBER FOR THE STUDY OF ARTIFICIAL ICE NUCLEI

A 2m~3 isothermal cloud chamber mainly for ice nucleation research is described in this paper.Its structure,attached instruments and experimental procedures are also presented.The experiments of determining the icenuclei effectiveness for the Agl-containing aerosols produced by three formulations have been conducted andthe results have been compared with those of the CSU 960-liter isothermal cloud chamber.All experimentalresults show that the chamber has advantages of stable performance and reproducibility.It would be expectedto become a useful experimental facility for ice nucleation research.     

CAS-ESM2.0 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project(FAFMIP)

The second version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model(CAS-ESM2.0)is participating in the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project(FAFMIP)experiments in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The purpose of FAFMIP is to understand and reduce the uncertainty of ocean climate changes in response to increased CO2 forcing in atmosphere-ocean general circulation models(AOGCMs),including the simulations of ocean heat content(OHC)change,ocean circulation change,and sea level rise due to thermal expansion.FAFMIP experiments(including faf-heat,faf-stress,faf-water,faf-all,faf-passiveheat,faf-heat-NA50pct and faf-heat-NA0pct)have been conducted.All of the experiments were integrated over a 70-year period and the corresponding data have been uploaded to the Earth System Grid Federation data server for CMIP6 users to download.This paper describes the experimental design and model datasets and evaluates the preliminary results of CAS-ESM2.0 simulations of ocean climate changes in the FAFMIP experiments.The simulations of the changes in global ocean temperature,Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC),OHC,and dynamic sea level(DSL),are all reasonably reproduced.     

AN EXPERIMENT WITH THE CONSENSUS FORECAST OF TYPHOON TRACK

Obvious results have been achieved in the forecast of typhoon track that is improved with a consensus procedure Forecast experiments were conducted with the analogue model (TSF) and the Markov type model (MTSF)that are widely used and the results show that there has been significant increase in the capability of forecasting with the improvement by the consensus procedure.     

BCC-ESM1 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project(AerChemMIP)

BCC-ESM1 is the first version of the Beijing Climate Center’s Earth System Model,and is participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project(AerChemMIP)is the only CMIP6-endorsed MIP in which BCC-ESM1 is involved.All AerChemMIP experiments in priority 1 and seven experiments in priorities 2 and 3 have been conducted.The DECK(Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima)and CMIP historical simulations have also been run as the entry card of CMIP6.The AerChemMIP outputs from BCC-ESM1 have been widely used in recent atmospheric chemistry studies.To facilitate the use of the BCC-ESM1 datasets,this study describes the experiment settings and summarizes the model outputs in detail.Preliminary evaluations of BCC-ESM1 are also presented,revealing that:the climate sensitivities of BCC-ESM1 are well within the likely ranges suggested by IPCC AR5;the spatial structures of annual mean surface air temperature and precipitation can be reasonably captured,despite some common precipitation biases as in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models;a spurious cooling bias from the 1960s to 1990s is evident in BCC-ESM1,as in most other ESMs;and the mean states of surface sulfate concentrations can also be reasonably reproduced,as well as their temporal evolution at regional scales.These datasets have been archived on the Earth System Grid Federation(ESGF)node for atmospheric chemistry studies.     

AN IMPACT STUDY OF A NEW TYPE OF DATA OF ADAPTIVE OR TARGETING OBSERVATION ON TYPHOON FORECAST

There was a new concept of ‘adaptive or targeting observation’ in recent years, which is an additional and targeting observation based on the existing and fixed observing network for the atmosphere on the impacted region. Dropsonde is one of the important observing instruments in the adaptive or targeting observation. In this paper, GRAPES, the next generation of numerical weather prediction system of China has been used. The impacts on the typhoon Dujuan (No.200315) forecast in experiments with dropsonde have been studied and experiments on sensitivity have also been done. It was found that the forecasts of the elements have been improved obviously with the use of dropsonde, such as the path, the center location, and the intensity of typhoon. It was also found in the sensitivity studies that the setting of deviation structure also has obvious impacts on the forecast for typhoons. It is not true that the simulation is better when the proportion of the data of dropsonde is larger in the course to modify the background.     

A Comparison of Polar Vortex Response to Pacific and Indian Ocean Warming

During recent decades,the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean has become increasingly warmer.Meanwhile,both the northern and southern hemispheric polar vortices(NPV and SPV)have exhibited a deepening trend in boreal winter.Although previous studies have revealed that the tropical Indian Ocean warming(IOW)favors an intensifying NPV and a weakening SPV,how the tropical Pacific Ocean warming(POW) influences the NPV and SPV remains unclear.In this study,a comparative analysis has been conducted through ensemble atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM)experiments.The results show that,for the Northern Hemisphere,the two warmings exerted opposite impacts in boreal winter,in that the IOW intensified the NPV while the POW weakened the NPV.For the Southern Hemisphere,both the IOW and POW warmed the southern polar atmosphere and weakened the SPV.A diagnostic analysis based on the vorticity budget revealed that such an interhemispheric difference in influences from the IOW and POW in boreal winter was associated with different roles of transient eddy momentum flux convergence between the hemispheres.Furthermore,this difference may have been linked to different strengths of stationary wave activity between the hemispheres in boreal winter.     

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL CLOUD-SCALE MODEL SUITABLE FOR COMPRESSIBLE ATMOSPHERE

A three-dimensional cloud-scale model has been designed.The governing equations of the model arecomposed of two groups of equations:one group includes compressible motion equations,continuity equation,pressure equation and thermodynamic equation,which are of Eulerian type,and the other consists of cloud-precipitation microphysics equations which are of Lagrangian type.Since the degree of influence of sound waveon the air motion is quite different from that on the temperature or hydrometeors,the time splitting procedureis used in solving governing equations.Both unstaggered and staggered meshes have been utilized.Integra-tion schemes adopted are the Eulerian backward difference method for the unstaggered mesh and semi-implicitmethod for staggered mesh.Several experiments of modelling have been conducted and a reasonable three-dimensional image of deep convection is obtained.With this model the horizontal and vertical vortex circula-tions are simulated.Furthermore,the effects of horizontal vortex on the formation and development ofdowndraft within cloud have also been studied.     

Revealing the effects of the El Niño-southern oscillation on tropical cyclone intensity over the western north pacific from a model sensitivity study

Five sets of model sensitivity experiments are conducted to investigate the influence of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis location and atmospheric circulation on interannual variability of TC intensity in the western North Pacific (WNP). In each experiment, bogus TCs are placed at different initial locations, and simulations are conducted with identical initial and boundary conditions. In the first three experiments, the specified atmospheric and SST conditions represent the mean conditions of El Nio, La Nia, and neutral years. The other two experiments are conducted with the specified atmospheric conditions of El Nio and La Nia years but with SSTs exchanged. The model results suggest that TCs generated in the southeastern WNP incurred more favorable environmental conditions for development than TCs generated elsewhere. The different TC intensities between El Nio and La Nia years are caused by difference in TC genesis location and low-level vorticity (VOR). VOR plays a significant role in the intensities of TCs with the same genesis locations between El Nio and La Nia years.     

A trajectory study on the heavy snowfall phenomenon in Yeongdong Region of Korea

It is well known that when the Siberian High expands to the western part of the East Sea (Japan Sea), the distribution of snowfall amount is mainly controlled by the topography. Therefore, the maximum area of the precipitation is typically located over the slopes and near the summit of the Taebaek Mountains (called Type A). However, sometimes there were snowfall maxima near the Yeongdong coastal area of Korea rather than the neighboring mountains (called Type B) for some events. Two heavy snowfall events of 20–21 January 2008 of Type A (named by Event A) and of 13 January 2008 of Type B (named by Event B) were selected to understand the differences in the locations of snowfall maxima in the Yeongdong region of Korea. To do so, we investigated the differences between the two events in the movement of the air parcels leading to the understanding of the heavy snowfall mechanism using 3-dimensional trajectory analyses which applied the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) high resolution output as 3-dimensional meteorological fields. In this study, an upward motion under the influence of the northeasterly wind was observed along the slope of the mountains during Event A. In contrast, there was a strong downward motion along the slope of the mountains under the influence of the northwesterly wind while the parcels were reaching Gangneung (GN, hereafter) during the snowfall period of Event B. Furthermore, during Event B, the convergence of the parcels different in potential temperature and mixing ratio, yielded a favorable condition for forming a coastal front (discontinuity zone) around the Yeongdong coastal area. This lead to heavy snowfall over GN in the coastal plain region rather than in Daegwallyeong (DG, hereafter) near the summit of the Taebaek Mountains, which differs from the snowfall distribution of Event A.     

减弱对流云降水的AgI催化原理的数值模拟研究

在对流云模式中增加了AgI两个预报量,耦合了考虑受水汽过饱度和温度影响的4种核化机制的AgI催化模块,使其具备了对AgI类催化剂的模拟能力,能够研究AgI类催化剂对对流云系统的影响。利用该模式对一次华南对流云降水过程进行了AgI催化数值模拟试验,对人工减缓对流云降水的可能性及原理进行了研究。模拟结果表明,在适当的时机对适当的部位进行大剂量的催化,可以减少总降水量,也可以减少最大降水中心的雨强。当催化浓度达到2×10~8 kg~(-1)时,可以减少32%的降水量,具备有效减缓对流云降水的可能性。大剂量催化后,大量的AgI粒子在冷区核化后,消耗了大量的过冷水。催化后霰粒子的落速和雨水的落速减小。催化阶段由于霰融化成雨水减少而使降水减弱。催化结束后在霰融化成雨水增多的情况下,雨水的蒸发大幅增加,从而导致了降水量的持续减少。AgI在模拟的强对流云中主要以受过饱和度影响的凝结冻结和催化剂长时间作用的浸没冻结这两种方式成核。研究所用催化方法在外场作业中具有技术可行性。     

北京层状云人工增雨数值模拟试验和机理研究

在中尺度WRF 模式的Morrison 双参数方案中引入了AgI 粒子与云相互作用的过程,在WRF 模式中实现了催化功能。利用加入了催化方案的中尺度模式对2008 年3 月20～21 日环北京地区一次层状云系降水过程进行模拟和催化试验。模拟自然降水与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度和时刻进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明:以20 g 的碘化银进行催化作业,在催化后的前30min 之内,地面雨量轻微减小,最大累积减雨量为2010 t,30 min 后,净增雨量迅速增加,最大累积增雨量达到了3.4×105 t。催化开始阶段的减雨主要是由于播撒AgI 后,云水减少而雪晶增多,导致雨滴碰并云滴,云滴向雨滴自动转化过程的减少以及雪晶碰并雨滴过程的增多,然而空中增多的雪晶尚未下落到暖区融化成雨滴。而第二阶段的增雨则是空中增多的雪晶逐渐下落到暖区,雪晶融化成雨滴过程增多。AgI 的播撒率对降水量有明显影响,过量催化会使雪晶平均质量减少,下落速度锐减,从而雪融化成雨水减少,导致雨量减弱,不同催化高度和催化时间的催化结果表明在过冷水含量比较丰富而冰雪晶含量偏少的区域进行催化,增雨效果显著。     

人工消雾试验中的雾微物理响应

2009 年11—12 月在天津市武清区实施了两次消雾外场试验。11 月6—7 日,利用燃烧烟条的方式播撒吸湿性焰剂对暖雾实施催化;11 月30 日—12 月1 日,利用播撒液氮的方式实施冷雾消雾试验。对两次消雾试验期间雾的微物理观测资料分析发现,雾对催化有明显响应,具体表现为:雾滴浓度先增后减且变化剧烈,液态水含量、雾滴大小等微物理特征量也发生了显著变化;催化期间雾滴谱均出现了谱宽加大的现象,催化结束后谱宽恢复至催化前状态;催化效应导致出现了处于不同发展阶段的雾滴,雾滴谱发生了单峰分布和双峰分布间的变换:催化前滴谱为单峰分布,催化期间出现双峰谱;多个短时双峰谱反复出现;首个双峰谱出现后,滴谱逐渐由单调递减向单峰、双峰转变;催化结束后,滴谱由双峰谱恢复为单峰谱。分析认为:催化后暖雾中发生成熟过程(Ripening Process),而冷雾催化后则启动了贝吉隆过程(Bergeron process)。      

ANALYSES OF A MICROPHYSICAL RESPONSE TO THE SEEDING IN TWO CASES OF ARTIFICIAL FOG DISSIPATION

Two field experiments were performed in order to dissipate the fog at Wuqing District of Tianjin in November and December of 2009.Hygroscopic particles were seeded to dissipate fog droplets on 6-7November,2009.Liquid nitrogen(LN)was seeded into the natural supercooled fog in the experiments of 30November–1 December,2009.Significant response was found after seeding.Significant changes were observed in the microstructure of fog in the field experiments.The of fog droplet changed dramatically;it increased first and then decreased after seeding.Remarkable variation also was found in the Liquid Water Content(LWC)and in the size of fog droplet.The Droplet Size Distribution(DSD)of fog broadened during the seeding experiments.The DSD became narrow after the seeding ended.After seeding,the droplets were found to be at different stages of growth,resulting in a transform of DSD between unimodal distribution and bimodal distribution.The DSD was unimodal before seeding and then bimodal during the seeding experiment.Finally,the DSD became unimodally distributed once again.     

Mesoscale numerical simulation study of warm fog dissipation by salt particles seeding

Based on the dynamic framework of WRF and Morrison 2-moment explicit cloud scheme, a salt-seeding scheme was developed and used to simulate the dissipation of a warm fog event during 6–7 November 2009 in the Beijing and Tianjin area. The seeding effect and its physical mechanism were studied. The results indicate that when seeding fog with salt particles sized 80 μm and at a quantity of 6 gm~(-2) at the fog top, the seeding effect near the ground surface layer is negative in the beginning period, and then a positive seeding effect begins to appear at 18 min, with the best effect appearing at 21 min after seeding operation. The positive effect can last about 35 min. The microphysical mechanism of the warm fog dissipation is because of the evaporation due to the water vapor condensation on the salt particles and coalescence with salt particles.The process of fog water coalescence with salt particles contributed mostly to this warm fog dissipation. Furthermore, two series of sensitivity experiments were performed to study the seeding effect under different seeding amounts and salt particles sizes. The results show that seeding fog with salt particles sized of 80 μm can have the best seeding effect, and the seeding effect is negative when the salt particle size is less than 10 μm. For salt particles sized 80 μm, the best seeding effect, with corresponding visibility of 380 m, can be achieved when the seeding amount is 30 g m~(-2).     

基于飞机真实轨迹的一次层状云催化的增雨效果及其作用机制的模拟研究

层状云降水效率通常较低,但却具有较高的云水资源开发潜力,是人工增雨作业的重要对象。随着中国南方地区生态改善、水库增蓄、抗旱等社会需求的增加,针对这些地区降水云系的人工增雨研究显得愈发重要。使用三维中尺度冷云催化模式,对2018年10月21日湖北省一次层状云飞机人工增雨作业过程进行了数值模拟研究,并将模拟结果与卫星、降水和机载云物理观测数据进行了对比。模式合理地模拟出了云和降水的主要宏、微观特征,观测和模拟结果均显示作业云区具有较好的冷云催化条件,在此基础上,按照实际作业中的飞机播撒轨迹,完整地模拟了此次催化作业过程。对数值模拟结果的分析表明:凝结冻结核化和凝华核化是碘化银催化剂的主要核化方式;90%以上碘化银粒子的局地活化比为0.01%—2%,平均活化比为0.07%—0.27%;云系降水是由冷云降水和暖云降水两种机制共同作用的结果,催化作业使两种降水机制均有增强,增雨效果明显;催化后4 h,整个评估区内的累计净增雨量为2.12×108 kg,局地增雨率为?51.1%—306.7%,区域平均增雨率为8.1%;催化作业也使部分地区出现减雨,主要是由于催化过程中的潜热释放引起过冷层动力场扰动,一部分云区的上升气流减弱,从而导致降水粒子的成长减弱,地面出现减雨;在过冷云区,碘化银核化使冰晶浓度升高,导致冰晶-雪、雪-霰的转化过程增强,雪、霰粒子总量增加,更多的雪、霰粒子从冷区落入暖区,在暖区上层产生更多的大雨滴,从而使暖区的云雨粒子碰并过程增强,最终地面降水增加,这是此次催化作业导致增雨的主要微物理链条。      

闽中雨季区域雨量统计特性及人工影响的效果

本文对福建古田水库地区三年人工降水随机试验的效果,应用双样本回归分析方法作了统计检验。结果发现:(1)区域雨量的四次方根变换正态性很好,拟合度达0.94;(2)区域雨量回归分析中,催化单元与对比单元的余方差不一定相等;(3)三年试验目标区平均增雨量20.3％,平均绝对增雨量1.11(毫米/3小时),显著度a=0.05;(4)在各种天气条件下,以锋面天气的催化效果最好,平均增雨量达70.6％(a<0.05),平均绝对增雨量2.82(毫米/3小时)。其它天气条件下的平均效果都不显著;(5)自然雨量小时,相对增雨量大,它随自然雨量增大而减小,当对比区自然雨强大于3(毫米/小时)时,催化效果就不显著;(6)催化效果大于20％的区域位于作业点下风方10—50公里,宽约20公里的范围;(7)介乙醛与碘化银的催化效果,差异不显著。     

碘化银播撒对云和降水影响的中尺度数值模拟研究

通过在WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 中尺度天气数值模式中引入碘化银与云相互作用过程, 建立了中尺度播撒碘化银数值模式。研究了碘化银播撒对于中尺度对流天气过程中云和降水的影响, 研究了不同播撒部位、 播撒时间和播撒剂量情况下碘化银的扩散、 传输及其对云中水成物和降水量的影响。研究结果表明, 碘化银在云中的扩散传输过程与播撒的位置有很大关系, 在最大上升气流区播撒的碘化银能随着气流更快地扩散到云体上部过冷水含量丰富的区域, 播撒在云上层入流区和云下层入流区的碘化银扩散到云中过冷水区需要时间更长, 同时有大部分停留在云体边缘。碘化银能与云中过冷水相互作用, 消耗过冷水使云中冰晶数浓度明显增加, 从而使霰粒子转化减少, 过冷水更多地转化为雪粒子, 过冷水凝结释放出潜热使上升气流增强, 促进了对流发展。由于雨水含量的增加, 地面降水也出现增加。碘化银播撒率对地面降水量影响很大, 当播撒率为0.6 g/s时, 播撒对降水的影响时间超过4小时, 增雨的效果更好。播撒率为0.1 g/s时增雨效果不明显, 当播撒率为1.2 g/s 时, 对总降水可能出现抑止作用。对比碘化银播撒率为0.6 g/s时12小时地面增雨量, 在云上层入流区播撒碘化银试验中, 地面增雨量比对最大过冷水含量区的催化试验提高了48.7%, 最大上升气流区播撒试验增雨效果最好, 地面增雨量比在最大过冷水区域播撒提高了72.1%。     

低过冷雨水含量天气过程冰雹形成机制及催化机理模拟1

利用三维全弹性冰雹云模式,对2008年5月24日山东境内一次受高空冷涡影响的大范围冰雹天气过程进行模拟,分析了冰雹的形成机制和催化防雹机理。结果表明:该过程过冷雨水中心位于最大上升气流中心下方,不存在过冷雨累积区,过冷雨水含量最大值仅为4.9gm^-3,但雹云中过冷雨水含量仍然丰富,对雹胚的形成及增长起着重要作用。雹胚以冻滴为主,冻滴胚来源于冰雪晶与过冷雨水碰撞冻结以及雨滴核化过程。冻滴形成后主要以碰并过冷雨水、云水增长。冻滴胚自动转化过程是冰雹数量、质量的主要来源;冰雹形成后,前期主要靠碰并冻滴、霰和过冷雨水增长,后期主要靠碰并过冷云水增长。催化试验表明,播撒57.5g催化剂足以通过"竞争"减雹50%以上,增加AgI剂量,防雹的同时能够兼顾增雨。催化剂用量为230g时,催化后液态降水有所增加,固态降水量及占总降水量的比例减少显著,特别是冰雹。AgI主要以凝华核的作用产生人工冰晶,冰晶凝华增长导致过冷云水、雨水含量降低。催化后雹胚特别是冻滴胚数量增多,对过冷云水、雨水的竞争增强;其平均尺度、质量的减小,降低了向冰雹的转化率。冰雹碰并过冷云水、雨水增长过程被减弱,导致冰雹总质量进一步减少,达到消雹目的。