城市交通废气与低层大气臭氧形成和分布的数值模拟

建立了一个三维的边界层光化学模式，气象过程的模拟舍弃了静力近似的假定，模式由细网格、高分辨率并取湍流能量（E－ε）闭合的气象模式，提供较为细致的气流场和湍流场。文章中以汽车尾气和植物排放为光化学反应前体物的源，模拟了不同季节南京市的光化学过程以及臭氧随时间和空间的分布。结果表明，夏季南京市的地面臭氧浓度远远高于冬季，臭氧分布有所不同。并且在不少地方出现较高的O3浓度值，超过国家二级标准，气流对污染物浓度分布的影响在较高的高度上显得尤其明显。     

中国地区对流层臭氧变化和分布的数值研究

利用三维中尺度非静力模式ＭＭ５和化学模式,对１９９４年８月１６～１８日,１９９５年１月７～９日冬夏两个不同时期中国大陆大气对流层臭氧及其前体物质的分布进行了数值模拟。同时深入地分析了青藏高原地区夏季对流层臭氧的分布。模拟结果地面臭氧和ＮＯｘ的分布与观测结果基本一致,人类活动和光化过程是决定地面臭氧和ＮＯｘ的主要因子。对流层臭氧浓度的分布与气流的辐合辐散存在较好的对应关系,辐合区臭氧浓度较高,辐散区臭氧浓度较低。夏季,青藏高原中低空存在很强的辐合气流,使周边臭氧向高原辐合;而高原高空,受南亚高压控制存在很强的反气旋环流,臭氧由高原向周边辐散。冬季,受西风气流控制,臭氧分布表征大尺度特征。西风急流区臭氧浓度偏低,而急流两侧臭氧浓度偏高。     

北京市夏季臭氧变化特征的观测研究

利用2002年7月至8月325m气象塔资料研究了北京市夏季近地层臭氧浓度变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：北京市夏季边界层臭氧浓度日变化显著．臭氧浓度随高度增加而增加；臭氧多数为单峰型分布，双峰型仅分布在底层；臭氧峰值出现时间与气温峰值出现时间基本一致，或略有落后。     

蒙特卡罗不确定性分析在O3模拟中的初步应用

利用蒙特卡罗不确定性分析方法,分析了嵌套网格空气质量模式系统(NAQPMS/IAP)中154个模式输入变量不确定性对臭氧模拟的影响,量化了模式在北京奥运会期间臭氧模拟的不确定性,并确定出了主要不确定性因子。结果表明:(1)在奥运会期间(2008年8月8日～2008年8月24日),北京城区臭氧模拟的平均不确定性为19ppb,不确定性存在明显的日变化特征,白天不确定性大,夜间不确定性小。(2)在白天,北京城区近地层臭氧模拟最重要的不确定性来源是局地前体物排放,其次是NO2光解系数、风向、北京周边前体物排放和垂直扩散系数。另外,地面约150m以上,对臭氧模拟影响最大的不确定性因子是风向和北京周边前体物排放;夜间,北京城区近地层臭氧模拟的最大不确定性来源是局地NOx排放和垂直扩散系数。     

江门市城区臭氧浓度变化特征及气象影响因素分析

基于2015—2017年广东省江门市城区臭氧浓度监测数据和气象观测数据,结合应用统计分析、聚类分析等方法,分析了江门臭氧浓度特征及气象影响因素,探讨了2017年江门臭氧严重超标的气象成因。2015—2017年,江门臭氧污染程度逐年加重,秋季臭氧浓度均值高于其它季节;37%的臭氧浓度超标日与西北太平洋或南海热带气旋活动有关,显著高于其它天气类型下超标日占比。臭氧浓度与白天气象要素相关性高于夜间,对臭氧浓度影响较大的气象要素有日照、相对湿度、气温。聚类分析得到6类气流轨迹,当气流轨迹为偏东(陆地)和偏北路径时,其受体臭氧浓度均值和污染气流轨迹占比显著高于平均值。2017年臭氧严重超标的气象成因是达到利于臭氧生成的气象条件阈值时数和日数显著高于以往,且途经江门以北和以东陆地的气流数目明显多于以往。      

北京交通环境污染诊断模拟初步研究

建立了能够用于评估大型城市交通环境污染与气象条件关系的数值模拟技术,即三维边界层光化学数值模式.其中,高分辨率的精细城市边界层气象场、细致的城市地理与环境参数、空气污染物输送扩散与大气化学模拟以及交通废气污染源的分布等诸多因子是实施模拟研究的几个重要环节.从模拟结果看出,各污染物在地面附近浓度相对高值区位于排放源附近和下风方.在边界层顶附近,污染物浓度分布较均匀,分布趋势和气流一致.虽然仅仅考虑了城区污染物本底浓度和主要交通干道机动车的排放,但交通排放对城区污染物浓度的贡献是较大的.     

福建省臭氧污染变化特征分析

福建省夏季易发生臭氧污染,为了解福建省臭氧变化特征,利用中国环境监测总站全国城市空气质量实时发布平台的实时数据分析了福建省各地级市2015—2017年逐小时臭氧平均变化。研究结果表明,莆田市是福建省臭氧平均浓度最高的城市;福建省各城市2015—2017年逐日臭氧浓度均呈现增加趋势,且存在明显的月变化动态。福建省各地区周末臭氧浓度低于工作日臭氧浓度。该研究结果可为不同地区臭氧管控提供参考。     

夹卷对郊外大气边界层内臭氧影响的数值模拟研究

夹卷是大气边界层与自由大气进行能量和物质交换的重要途径,对边界层动力结构及边界层内温度、水汽和各种污染物浓度有重要影响。利用化学-地表-大气-土壤(CLASS)模式定量评估了夹卷过程对远郊地区大气边界层内臭氧（O₃）浓度的影响并与大气化学反应贡献进行了对比,结合地面O₃、NO_x及边界层高度、位温和比湿等观测资料和再分析资料对CLASS模拟结果进行了定量评估。结果表明:CLASS模式能较为真实地模拟夹卷和大气光化学反应对远郊地区大气边界层臭氧浓度的影响,且当自由大气层内臭氧浓度达到一定值时,两者对边界层内臭氧峰值影响相当。数值试验结果进一步揭示,夹卷对控制氮氧化物（NO_X）和可挥发性有机物(VOC_S)排放源控制效果有重要影响,且当夹卷区内O₃跳跃值增大到一定时,可完全抵消源排放减排控制的效果。本研究旨在表明,为有效控制近地层臭氧浓度,在制定人为污染源减排措施时必须考虑自由大气层臭氧的夹卷贡献。      

南京市大气NOx扩散规律与防治对策研究

以实用的多源大气扩散模型计算了南京市点源、面源及流动源等各类污染源对地面及不同高度的关心点上N0。年平均浓度分布状况及其各类源的平均浓度贡献率，分析了影响NO。在大气中扩散的主要因素，着重对交通源的排污扩散进行研究。发现2000年南京交通源对大气中NO。浓度的贡献率在市区绝大多数地区已超过70％。另外，还将美国的CAI．INE3模式引入南京。模拟了2000年交通源的排污扩散状况。结果表明，经过修正的CAuNE3模式基本上能合理地描述城市道路N0。的污染状况。根据城市管理部门给出的3种NO。减排方案，计算了实施这些方案后大气中NO。污染状况。结果表明。不能继续维持南京市的交通现状。而必须实施机动车车辆控制或排放因子的限制。     

中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所在南北疆开展地面大气臭氧在线观测研究

<正>南极臭氧空洞以及近年来对流层臭氧增加等观测事实,引起人们对臭氧以及由臭氧引起的环境问题的高度重视。近年的研究表明,自然排放、人为影响以及大气中化学生成的非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC)、CO、NOx(NO、NO2)等对地面臭氧浓度的变化有着重要影响。近几年的观测还证明,随     

中山市2015—2019年臭氧超标特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用广东省中山市2015—2019年的地面臭氧浓度及气象观测数据,分析了中山市近年来臭氧超标与气象条件的关系。结果表明,中山市2015—2019年臭氧超标天数从22天增加至66天,臭氧年评价值增长36%,中度污染以上天数占超标天数比例从9.1%增长至36.4%。臭氧超标主要集中在8—11月,其中9月超标天数最多。夏秋季节臭氧超标主要发生在气温高、湿度低、太阳辐射强、日间10—14时无明显降水、吹北风的气象条件下,臭氧的污染潜在源区主要位于中山西部到北部的城市。风向和气温是臭氧超标最重要的指标,夏、秋季日间吹北风且日最高气温在33 ℃或以上时超标率分别达到89.1%和78.6%。2017年和2019年在相同的最高温、相对湿度、太阳辐射强度、降水和风速条件下的臭氧超标率均远高于2015年。当臭氧起始浓度在10 μg/m3以下、11~30 μg/m3及30 μg/m3以上时,夏(秋)季从起始浓度达到超标分别用时7.1(6.9) h、6.2(6.2) h和5.8(5.9) h,相应气温上升7.2(7.1) ℃、5.8(5.8) ℃和4.7(5.1)℃,起始浓度增大时,超标耗时和气温变化均呈减小趋势。      

拉萨地区夏季地面臭氧的观测和特征分析

1998年 6～ 9月 ,在西藏拉萨郊区 (海拔 36 5 0m ,2 9.6 5°N ,91.16°E)对地面臭氧进行了连续观测。该地区夏季地面臭氧日平均浓度在 10～ 6 0nL/L ,夏初的浓度较高于夏季后期。地面臭氧浓度的日变化呈单峰型 ,峰值出现在当地时间 10～ 18时 ,具有光化学过程臭氧生成的典型变化特征。局地风速、降水、太阳总辐射等气象因素的变化对地面臭氧浓度具有不同程度的影响。拉萨地区大规模宗教活动中的露天生物体燃烧 ,对地面臭氧浓度的增加有十分明显的贡献     

Periodic variability of surface ozone concentration over western and central Europe from observational data

Characteristics of periodic variability of surface ozone concentration at 98 western and central European stations participating in the EMEP program for at least 7 (up to 14) years are determined. Daily and hourly model concentrations of surface ozone for each station are given in an analytical form that presents a sum of a constant constituent and basic harmonics that determine ozone concentration variability throughout a year and a day. A 12-month harmonic, whose maximum is observed in the spring period (in Northern Europe it is observed 1 to 2 months earlier than in Southern Europe) dominates in the energy spectrum of seasonal variability of daily mean ozone concentration at most stations. The energy part of higher (6-and 4-month) harmonics is the largest at the stations close to the sea and ocean coasts. Higher harmonics largely influence the time of the ozone extremum formation, shifting it towards the summer, or even forming a second (summer) maximum, whose magnitude at a number of stations (in Italy, Hungary, in the south of Germany, and in some others) exceeds the spring maximum. A 24-hour harmonic dominates in the energy spectrum of daily ozone variability. The maps of a “normal” distribution of surface ozone fields and their standard deviations for different seasons and time of the day have been compiled based on the model characteristics. The “norms” derived can be used to detect anomalies in the temporal trend of the surface ozone and to validate its climate changes.     

High-Latitude Springtime Photochemistry. Part Ii: Sensitivity Studies of Ozone Production

A seven-year record of surface ozone measurements from Denali NationalPark, Alaska shows a persistent spring maximum. These data, combined withmeasurements of NO_x, hydrocarbons, O₃, and PANfrom a continental site in Alaska during the spring of 1995 are used as thebasis for a sensitivity study to explore tropospheric photochemistry in thisregion. Because of the relatively high concentrations of NO_x(mean of 116, median of 91 pptv), the net tendency was for photochemicalozone production. The range of net O₃ production for averageconditions measured at this site during spring is between 0.96–3.9ppbv/day depending on the assumptions used; in any case, this productionmust contribute to the observed springtime maximum in O₃.Model calculations showed that of the anthropogenic ozone precursors, onlyNO_x had a strong effect on the rate of ozone production; themeasured concentrations of anthropogenic hydrocarbons did not significantlyaffect the ozone budget. Naturally produced biogenic hydrocarbons, such asisoprene, may also have a significant effect on ozone production, even atconcentrations of a few 10's of pptv. An observed temperature-isoprenerelationship from a boreal site in Canada indicates that isoprene may bepresent during the Alaskan spring. Measurements of isoprene taken duringthe spring of 1996 suggest that reactive biogenic hydrocarbon emissionsbegin before the emergence of leaves on deciduous trees and that theconcentrations were sufficient to accelerate ozone production.     

Impact of future climatic changes on high ozone levels in European suburban areas

The gradual increase in temperature is one of the most pronounced trends of climatic changes in the atmosphere. The pollution levels depend essentially on the emissions (both on the human-made emissions and on the biogenic emissions) as well as on the chemical reactions which take place during the transport of pollutants in the atmosphere. Since both the chemical reactions and the biogenic emissions depend on the temperature, it is obvious that the gradual increase of the temperature will have some effect on pollution levels. The impact of climatic changes on high ozone levels, which may have damaging effects on human health, is studied in this paper. Eight European suburban areas were selected. These areas are densely populated and, therefore, increased ozone pollution levels may cause harm to a great number of human beings living there. All experiments indicate that, although the changes of the ozone concentrations are relatively small, some critical levels, which are related to ozone concentrations and which may have damaging effects, will be significantly exceeded as a result of the warming trend in the future climate.     

Short-term measures for the control of ozone peaks: expertise from CTM simulations

In Europe, in case of the observation or the forecast of a photochemical event, punctual and local reductions in anthropogenic emissions can be triggered at the regional scale. Although the necessity for the establishment of such measures appears to be justified by bad air quality records over large European cities, individual short-term action plans (STAPs) have been blindly elaborated by regional authorities. Moreover, as they impose industrial and road traffic emission restrictions, these measures have an elevated economical cost. It is consequently crucial to determine their efficiency and potential for ozone peak reduction. The study presented in this paper aims to draw up an expertise on standard European STAPs, through the example of a French Mediterranean city. The objective is to determine and investigate the impact of current STAPs on ozone peak formation and to test ways to optimise their efficiency. In this frame, a set of emission scenarios has been elaborated and tested with the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE on the Berre–Marseille area. Simulations have shown that the tested action plans are not sufficient to eradicate severe ozone peaks and that more drastic restrictions on emissions are required to significantly affect ozone plumes. However, results also showed that the potential for ozone reduction remains small, with a maximum impact of only 5 ppbv for feasible STAPs. Finally, a temporal analysis of the ozone-emission relationship was engaged in order to optimise their application.     

重庆市臭氧污染及其气象因子预报方法对比研究

利用2014年1月1日至2018年12月31日的重庆市空气质量日均值资料,分析了重庆近5 a臭氧污染的特征。发现重庆市臭氧是除PM_2.5以外的第二大大气污染物,具有较强的季节变化特征,主要污染时段位于夏半年,在7—8月臭氧污染程度明显超过了PM_2.5。臭氧年平均浓度呈现逐年增加的趋势,首要污染物为臭氧的日数在2018年首次超过PM_2.5,臭氧成为2018年重庆市的第一大污染物,表明重庆正在由一个以颗粒物污染为主的城市转变为臭氧污染为主的城市。通过对同期逐日气象资料与臭氧8 h滑动平均日最大值相关性分析发现,大气温度、湿度及气压均为影响臭氧污染的重要气象因子。利用气象影响因子,采用逐步回归、支持向量机、神经网络方法对臭氧8 h滑动平均日最大值进行预报实验表明,三种预报模型均具有较强的预报能力,但总体来看预报均比实况略偏小。支持向量机方法的预报效果要稍好于逐步回归和神经网络方法,可为重庆市臭氧浓度预报提供参考。     

DISTRIBUTIONS AND VARIATIONS OF SURFACE OZONE IN CHANGSHU, YANGTZE DELTA REGION*

Through one and half year continuous in-situ measurements,the distributions and variations of surface ozone and its precursors at a typical mixed agricultural and metropolitan area-Changshu,Yangtze Delta region,were studied.The preliminary analysis on the concentration levels and variations of surface ozone indicated the obvious seasonal and diurnal cycles during the experiment.The hourly averaged concentrations of surface ozone were high,in about 17% of total valid hours the surface ozone concentration exceeded 50 ppb,and in 22 days the hourly averaged ozone concentration was greater than 100 ppb.There were about 40% of the days in that the daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration was greater than 50 ppb.The days with daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration greater than 80 ppb were about 33 days that accounted for about 8% of the observational days.The variations of 5-day moving averaged ozone concentrations depended both on the weather conditions and on the changes of ozone in background atmosphere.Photochemical process had the significant impacts on ozone productions.