敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率参数化研究

利用敦煌站观测资料,选取其中观测资料完整且连续性好的7个年份每年5～10月的地表净辐射四分量和土壤湿度资料,分析研究了敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率与太阳高度角和表层土壤含水量之间的关系,结果表明:地表反照率与太阳高度角呈e指数关系,随太阳高度角的增大而减小,当太阳高度角大于40°时,地表反照率趋于稳定。表层土壤含水量的增大可导致地表反照率的减小,地表反照率与5 cm深土壤湿度呈线性关系。另外,建立了敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率与太阳高度角和表层土壤含水量之间的双因子参数化公式,提出了一种更加适合该地区的地表反照率参数方案,并且选取2002年6～9月的实测资料对拟合的参数化公式进行模拟验证。本文所提出的地表反照率参数化方案能够很好地再现该地区裸土地表反照率的“U”型日变化特征,可准确地模拟出地表反照率的动态变化趋势。基于此参数化方案计算得到的地表反射辐射与实测值基本一致。     

2008年夏季中国干旱-半干旱区陆面主要物理参数的平均特征

采用2008年7-9月观测的中国干旱-半干旱区试验观测协同与集成研究资料,选取12个测站(涵盖不同气候环境区的草地、农田、果林和森林等下垫面)比较分析了干旱-半干旱区的动力、热力和水汽粗糙度长度、总体输送系数、反照率以及土壤热传导率和热扩散率的夏季平均特征,并与陆面模式的理论参考值进行了对比。结果表明,植被下垫面的水、热特性和植被高度对主要陆面参数有重要影响,但植被下垫面的土壤热传导率和扩散率与下垫面类型之间无明显关系。动力学粗糙度长度与下垫面的植被高度呈正相关关系,无论是稳定还是不稳定层结下,动量拖曳系数都随着植被高度的增大而增大,而反照率随植被高度的增加而降低。在研究区的下垫面中,草地下垫面动力学粗糙度长度的实测值比模式理论参考值偏小,但农田和果林下垫面的实测值比理论参考值偏大;草地下垫面动量拖曳系数理论的参考值比实测值高,但其他下垫面的实测值高于理论参考值;实测反照率处于可见光反照率和近红外光反照率之间,但反照率的理论参考值比实测值偏高。     

半干旱区典型下垫面反照率特征的初步分析

利用2008-2009年7-9月中国半干旱区9个通量观测站的通量和常规气象数据结合同期MODIS的EVI植被覆盖数据,分析了不同下垫面反照率的月、季特征及其与降水之间的关系,系统地探讨了特殊天气条件下各类下垫面的反照率日变化特征。结果表明:(1)按照季平均反照率的大小,各类下垫面排序依次为荒漠草地高寒草甸退化草地农田;(2)除退化草地外,其余各类下垫面反照率的拟合结果均通过0.05显著性水平检验,高寒草甸的拟合好于荒漠草地、农林混交农田和东北农田,而荒漠草地和农林混交农田拟合效果相当;(3)在荒漠草地下垫面,夜雨不会对次日反照率的"U"型分布产生影响,存在潜热维持土壤湿度和感热加强蒸腾作用两种机制;(4)无雪盖高寒草甸的反照率主要受植被覆盖度和高原植被叶面特性的影响;退化草地下垫面在强降水日白天出现反照率"√"型分布,由于09:00(北京时,下同)-11:00云量偏多、反照率偏高,15:00-17:00太阳高度角对反照率增大作用强于土壤湿度的减小作用,反照率缓慢回升造成的。低矮作物农田在雨日15:00-17:00反照率的骤升是植被覆盖度和太阳高度角相互作用所致,受浅层土壤含水量的影响不大。     

黑河中上游不同下垫面反照率特征及其影响因子分析

利用黑河中上游6个自动气象站2008年6月-2009年5月的观测资料,分析了该地区6种典型下垫面反照率变化特征和太阳高度角对反照率的影响,针对垭口站和花寨子站分别讨论了积雪和土壤湿度对反照率的影响。结果表明,不同季节太阳高度角对反照率的影响不同,不同的下垫面影响的程度也不一样。在积雪下垫面,太阳高度角对反照率的影响最大...     

典型干旱区荒漠戈壁陆面参数的观测研究

根据目前流行的陆面过程模式的需要，利用２０００年５－６月敦煌陆面过程野外观测实验加强期的观测资料，分析了西北典型干旱区荒漠戈壁的一些关键陆面过程和土壤参数的特征和规律。并且利用相对反射为权重加权平均，计算得到典型干旱区敦煌荒漠戈壁的平均反射率为０.２５５±０.０２１；剔除建筑物干扰后，利用对数平均法计算的粗糙度长度平均值为０，００１９±０。０００７１ ｍ；剔除绿洲影响后，用无降水影响的资料确定出土壤湿度影响因子为０．００４５；剔除降水影响后，用观测资料计算的敦煌典型干旱区荒漠戈壁的热容量平均值为１．１２×１０~６ｍ~（－３）Ｋ~（－１），比“黑河试验”在戈壁和在其它沙漠观测的有关值略小一些，但热扩散率和热传导率都比“黑河试验”在戈壁观测的值小一倍左右；观测的敦煌戈壁典型天气条件下的土壤含水量非常小，基本上不超过１％。     

东疆黑戈壁陆面过程参数及陆面模式离线模拟

新疆东部黑戈壁气候恶劣、人迹罕至,是具有黑色砾石下垫面的生态脆弱区。利用东疆哈密戈壁陆气相互作用站2018年全年观测资料,给出该戈壁地表动力学与热力学粗糙度、比辐射率和地表反照率等陆面过程特征参数,并将这些参数代入Noah模式对该戈壁热通量、地表温度及土壤温湿度进行模拟。结果表明：（1）东疆黑戈壁下垫面动力学粗糙度为1.13×10-3 m,热力学粗糙度为0.32×10-3 m,比辐射率为0.905。（2）地表反照率日变化呈早晚高,中午低的“U”型曲线。12月因地面积雪,反照率最高,年内极大值出现在12月8日,为0.79,年均反照率为0.29。地表反照率关于太阳高度角的参数化方案为：α=0.78-0.47×(1-e^((-h)/1.12)),地表反照率关于5 cm土壤湿度的参数化方案为α=0.28-0.136w_s。（3）将改进后的陆面过程参数带入Noah模式,大大提高了模式在戈壁区域的模拟能力。     

2007年5～10月黄土高原陆面能量通量特征研究

在稀疏植被区陆面过程遥感参数化基础上,利用MODIS/500m分辨率的资料反演黄土高原2007年5～10月陆面过程的特征参数。分析得出:(1)受多种气候系统的影响,黄土高原降水、植被分布以及土壤湿度等存在南北、东西差异,导致反照率呈现出从东南到西北部逐渐增加的趋势;5～10月,频率峰值所对应的反照率值呈现出先降低后增加的特征,到7月反照率值达到最低。(2)由于土壤湿度和植被覆盖度空间分布的差异,出现了3种反照率和能量分布型,即宽频低峰型、高频窄峰型和多峰型分布。(3)由于2007年8～10月黄土高原降水量比较充沛,大部分区域的土壤湿度都在60%以上,使得净辐射量、感热通量、潜热通量频率分布比较集中。     

干旱区荒漠草原过渡带快速变化的陆面过程特征观测分析

干旱区荒漠草原过渡带下垫面受降水影响而变化,在短期内由沙漠转化为草地,因而其陆面过程特征快速变化十分显著,可能对区域天气或气候造成一定影响。本文利用2012年7~9月在腾格里沙漠南缘的荒漠草原过渡带开展的"微气象蒸发观测实验"的观测资料,通过分析强降水前后土壤温度、含水量、辐射及湍流通量,研究快速变化的陆面过程特征。结果表明:40 cm以上的浅层土壤温度在降水后降低,随着降水辐射效应的消失,土壤温度升高;而深层的土壤温度变化较小。土壤含水量对降水有明显的响应,20 cm以上的浅层土壤含水量迅速增大,而后缓慢减小;30、40 cm的土壤含水量先增大后迅速下降。7、8月的净辐射变化不大,在-50~450 W·m-2间变化。降水发生后,反射辐射和地表长波辐射较干旱荒漠有所降低,2~3 d后又恢复到干旱荒漠的量级。地表反照率在降水后先降后升,荒漠草地的地表反照率日均值较大,与地表含水量、太阳高度角及植被生长参数密切相关。感热和潜热在降水前后变化显著,潜热增大而后减小,感热减小而后增大,干旱荒漠地表能量传输以感热通量为主,强降水发生后,潜热通量占主导地位,而后由于蒸散发使土壤含水量减小,潜热的主导地位逐渐被感热代替。     

半干旱区陆面模式参数对水分循环的敏感性研究

植被覆盖对陆气之间物质和能量交换过程具有极其重要的影响,但植被覆盖对于交换过程的影响因子很多,关系复杂.作者研究了各种植被因子对陆气之间水分循环的作用和相对重要性.首先通过单点NO-AH模式对吉林通榆农田下垫面2004年土壤和边界层各物理量进行模拟,并与观测结果比较和评价,肯定了单点NOAH模式模拟能力.使用这一模式进行敏感试验,将与植被有关的参数分别在其取值范围取较大与较小值,比较水分循环各物理量如土壤湿度、土壤蒸发、植被蒸腾等的变化情况.试验表明在各参数中植被气孔阻抗、根系深度、土壤湿度初值和反照率对水分循环的影响较大,而叶面积指数、粗糙度和冠层阻抗则影响较小.     

地表反照率动态参数化对陆-气通量模拟的影响：以东北玉米农田为例

利用考虑了生物因子(叶面积指数)和环境因子(太阳高度角、表层土壤湿度)影响的地表反照率α动态参数化方案对BATS1e模型进行改进,基于2008年玉米农田生态系统的通量、气象及生物因子的连续观测资料,研究α动态参数化对玉米农田生态系统与大气间通量交换的影响.结果表明,引入α动态参数化方案后,模型实现了地表反照率α的日、季动态模拟,模型效率系数提高0.65,误差明显减小,使陆气通量交换热力作用的模拟准确性有所提高,其中,净入射短波辐射模拟改进最为明显,全年改进量为81772 kJ/m2,占年总辐射的1.7％;表层土壤温度的年均改进量为0.62 K,多数月份的改进量在1 K以上.另外,模型改进实现了叶面积指数和植被覆盖度等决定下垫面性质各参数的动态变化,使各种通量交换过程更接近于实际,感热和潜热模拟的模型效率系数分别提高0.516和0.1,模拟值对实测值的解释能力在生长季分别提高6％和9％,大于非生长季.     

Variation of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters with soil moisture content at a semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau

Almost three years of continuous measurements taken between January 2001 and May 2003 at the Gaize (or Gerze) automatic weather station (32.30 °N, 84.06 °E, 4420 m), a cold semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau, have been used to study seasonal and annual variations of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters, such as thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity, and their relationship to soil moisture content. Most of these parameters undergo dramatic seasonal and annual variations. Surface albedo decreases with increasing soil moisture content, showing the typical exponential relation between surface albedo and soil moisture. Soil thermal conductivity increases as a power function of soil moisture content. The diffusivity first increases with increasing soil moisture, reaching its maximum at about 0.25 (volume per volume), then slowly decreases. Soil thermal capacity is rather stable for a wide range of soil moisture content.     

土壤热异常影响地表能量平衡的个例分析和数值模拟

The statistical relationship between soil thermal anomaly and short-term climate change is presented based on a typical case study. Furthermore, possible physical mechanisms behind the relationship are revealed through using an off-line land surface model with a reasonable soil thermal forcing at the bottom of the soil layer.In the first experiment, the given heat flux is 5 W m-2 at the bottom of the soil layer (in depth of 6.3 m)for 3 months, while only a positive ground temperature anomaly of 0.06℃ can be found compared to the control run. The anomaly, however, could reach 0.65℃ if the soil thermal conductivity was one order of magnitude larger. It could be even as large as 0.81℃ assuming the heat flux at bottom is 10 W m-2. Meanwhile, an increase of about 10 W m-2 was detected both for heat flux in soil and sensible heat on land surface, which is not neglectable to the short-term climate change. The results show that considerable response in land surface energy budget could be expected when the soil thermal forcing reaches a certain spatial-tem poral scale. Therefore, land surface models should not ignore the upward heat flux from the bottom of the soil layer. Moreover, integration for a longer period of time and coupled land-atmosphere model are also necessary for the better understanding of this issue.     

Evaluation of Haney-Type Surface ThermalBoundary Conditions Using a CoupledAtmosphere and Ocean Model

A coupled atmosphere-ocean model developed at the Institute for Space Studies at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Russell et al., 1995) was used to verify the validity of Haney-type surface thermal boundary condition, which linearly connects net downward surface heat flux Q to air / sea temperature difference △T by a relaxation coefficient k. The model was initiated from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) atmospheric observations for 1 December 1977, and from the National Ocean Data Center (NODC) global climatological mean December temperature and salinity fields at 1° ×1° resolution. The time step is 7.5 minutes. We integrated the model for 450 days and obtained a complete model-generated global data set of daily mean downward net surface flux Q, surface air temperature TA,and sea surface temperature To. Then, we calculated the cross-correlation coefficients (CCC) between Q and △T. The ensemble mean CCC fields show (a) no correlation between Q and △T in the equatorial regions, and (b) evident correlation (CCC≥ 0.7) between Q and △T in the middle and high latitudes.Additionally, we did the variance analysis and found that when k= 120 W m-2K-1, the two standard deviations, σQ and σk△T, are quite close in the middle and high latitudes. These results agree quite well with a previous research (Chu et al., 1998) on analyzing the NCEP re-analyzed surface data, except that a smaller value of k (80 W m-2K-1) was found in the previous study.     

土壤质地对中国区域陆面过程模拟的影响

利用陆面过程模式(CLM3.5)和中国区域两种土壤质地数据(分别来自第二次中国土壤调查SNSS和联合国粮食农业组织FAO),研究了土壤质地变化对于模式模拟的陆表水热变量的影响。结果显示,土壤质地对土壤水文学变量的影响远大于对土壤热力学变量的影响,尤其是对于饱和土壤含水量和饱和水力传导率的影响。对于模式的输出,土壤质地影响比较明显的有土壤湿度、总径流和土壤渗透等水文学变量以及地表潜热、地表感热和土壤热通量等热力学变量,而影响相对较小的有地面吸收的太阳辐射和地表反照率。同时,发现基于SNSS模拟的土壤湿度与站点观测值更加接近。因此,本研究认为基于SNSS土壤质地数据可以有效地改进模式模拟结果,建议以后在陆面模式试验中尽可能使用以观测为基础的SNSS土壤质地数据。     

Towards Closing the Surface Energy Budget of a Mid-latitude Grassland

Observations for May and August, 2005, from a long-term grassland meteorological station situated in central Netherlands were used to evaluate the closure of the surface energy budget. We compute all possible enthalpy changes, such as the grass cover heat storage, dew water heat storage, air mass heat storage and the photosynthesis energy flux, over an averaging time interval. In addition, the soil heat flux was estimated using a harmonic analysis technique to obtain a more accurate assessment of the surface soil heat flux. By doing so, a closure of 96% was obtained. The harmonic analysis technique appears to improve closure by 9%, the photosynthesis for 3% and the rest of the storage terms for a 3% improvement of the energy budget closure. For calm nights (friction velocity u _* < 0.1 m s⁻¹) when the eddy covariance technique is unreliable for measurement of the vertical turbulent fluxes, the inclusion of a scheme that calculates dew fluxes improves the energy budget closure significantly.     

青藏高原卫星观测地表温度的分析

利用 ＩＳＣＣＰ－Ｃ２卫星观测地表温度资料，使用 ＥＯＦ方法分析了青藏高原地区地表温度的空间分布和时间变化特征，讨论了地表温度变化对气候变化如季风和降水的影响和响应。根据地表温度的相关性讨论了青藏高原地区的气候区划，并据此划分了３个气候区。     

A dataset of global ocean surface currents for 1999-2007 derived from Argo float trajectories: Comparison with surface drifter and TAO measurements

A dataset of surface current vectors with error estimate from 1999 to 2007 is derived from the trajectories of the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography （Argo） drifting on surface over the global ocean. The error of the estimated surface currents is about 4.7 cm s-1 which is equivalent to the accuracy of the currents determined from the surface drifters. Geographically, the Argo-derived surface currents can fill many gaps left by the Global Drifter Program due to the greater number of floats, and can provide a complementary in situ observational system for monitoring global ocean surface currents. The surface currents from the Argo floats are compared with the surface drifter-derived currents and the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean program （TAO） measurements. The comparisons show good agreement for both the current amplitude and the direction of surface currents. Results indicate the feasibility of obtaining ocean surface currents from the Argo array and of combining the surface currents from Argo and the ocean surface drifters for in situ mapping of the global surface currents. The authors also make the dataset available to users of interest for many types of applications.