不同PDO位相下El Niño发展年和La Niña年东亚夏季风的季节内变化

基于1957~2017年观测和再分析资料,合成分析了北太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific decadal oscillation,PDO)不同位相下El Ni?o发展年和La Nina年东亚夏季风的环流、降水特征及季节内变化。结果表明,PDO正、负位相作为背景场,分别对El Ni?o发展年、La Nina年东亚夏季风及夏季降水具有加强作用。PDO正位相一方面可增强El Ni?o发展年夏季热带中东太平洋暖海温异常信号,另一方面通过冷海温状态加强中高纬东亚大陆与西北太平洋的环流异常,从而在一定程度上增强了东亚夏季风环流的异常程度;反之,PDO负位相则增强了La Nina年热带海气相互作用以及中高纬环流(如东北亚反气旋)的异常。在季节内变化方面,El Ni?o发展年6月贝湖以东反气旋性环流为东亚地区带来稳定的北风异常,东北亚位势高度减弱;7月开始,环流形势发生调整,日本以东洋面出现气旋性异常,东亚大陆偏北风及位势高度负异常均得到加强;8月,随着东亚夏季风季节进程和El Ni?o发展,西太平洋出现气旋性环流异常,东亚副热带位势高度进一步降低,西北太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)明显东退。La Nina年6月异常较弱,主要环流差异自7月西北太平洋为大范围气旋性异常控制开始,东亚-太平洋遥相关型显著,副高于季节内始终偏弱偏东。上述两种情况下,均造成东亚地区夏季降水总体上偏少,尤其是中国北方降水显著偏少。     

近50 a华南盛夏降水的季节内差异及大气环流异常特征分析

基于CRU、CMAP、PREC/L、CN05.1、NCEP/NCAR以及全国160个台站的月降水资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分解、依赖于季节的经验正交函数(SEOF)分解、滑动平均、空间相关、回归以及合成分析等多元统计方法研究了近50 a华南盛夏降水异常的基本特征及其季节内差异,并讨论了其大气环流异常。结果表明:(1)盛夏7、8月华南降水异常的空间分布都表现为区域一致性,即整个华南地区都为正(负)异常。(2)华南盛夏降水异常在月季变化的时间尺度上存在着同位相和反位相演变,1963—1993年,华南7、8月降水大致为反相演变,即7月华南全区一致偏涝(旱)而8月一致偏旱(涝);1994—2015年,二者总体表现为同相演变,即7月华南全区降水一致偏涝(旱)时8月亦一致偏涝(旱)。(3)大气遥相关型的变化是同相和反相两种演变模态产生的主要原因,同相期间对流层中层7月表现为欧亚遥相关(EU)和东亚太平洋遥相关(EAP)相互配置,8月表现为类似EU和太平洋北美遥相关(PNA)型;反相期间对流层中层7月表现为类似北美东西遥相关(NAEW)型,8月表现为类似EAP型。(4)西太平洋副热带高压的变化与华南盛夏降水季节内差异密切相关。反相期间7月与8月西太平洋副热带高压的差异主要体现在东西位置变化较大,而同相期间变化不大。     

The Major Interannual Modes of Late-Summer Precipitation Over the Northern China Monsoon Region

ABSTRACT

Summer precipitation in the northern China monsoon region (NCMR; 35°–55°N, 108°–135°E) shows significant intraseasonal variability. The early-summer (June) and late-summer (July–August) precipitation patterns show clear differences in their formation mechanisms and the systems that affect them. We used empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to investigate the two leading modes of July–August precipitation over the NCMR and their associated atmospheric circulation anomalies using linear regression. The results show that the first (EOF1) and second (EOF2) modes correspond to a pan-NCMR precipitation variation pattern and a precipitation oscillation pattern between North China (NC) and Northeast China (NEC), respectively. These two modes account for 22.1% and 10.1% of the total variance, respectively. The associated principal components (PCs) both have significant interannual variability with a period of 2–4 years. In addition, PC1 has significant interdecadal variability with a period of 20–30 years. Further analysis suggests that EOF1 and EOF2 clearly have a different relationship with the summer monsoon circulation system. In the positive phase of PC1, the East Asian subtropical westerly jet stream (EAWJS) shows a northward trend with higher intensity than normal the blocking high at mid- to high latitudes is inactive; and the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is located to the north of its normal position. The NCMR is controlled by stronger southerly winds, which cause the convergence of water vapour, favouring more precipitation in this region and vice versa. In the positive phase of PC2, the EAWJS swings to the south of Lake Baikal. Significant positive height anomalies exist from western NC to NEC. Significant negative height anomalies occur to the subtropical northwestern Pacific. This indicates that the cold vortex in Northeast China is inactive, the WPSH tends to be weaker and located to the south of its normal position, and NEC (NC) is dominated by anomalous northeasterly (southeasterly) winds. The convergence (divergence) of water vapour in NC (NEC) favours more (less) precipitation in NC (NEC) and vice versa. Therefore, EOF1 is related to the large-scale circulation anomalies over East Asia and the northwest Pacific in July and August, whereas EOF2 is more closely related to the anomalies in the regional circulation over the NCMR and the subtropical northwestern Pacific.     

夏季长白山天池站降水量年际变化特征及其对应的环流异常

长白山地处吉林省东南部,作为国家级重点生态功能区,其降水变化特征对该地森林生态系统和水资源结构变化有重要影响。本文基于1979～2016年吉林省47个台站逐月降水资料,探究了长白山天池站夏季降水的气候特征及其相关的环流异常,并与吉林省降水进行对比。分析结果表明天池夏季降水量以及年际变率高出吉林省其它站点一倍左右。此外,天池降水年际变化对应的环流异常与吉林省降水一致,即6月东北亚气旋式异常和东亚高空急流的增强,以及7、8月西太平洋副热带高压增强和东亚高空西风急流偏北,均可引起吉林省和天池降水偏多。另一方面,天池降水变异还表现出其独特的环流异常,与吉林省降水对应的环流异常显著不同或者甚至近乎相反,究其原因为长白山地形所致。本文的结果说明山地的气候和大气环流的关系复杂、多变。     

The interannual variation in monthly temperature over Northeast China during summer

The interannual variations of summer surface air temperature over Northeast China （NEC） were investigated through a month-to-month analysis from May to August. The results suggested that the warmer temperature over NEC is related to a local positive 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly for all four months. However, the teleconnection patterns of atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the monthly surface air temperature over NEC behave as a distinguished subseasonal variation, although the local positive height anomaly is common from month to month. In May and June, the teleconnection pattern is characterized by a wave train in the upper and middle troposphere from the Indian Peninsula to NEC. This wave train is stronger in June than in May, possibly due to the positive feedback between the wave train and the South Asian rainfall anomaly in June, when the South Asian summer monsoon has been established. In July and August, however, the teleconnection pattern associated with the NEC temperature anomalies is characterized by an East Asia/Pacific （EAP） or Pacific/Japan （PJ） pattern, with the existence of precipitation anomalies over the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea. This pattern is much clearer in July corresponding to the stronger convection over the Philippine Sea compared to that in August.     

Spatial and interannual variations of spring rainfall over eastern China in association with PDO–ENSO events

The spatio-temporal variations of eastern China spring rainfall are identified via empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of rain-gauge (gridded) precipitation datasets for the period 1958–2013 (1920–2013). The interannual variations of the first two leading EOF modes are linked with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with this linkage being modulated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The EOF1 mode, characterized by predominant rainfall anomalies from the Yangtze River to North China (YNC), is more likely associated with out-of-phase PDO–ENSO events [i.e., El Niño during cold PDO (EN_CPDO) and La Niña during warm PDO (LN_WPDO)]. The sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) distributions of EN_CPDO (LN_WPDO) events induce a significant anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) over the western North Pacific stretching northward to the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, resulting in anomalous southwesterlies (northeasterlies) prevailing over eastern China and above-normal (below-normal) rainfall over YNC. In contrast, EOF2 exhibits a dipole pattern with predominantly positive rainfall anomalies over southern China along with negative anomalies over YNC, which is more likely connected to in-phase PDO–ENSO events [i.e., El Niño during warm PDO (EN_WPDO) and La Niña during cold PDO (LN_CPDO)]. EN_WPDO (LN_CPDO) events force a southwest–northeast oriented dipole-like circulation pattern leading to significant anomalous southwesterlies (northeasterlies) and above-normal (below-normal) rainfall over southern China. Numerical experiments with the CAM5 model forced by the SSTA patterns of EN_WPDO and EN_CPDO events reproduce reasonably well the corresponding anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns and spring rainfall modes over eastern China, validating the related mechanisms.     

四川地区7月和8月降水异常空间型及其环流特征

基于1979—2013年四川156站逐月降水资料和ERA-interim逐月再分析资料,分析了四川7月和8月降水异常主要空间分布型及其大尺度环流特征。(1) 7月和8月降水异常均主要表现为全区一致型,其次是中部与东西部振荡型,但7月与8月同一模态的变化没有持续性;(2) 7月和8月四川降水异常呈全区一致型的环流配置差异明显,关键环流因子主要包括副高、欧亚中高纬环流和南亚高压;(3)控制7月和8月降水异常全区一致型的关键环流因子强度和位置存在显著差异,其中副高的表现最突出。全区多雨型:7月副高西部明显偏强、西界明显偏西,脊线偏北,四川位于副高西北边缘附近。8月副高西南部明显偏强,脊线明显偏南,西界偏西,586线经过四川南部29 °N附近。全区少雨型:7月副高西南部明显偏弱,西北部偏强,西界明显偏东,脊线偏北,四川位于副高西侧。8月副高西北部明显偏强,脊线明显偏北,西界偏西,整个四川都在586线控制范围内。      

我国东部梅雨期降水的年际和年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和海温的关系

基于我国160站59年(1951～2009年)的月降水观测资料、美国气象环境预报中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)提供的再分析资料和Hadley中心的海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,简称SST)资料,对我国东部(100°E以东,15°N～40°N)梅雨期(6月和7月)降水的时空变化特...     

冬季各月北太平洋涛动的年际变化及其与我国降水异常的联系

利用ERA-Interim的海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure,SLP)再分析资料和中国160站的降水观测资料,分析了冬季各月(当年12月、次年1月和2月)北太平洋涛动(North Pacific Oscillation,NPO)的年际变化特征,及其与我国同期降水异常之间的联系。结果表明:1)冬季各月NPO指数的年际变化较为显著,但各月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关性较差,1979—2012年冬季12月与1月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关系数为0.09,而1月与2月NPO指数的相关系数仅为-0.003,均没有通过信度检验。2)1月和12月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国黄淮流域降水异常之间存在明显的正相关,而2月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国华北降水异常之间为明显的负相关。3)当1月(12月)NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国黄淮流域降水量比多年平均值增加约50%(40%);而当2月NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国华北降水量比多年平均值减少约30%。     

Regional-scale relationships between aerosol and summer monsoon circulation, and precipitation over northeast Asia

We investigated the regional-scale relationships between columnar aerosol loads and summer monsoon circulation, and also the precipitation over northeast Asia using aerosol optical depth (AOD) data obtained from the 8-year MODIS, AERONET Sun/sky radiometer, and precipitation data acquired under the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). These high-quality data revealed the regional-scale link between AOD and summer monsoon circulation, precipitation in July over northeast Asian countries, and their distinct spatial and annual variabilities. Compared to the mean AOD for the entire period of 2001–2008, the increase of almost 40–50% in the AOD value in July 2005 and July 2007 was found over the downwind regions of China (Yellow Sea, Korean peninsula, and East Sea), with negative precipitation anomalies. This can be attributable to the strong westerly confluent flows, between cyclone flows by continental thermal low centered over the northern China and anticyclonic flows by the western North Pacific High, which transport anthropogenic pollution aerosols emitted from east China to aforementioned downwind high AOD regions along the rim of the Pacific marine airmass. In July 2002, however, the easterly flows transported anthropogenic aerosols from east China to the southwestern part of China in July 2002. As a result, the AOD off the coast of China was dramatically reduced in spite of decreasing rainfall. From the calculation of the cross-correlation coefficient between MODIS-derived AOD anomalies and GPCP precipitation anomalies in July over the period 2001–2008, we found negative correlations over the areas encompassed by 105–115°E and 30–35°N and by 120–140°E and 35–40°N (Yellow Sea, Korean peninsula, and East Sea). This suggests that aerosol loads over these regions are easily influenced by the Asian monsoon flow system and associated precipitation.     

初夏东亚-太平洋大气热源与长江流域及邻近地区7、8月降水异常的关系

用1958～2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、中国160站降水量及1958～1998年月平均海温资料分析了中国夏季相邻月份降水异常型的相关特征，及其与大气热源的关系和相关物理过程。结果表明，7月长江流域的降水异常与8月长江和黄河之间地区的降水异常有很好的同号性。7、8月长江流域及附近地区持续性偏旱（涝）与太平洋洋盆尺度的大气热源异常有关，并与前期5、6月热带中、东太平洋大范围的热源异常、青藏高原热源异常也有密切的联系，即当5、 6月赤道东太平洋的大气热源正异常，而赤道中太平洋北侧的热源负异常，则中国7月长江中下游偏涝，8月长江中上游与江淮流域和内蒙古东部偏涝，华南偏旱；反之亦然。前期热带中、东太平洋上空的热源异常中心和与之联系的异常垂直运动中心的西扩和西移，以及青藏高原东部的热源异常中心是影响我国7、8月持续偏旱（涝）的重要环流异常特征。另外，南海－西太平洋海温在前期也已经具有我国夏季长江流域发生旱涝对应的同期海温异常分布型的特征。     

北方雨季中国东部降水异常模态的环流特征及成因分析

根据1958～2011年中国东部（105°E以东）316站逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,利用统计分析、物理量诊断等方法,探讨北方雨季（7月11日至8月31日）中国东部降水异常模态及同期、前期的大气环流特征。分析发现,北方雨季中国东部降水异常表现为三个相互独立的降水模态:第一模态为偏西型,当其时间系数为正（负）时,河套地区降水偏多（少）,江淮流域上游降水偏少（多）,南方大部降水偏多（少）;第二模态为北方一致型,当其时间系数为正（负）时,北方降水一致偏多（少）,长江流域降水偏少（多）;第三模态为偏东型,当其时间系数为正（负）时,东北南部至长江中游降水偏多（少）,华东沿海降水偏少（多）。研究发现,造成北方雨季三个降水异常模态的环流特征各不相同:偏西型降水主要受西亚高空副热带西风急流位置南北偏移影响;北方一致型降水主要由东亚-太平洋遥相关波列导致;偏东型降水主要与海陆气压异常对比造成的东亚夏季风变化有关。此外,三个模态与前期环流异常有密切联系。第一模态的正（负）异常由7月上旬200 hPa来自北大西洋的异常波列造成乌拉尔山位势高度负（正）异常和巴尔喀什湖以南位势高度正（负）异常引起。第二模态的正（负）异常与前期7月上旬200 hPa北大西洋上位势高度负（正）异常产生的沿中纬度（高纬度）路径向下游传播的波列有关。第三模态的正（负）异常由春季3月份低层蒙古上空异常的气旋（反气旋）持续至同期造成。     

Modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the summer precipitation over East China: a comparison of observations to 600-years control run of Bergen Climate Model

Observations show that the summer precipitation over East China often goes through decadal variations of opposite sign over North China and the Yangtze River valley (YRV), such as the “southern flood and northern drought” pattern that occurred during the late 1970s–1990s. In this study it is shown that a modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the summer precipitation pattern over East China during the last century is partly responsible for this characteristic precipitation pattern. During positive PDO phases, the warm winter sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the eastern subtropical Pacific along the western coast of North American propagate to the tropics in the following summer due to weakened oceanic meridional circulation and the existence of a coupled wind–evaporation–SST feedback mechanism, resulting in a warming in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (5°N–20°N, 160°W–120°W) in summer. This in turn causes a zonal anomalous circulation over the subtropical–tropical Pacific Ocean that induces a strengthened western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and thus more moisture over the YRV region. The end result of these events is that the summer precipitation is increased over the YRV region while it is decreased over North China. The suggested mechanism is found both in the observations and in a 600-years fully coupled pre-industrial multi-century control simulations with Bergen Climate Model. The intensification of the WPSH due to the warming in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean was also examined in idealized SSTA-forced AGCM experiments.     

The 2016 summer floods in China and associated physical mechanisms: A comparison with 1998

The characteristics of droughts and floods in China during the summers (May–August) of 2016 and 1998 were compared in great detail, together with the associated atmospheric circulations and external-forcing factors. Following results are obtained. (1) The precipitation was mostly above normal in China in summer 2016, with two main rainfall belts located in the Yangtze River valley (YRV) and North China. Compared with 1998, a similar rainfall belt was located over the YRV, with precipitation 100% and more above normal. However, the seasonal processes of Meiyu were different. A typical “Secondary Meiyu” occurred in 1998, whereas dry conditions dominated the YRV in 2016. (2) During May–July 2016, the Ural high was weaker than normal, but it was stronger than normal in 1998. This difference resulted from fairly different distributions of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the North Atlantic Ocean during the preceding winter and spring of the two years. (3) Nonetheless, tropical and subtropical circulation systems were much more similar in May–July of 2016 and 1998. The circulation systems in both years were characterized by a stronger than normal and more westward-extending western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), a weaker than normal East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), and anomalous convergence of moisture flux in the mid and lower reaches of the YRV. These similar circulation anomalies were attributed to the similar tropical SSTA pattern in the preceding seasons, i.e., the super El Niño and strong warming in the tropical Indian Ocean. (4) Significant differences in the circulation pattern were observed in August between the two years. The WPSH broke up in August 2016, with its western part being combined with the continental high and persistently dominating eastern China. The EASM suddenly became stronger, and dry conditions prevailed in the YRV. On the contrary, the EASM was weaker in August 1998 and the “Secondary Meiyu” took place in the YRV. The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) was extremely active in August 2016 and stayed in western Pacific for 25 days. It triggered frequent tropical cyclone activities and further influenced the significant turning of tropical and subtropical circulations in August 2016. In contrast, the MJO was active over the tropical Indian Ocean in August 1998, conducive to the maintenance of a strong WPSH. Alongside the above oceanic factors and atmospheric circulation anomalies, the thermal effect of snow cover over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau from the preceding winter to spring in 2016 was much weaker than that in 1998. This may explain the relatively stronger EASM and more abundant precipitation in North China in 2016 than those in 1998.     

华北夏季不同月份降水的年代际变化

利用９５１年到１９９６年华北地区１７个站的月降水资料,分析了华北地区夏季各月降水的年代际变化特征,结果表明：６月降水量较少,且在年代际变化下没有表现出减少趋势;７月降水量较多,年代际变化较大,８０年代是少;８月的降水量在年代际变化上表现出线性减少的趋势并呈准１０年周期的振荡,７月和８月的降水量均在６０年代中期和从７０年代末到８０年代初有两次明显的减少。根据７、８月降水不同的年代际变化特征,我们利用     

THE IMPACTS OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION ON SPRING RAINFALL IN EAST CHINA

Phase composite analyses are conducted to investigate the possible effect of the Madden–Julian oscillation(MJO)on the spring rainfall anomalies in East China by using the Real-time Multivariate MJO(RMM)index from Australian Meteorological Bureau.The results show that the rainfall anomalies over the mid-and lower-valley of Yangtze River are positive when the MJO shifts eastward to the mid-and eastern-Indian Ocean,and anomalous precipitation over South China are positive when the MJO moves further eastward to the maritime continent,whereas spring rainfall anomalies over East China are negative in the other MJO episodes.The MJO impacts on the precipitation over East China result from the changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation as well as vorticity and water vapor transportation in the mid-and lower-troposphere.     

The coherent large-scale circulation change between dry/wet years over central eastern China simulated by NCAR CAM5

This study evaluates the simulation of the coherent circulation structure correspond to the changes of mid-summer (July–August) rainfall over eastern China (30°–40° N, 110°–120° E) in high-resolution NCAR CAM5. Forced by historical sea surface temperatures (SSTs), the NCAR CAM5 reasonably reproduces coherent changes of temperature and large-scale circulations, corresponding to the changes in rainfall. Results show that when the rainfall decreases over eastern China, the model reproduces a remarkable warm center in the upper troposphere with an anomalous anticyclone appears above and an increase in anomalous westerlies to its north. An anomalous anticyclone also occurs in the lower troposphere, along with anomalous southerlies to its east which indicates strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon. Both the circulation changes in the upper and lower troposphere favor a decrease in precipitation over central eastern China. There were also good correlations between the simulated upper-tropospheric temperature and other large-scale circulation changes. There are some deficiencies in the NCAR CAM5 simulations in terms of the changes in magnitude and location of the rainfall centers. However, in general, the model reasonably reproduced the coherent configuration of the large-scale circulation patterns and surface rainfall. This study further confirms that the climate variations across East Asia most likely arise from a regional response to global climate change. The well-simulated configuration by NCAR CAM5 also indicates the reliability of the model and its potential to reveal the mechanisms driving the coherent changes of the East Asian summer monsoon system.     

吉林省盛夏降水季内变化特征及大气环流分析

利用1961—2017年吉林省46个地面气象观测站点降水月数据及NCEP/NCAR全球月平均位势高度场、风场再分析资料,采用EOF、SEOF、滑动相关、回归分析及合成分析等方法研究了近57 a吉林省盛夏7月、8月降水的基本特征,季内差异及其大气环流异常特征。结果表明：吉林省盛夏7月、8月降水在空间上以全区一致型为主,整个吉林省均表现为正（负）异常;吉林省7月、8月降水在1986—2004年基本呈现反位相变化,即7月多（少）,8月少（多）;2005—2017年两个月份呈现同位相变化,即7月少（多）,8月少（多）;反位相年中7月降水与北美东西遥相关（NAEW）及东亚太平洋相关（EAP）有关,8月降水与欧亚遥相关（EU）有关,同位相年中7月、8月降水与副热带高压强度和位置异常有关;吉林省盛夏降水同西太平洋副热带高压有着密切关系,反位相年高、低值年副热带高压的东西位置差异显著,同位相年期间副热带高压异常西伸北进、面积增大。     

中国东部地区夏季降水和环流的年代际转型及其与PDO的联系

利用1951—2013年全国160个测站逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和NOAA全球月平均海表温度等资料,分析了中国东部地区夏季降水的年代际转型及相关大气环流变化。研究结果表明,1970s中后期和1990s PDO两次位相转换给中国东部地区夏季降水带来显著的年代际变化,前者使得东亚夏季风进一步减弱,夏季雨带南退至长江中下游地区,后者使得东亚夏季风恢复增强,雨带北移至淮河流域。进一步研究发现,1990s PDO年代际突变导致东亚夏季大气环流场发生显著变化,贝加尔湖地区增暖导致向北的经向温度梯度增大以及副热带高压的东退北抬是导致1990s东部地区夏季降水年代际变化的可能原因。     

三类厄尔尼诺事件对东亚大气环流及中国东部次年夏季降水的影响

利用全球海表温度(SST)资料、ONI(Oceanic Nino Index)序列以及中国160站逐月降水资料,研究了不同类型El Nino事件的主要特征及其对东亚大气环流及中国东部次年夏季逐月及季节降水的影响。结果表明:1)据El Nino事件期间SST最大正异常所在区域,将El Nino事件分为Nino3、Nino4和Nino3.4型。2)El Nino事件次年6月,Nino3型时降水显著正异常区主要位于鄱阳湖和洞庭湖流域,Nino4型时位于鄱阳湖流域、桂粤湘三省交界及广西西部,Nino3.4型时位于洞庭湖流域。7月Nino3型降水显著正异常区北移至长江流域,8月则呈西多东少反相分布。从次年6月至8月,Nino4型降水显著正异常区逐渐北移,Nino3.4型降水显著正异常区则从南到北再移向东北。3)在整个次年夏季,Nino3、Nino4和Nino3.4型降水显著正异常区在中国东部呈自南向北分布。无论逐月或季节降水,均是Nino4型降水正异常最强、Nino3.4型最弱。4)不同类型事件次年夏季和各月环流特征存在一定差异,总体而言,对于南亚高压,Nino3型、Nino4型事件后呈偏强、东伸和北抬的特点,且后者较前者时更强;Nino3.4型事件后主要呈减弱、西退特征。对于西太平洋副热带高压,Nino3型、Nino4型事件后主要呈偏强、西伸、北抬特征,后者较前者更强,西伸、北抬也更明显;Nino3.4型后,副高以东撤、北抬特征为主。