南北涛动与南极涛动及北极涛动的相互作用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了南北涛动（Interhemispheric Oscillation,IHO）与北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation,AO）和南极涛动（Antarctic Oscillation,AAO）的联系。分析表明：1）北极涛动（AO）、南极涛动（AAO）与全年各自半球中高纬度地表气压变化密切联系。其中,AO冬季强度最强,且在春季、冬季的影响范围大。而AAO对南半球中高纬的地表气压变动影响更为明显,其在夏季影响范围最大。2）南极涛动（AAO）与南北涛动（IHO）有很好的同期相关性,南极涛动可部分解释南北涛动的形成。IHO与AO存在不显著的负相关,南北半球中高纬大气运动具有相对独立性。3）南北涛动（IHO）与全球较大范围内的地面气压变化有关,而去除AAO信号后,夏季在南极地区原显著相关区显著减少,夏季AAO与IHO存在密切联系。4）南北涛动（IHO）主要与春季、秋季和冬季亚洲、欧洲北部地面气温关系密切。秋季最强,春季次之,冬季最弱。夏季IHO与全球地面气温没有较好的联系。亚欧大陆北部的热力作用可能部分地解释了南北涛动的形成。     

Creating win-wins from trade-offs? Ecosystem services for human well-being: A meta-analysis of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in the real world

Ecosystem services can provide a wide range of benefits for human well-being, including provisioning, regulating and cultural services and benefitting both private and public interests in different sectors of society. Biophysical, economic and social factors all make it unlikely that multiple needs will be met simultaneously without deliberate efforts, yet while there is still much interest in developing win-win outcomes there is little understanding of what is required for them to be achieved. We analysed outcomes in a wide range of case studies where ecosystem services had been used for human well-being. Using systematic mapping of the literature from 2000 to 2013, we identified 1324 potentially relevant reports, 92 of which were selected for the review, creating a database of 231 actual or potential recorded trade-offs and synergies. The analysis of these case studies highlighted significant gaps in the literature, including: a limited geographic distribution of case studies, a focus on provisioning as opposed to non-provisioning services and a lack of studies exploring the link between ecosystem service trade-offs or synergies and the ultimate impact on human well-being. Trade-offs are recorded almost three times as often as synergies and the analysis indicates that there are three significant indicators that a trade-off will occur: at least one of the stakeholders having a private interest in the natural resources available, the involvement of provisioning ecosystem services and at least one of the stakeholders acting at the local scale. There is not, however, a generalisable context for a win-win, indicating that these trade-off indicators, although highlighting where a trade-off may occur do not indicate that it is inevitable. Taking account of why trade-offs occur (e.g. from failures in management or a lack of accounting for all stakeholders) is more likely to create win-win situations than planning for a win-win from the outset. Consequently, taking a trade-offs as opposed to a win-win approach, by having an awareness of and accounting for factors that predict a trade-off (private interest, provisioning versus other ES, local stakeholder) and the reasons why trade-offs are often the outcome, it may be possible to create the synergies we seek to achieve.     

一个世界最早光象分类体系的探讨——复原先秦“十煇”的研究

《周礼》十煇为世界最早的光象分类体系。其含义历来众说纷纭。有探讨、重建并评价的必要。本文比照历史上有影响的五家十煇定义,分析其含糊矛盾之处,提出复原十煇原义的三条原则,从而重建了十煇原义表,介绍了古代观测十煇的方法。最后对《周礼》十煇这个光象分类体系进行了评价。     

Modulation of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Genesis by Intraseasonal Oscillation of the ITCZ: A Statistical Analysis

The present study investigates modulation of western North Pacific(WNP) tropical cyclone(TC) genesis in relation to different phases of the intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) of ITCZ convection during May to October in the period 1979-2008.The phases of the ITCZ ISO were determined based on 30-80-day filtered OLR anomalies averaged over the region(5-20 N,120-150 E).The number of TCs during the active phases was nearly three times more than during the inactive phases.The active(inactive) phases of ISO were characterized by low-level cyclonic(anticyclonic) circulation anomalies,higher(lower) midlevel relative humidity anomalies,and larger(smaller) vertical gradient anomalies of relative vorticity associated with enhanced(weakened) ITCZ convection anomalies.During the active phases,TCs tended to form in the center of the ITCZ region.Barotropic conversion from the low-level mean flow is suggested to be the major energy source for TC formation.The energy conversion mainly depended on the zonal and meridional gradients of the zonal flow during the active phases.However,barotropic conversion weakened greatly during the inactive phases.The relationship between the meridional gradient of absolute vorticity and low-level zonal flow indicates that the sign of the absolute vorticity gradient tends to be reversed during the two phases,whereas the same sign between zonal flow and the absolute vorticity gradient is more easily satisfied in the active phases.Thus,the barotropic instability of low-level zonal flow might be an important mechanism for TC formation over the WNP during the active phases of ISO.     

太原冬季PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的变化特征

2005年12月—2006年2月在太原市区持续观测了气溶胶细粒子PM_2.5, 并应用Sunset碳分析仪进行了有机碳 (organic carbon, OC) 和元素碳 (elemental carbon, EC) 的测定。结果表明:太原冬季PM_2.5, OC和EC浓度均较高, 其中PM_2.5日平均浓度变化范围为25.4~419.0 μg/m3, 日平均浓度为193.4±102.3 μg/m3, OC平均浓度为28.9±14.8 μg/m3, EC平均浓度为4.8±2.2 μg/m3, OC/EC平均比值是7.0±3.9, 即太原市冬季PM_2.5和碳气溶胶污染严重。OC在PM _2.5中占18.6%, EC占2.9%, 这表明碳气溶胶是太原大气细粒子污染控制的关键组分。在太原市冬季, 采暖燃烧的煤是OC和EC的主要贡献源, 造成OC大大高于EC, 从而使OC/EC比值增大。各种气象条件对PM_2.5, OC, EC和OC/EC比值的变化都有不同程度的影响, 特别是大雾天气、相对湿度、风速和降雪是影响碳气溶胶浓度变化的重要因素。     

International politics must be considered together with climate and fisheries regulation as a driver of marine ecosystems

Seafood is an essential source of protein globally. As its demand continues to rise, balancing food security and the health of marine ecosystems has become a pressing challenge. Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) has been adopted by the European Union (EU) Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) to meet this challenge by accounting for the multiple interacting natural and socio-economic drivers. The CFP includes both the implementation of regulatory measures to EU stocks and the establishment of bilateral fisheries agreements with neighbouring countries, known as sustainable fisheries partnership agreements (SFPAs). While the effects of fisheries management regulations are well acknowledged, the consequences of the SFPAs on EU ecosystems have been commonly overlooked. Here we investigate the development of the Gulf of Cadiz marine ecosystem over the last two decades and found evidence of the impact of both policy interventions. Our findings reveal the effectiveness of regulatory measures in reverting a progressively degrading ecosystem, characterised by high fishing pressure and dominance of opportunistic species, to a more stable configuration, characterised by higher biomass of small pelagics and top predators after 2005. Knock-on effects of the EU-Morocco SFPA and climate effects were detected before 2005, resulting in increased purse seine fishing effort, lower biomass of pelagic species and warmer temperatures. This southern EU marine ecosystem has been one of the latest to introduce regulations and is very exposed to fishery agreements with neighbouring Morocco. Our study highlights the importance of taking into consideration, not only the effects of in situ fisheries regulations but also the indirect implications of political agreements in the framework of EBFM.     

基于MJO的延伸预报

近10年来,2～4周的延伸预报成为天气和气候业务预报发展的一个方向。目前比较有效的方法是根据季节内振荡的传播,尤其是MJO振荡(30～60天周期)的传播来制作延伸期预报。国际上一些天气-气候预报中通过数年的业务试验已取得了初步结果。作者首先介绍了MJO振荡及季风的季节内振荡(MISO)特征,并从季节内振荡与中纬度相互作用的角度讨论了制作延伸预报的理论依据;进一步对延伸预报的可预报性、预报方法及国内外业务应用进展进行了综述,并以江淮梅雨为例探讨了我国延伸预报的可预报性及信号;最后阐述了延伸预报的发展趋势。     

时-空二维波传播分解方法及其在季节内振荡分析中的应用

大气季节内振荡最显著的特征之一就是其复杂多变的传播特征。为了进一步分析大气季节内振荡的传播特征及其不同传播方向分量的不同作用,基于波的传播理论,对时-空谱分析进行了发展,提出了时-空二维波传播分解方法,并用理想函数验证了其正确性和可行性。结果表明:对任一时-空二维序列,采用此方法均可正确地分解得到空间上具有不同传播方向的3部分分量:前进波、后退波和驻波分量。之后,对向外长波辐射(OLR)、200和850hPa纬向风的东传、西传分量以及驻波分量分别进行联合经验正交函数(CEOF)分析。结果表明,在东传分量上,热带大气季节内振荡主要表现为纬向1波的向东传播,与对流层高、低层纬向风呈现反位相的斜压结构,和未分解的情况相比,前两个主要模态重要性的排序出现了颠倒,说明通过时-空二维波传播分解,避开了各分量之间的相互影响,进一步揭示了前两个模态的物理意义及其在季节内振荡中的重要性;在西传分量上,热带大气季节内振荡主要表现为纬向2—3波的向西传播;驻波分量主要表现出印度洋和太平洋的反位相结构。对热带地区大气季节内振荡的东、西分量的分析,深化了对热带大气季节内振荡东传、西传特征的了解,这对于热带大气季节内振荡更加准确预报及其...     

全球海表温度场中主要的年代际突变及其模态

用滑动t检验法对NOAA提供的改进扩展重建的全球海表温度场（1867～2005年）的年平均时间序列进行了年代际突变的定量检验。给出了几个年代际突变时期的时空分布，这些时期有:1894～1901年、1905～1909年、1920～1930年、1939～1945年、1954～1958年、1973～1979年和1994～1998年，并确定了全球海表温度年代际突变的时间，不仅发现了大家熟知的1924、1942和1976年左右的突变，还发现了1894、1907、1956年和最近的1997年的突变。分析表明，赤道太平洋和南太平洋是海温变化的敏感区的可能性较大，其次是北太平洋和南印度洋。用合成差分析得到了全球海表温度场的年代际模态的空间分布，1895～1906年和1908～1923年、1925～1941年和1943～1955年以及1977～1996年和1998～2005年这三对模态分别在大部分海域大体上存在较为明显的反位相结构，太平洋上各个时期均表现为PDO模态，只是强度和范围有所不同，大西洋的南北结构具有不对称性，增暖占主导地位。用滑动t检验法对PDO的年代际突变的信号进行了定量的检验，发现其年代际突变的时间依次为:1908、1924、1942、1956、1976和1997年，除了1894年的突变外，其余突变年份与上述全球海表温度场的年代际突变时间基本上是一致的，这说明PDO是全球海表温度场年代际突变的重要成员之一。假如存在1997年左右的突变，1998至今时段就是全球海表温度场一个新的年代际背景，就其年代际模态而言，目前的强度比1943～1955时段的年代际背景还要强；就PDO目前的强度来说， 与1909～1923和1957～1975这两个时段的强度大体相当。     

不同地区温度变化对缺血性心脑血管疾病影响的比较研究

本文综合探究了日平均气温、24h变温和气温日较差变化对缺血性心脑血管疾病发病人数的影响,采用分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)与广义相加模型(GAM),分别探析了2015—2016年安徽省阜南县和贵州省锦屏县日平均气温、24h变温和气温日较差与缺血性心脑血管住院病人数的暴露—反应关系。结果表明:气温日较差大于15℃缺血性心脑血管疾病相对风险剧烈升高,并呈现明显的即时效应,且其相对风险随滞后日增加和气温日较差增加达到叠加效应的峰值。当24h内气温下降7℃以上,缺血性心脑血管疾病相对风险开始明显上升,下降10℃以上呈现显著的即时效应。统计分析发现,两县在春季达到上述阈值概率最高,因此缺血性心脑血管疾病住院人数也在春季达到峰值,特别是雨水至清明节气时段为两县住院人数共同最高峰时段;值得注意的是,地处西部的锦屏县夏季缺血性心脑血管疾病发病人数也较多。此外,降温过程与节气转换也是导致两县缺血性心脑血管疾病住院人数阶段性增多的主要天气与气候因素。     

基于CyGNSS数据的土壤水分与植被光学厚度反演研究

本文提出了一种仅基于CyGNSS数据,能够同时反演土壤水分与植被光学厚度的方案,该方案使用了神经网络与暴力穷举算法.首先考察了2018年以及2020年的数据,并对结果进行了验证.通过分析发现反演结果与参考数据展现了良好的一致性.土壤水分的反演结果与2018年和2020年的测试数据比较,其相关系数分别高达0.86和0.84,均方根误差分别为0.064和0.071 cm³/cm³;对于植被光学厚度,2018年与2020年的相关系数均为0.98,均方根误差分别为0.079和0.084.研究结果表明,CyGNSS可作为一种新型且独立的泛热带土壤水分与植被光学厚度反演手段.     

Tropospheric transformation products of a series of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons

The products of the Cl-atom initiated reactions of a series of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in air have been investigated at 298 K and one atmosphere (740 Torr total pressure) of air. The products observed and quantified and their yields (%) were as follows: from CHF₂Cl (HCFC-22), C(O)F₂ (100%); from CHFCl₂ (HCFC-21), C(O)FCl (100%); from CH₂FCl (HCFC-31), HC(O)F (100%); from CH₃F (HFC-41), HC(O)F (100%); from CH₃CFCl₂ (HCFC-141b), C(O)FCl (100%); from CH₃CF₂Cl (HCFC-142b), C(O)F₂ (100%); from CH₃CHF₂ (HFC-152a), C(O)F₂ (92%); from CHCl₂CF₃ (HCFC-123), CF₃C(O)Cl (98%); from CHFClCF₃ (HCFC-124), CF₃C(O)F (101%); and from CHF₂CF₃ (HFC-125), C(O)F₂ (100%). The reaction mechanisms are discussed.     

TIMESERIES PREDICTION MODEL CONSISTING OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND GENETIC ALGORITHM*

The paper introduces the basic concept and flow diagram of genetic algorithm(GA) and the merits and demerits of artificial neural network(ANN) as a timeseries prediction model and thereupon developed is a new model with ANN and GA in combination. Eventually, calculations are presented with the results and model examined.     

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GMS-5 INFRARED DATA AND PRECIPITATION SOUNDED BY TRMM/PR

To study the possibility of improving the precision of retrieving precipitation through GMS-5infrared data,the relationship between the data of GMS-5 infrared channel 1(IR1)andprecipitation sounded by TRMM/PR was carefully studied through some cases gathered during theHUBEX 1998.First of all,the relationship between the brightness temperature(Tb)and PR-sounded near-surface rainfall rate(NSRR)was studied.Then,as PR can sound the innerstructure of rainfall area.a unique advantage of this new instrument,the relationship between Tband PR-sounded rainfall rate in each layer was also studied.Still,as PR can tell the rain type,those relationships were studied again according to the different types of precipitation(i.e.convective and stratiform).After comparing these outcomes with those from other references,itcan be concluded that the relationship between Tb and PR-sounded rainfall rate is acceptable and itis possible to calibrate precipitation retrieved through Tb by PR data.     

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GMS-5 INFRARED DATA AND PRECIPITATION SOUNDED BY TRMM/PR*

To study the possibility of improving the precision of retrieving precipitation through GMS-5 infrared data,the relationship between the data of GMS-5 infrared channel l(IRl) and precipitation sounded by TRMM/PR was carefully studied through some cases gathered during the HUBEX 1998.First of all,the relationship between the brightness temperature(Tb) and PR-sounded near-surface rainfall rate(NSRR) was studied.Then,as PR can sound the inner structure of rainfall area.a unique advantage of this new instrument,the relationship between Tb and PR-sounded rainfall rate in each layer was also studied.Still,as PR can tell the rain type,those relationships were studied again according to the different types of precipitation(i.e.convective and stratiform).After comparing these outcomes with those from other references,it can be concluded that the relationship between Tb and PR-sounded rainfall rate is acceptable and it is possible to calibrate precipitation retrieved through Tb by PR data.     

人工神经网络与遗传算法结合的时间序列预测模式

介绍了遗传算法的基本概念和流程，阐述了人工神经网络作为时间序列预测模式的可行性和不足之处，并提出了人工网络与遗传算法相结合的时间序列预测模式，最后给出了该算法的计算结果，并对结果和模式作了讨论。     

TIMESERIES PREDICTION MODEL CONSISTING OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND GENETIC ALGORITHM

The paper introduces the basic concept and flow diagram of genetic algorithm (GA) and themerits and demerits of artificial neural network (ANN) as a timeseries prediction model andthereupon developed is a new model with ANN and GA in combination. Eventually, calculationsare presented with the results and model examined.     

IPCC AR6报告解读：地球能量收支、气候反馈和气候敏感度

文中对IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第一工作组（WGI）报告的第七章关于地球能量收支、气候反馈和气候敏感度中的重要内容进行了凝练,并简要总结该方面的最新研究成果和结论。评估显示,自工业革命以来,人类活动造成的有效辐射强迫（ERF）为2.72 [1.96~3.48] W/m²,其中,均匀混合温室气体的贡献为3.32 [3.03~3.61] W/m²,气溶胶的贡献为-1.1 [-1.7~-0.4] W/m²。净的气候反馈参数为-1.16 [-1.81~-0.51] W/(m²∙℃),云仍然是气候反馈整体不确定性的最大来源。平衡态气候敏感度（ECS）和瞬态气候响应（TCR）可用于评估全球平均地表气温对强迫的响应,是衡量全球气候响应的有效手段。ECS和TCR的最佳估计分别为3.0 [2.0~5.0]℃和1.8 [1.2~2.4]℃。     

江淮地区极端降水特征及其变化趋势的研究

利用1961~2011年江淮地区5~9月无缺测的71站逐日降水资料,做基于POT(Peaks-Over-Threshold)的广义Pareto分布(GPD),研究江淮地区极端降水的分布特征及其变化趋势。结果表明:(1)皖赣交界处阈值最大,西北和东南部较小,且江淮大部分地区阈值的线性趋势系数为正,其中湖北东部和江西北部的站点,趋势达0.8 mm(10 a)-1以上,并通过了显著性水平0.01的MK(Mann-Kendall)检验。(2)江淮地区中东部多存在连续性极端降水,因此文中采用基于极值指数的自动分串技术获得近似独立的极值样本。(3)尺度参数大值区位于江淮南部,西北、东南以及淮河以北较小,且线性趋势系数在大部分地区均表现为正值,表明出现降水极大值的概率增加。(4)皖赣鄂交界处是极端降水发生概率大值区,而西北、东南及安徽中部地区较小,且极端降水在大部分地区有增加的趋势,特别是在大别山附近及河南东部,2年和20年重现水平的趋势分别达6 mm(10 a)-1和20 mm(10 a)-1以上。     

基于机载Ka波段云雷达和粒子测量系统同步观测的积层混合云对流泡特征

利用机载Ka波段云雷达（Airborne Ka-Band Precipitation Cloud Radar, KPR）和粒子测量系统（Droplet Measurement Technologies, DMT）,分析了2018年4月22日黄淮气旋背景系统下积层混合云中对流泡的动力和微物理特征。首先,对Ka波段云雷达观测的山东地区春季36个对流泡样本按照回波强度、水平尺度、回波顶高三个参量进行统计,结果表明平均回波强度为20～30 dBZ的对流泡占69%。对流泡水平尺度为15～30 km,占61%。对流泡最大回波顶高集中在6～8 km,比周边层云高2～4 km。之后,对4月22日积层混合云中的对流泡个例微物理参数进行统计,结果表明对流泡内部以上升气流为主,最大上升气流速度达到1.35 m s?1,平均上升气流速度为0.22 m s?1;对流泡内过冷水含量比较高,最大含水量为0.34 g m?3,平均含水量为0.15 g m?3。对流泡内冰晶数浓度是泡外的5.5倍,平均直径是泡外的1.7倍。结合云粒子图像探头,发现对流泡前沿和尾部冰粒子以柱状和辐枝状为主,而对流泡核心区域冰粒子以聚合体形式存在。冰粒子通过凇附过程和碰并过程增长,过冷水含量不足时冰粒子的凇附增长形成柱状粒子,含量充足时可迅速凇附成霰粒子。对流泡内降水形成的微物理机制不完全相同,主要依赖过冷水含量。当云中有充足的过冷水分布时,高层冰晶通过凇附增长形成霰粒子,通过融化层后形成降水;当云中缺少过冷水时,降水的形成主要通过水汽凝华过程形成冰雪晶,然后雪晶通过聚合过程实现增长。