2020年1月大气环流和天气分析

2016年1月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,东亚大槽位置较常年同期偏东偏北,强度偏弱。1月,全国平均降水量为23.3 mm,较常年同期（13.2 mm）偏多77%,为1961年以来历史同期第二多。1月,全国平均气温为-3.6℃,较常年同期（-5.0℃）偏高1.4℃,月内冷空气较弱,我国中东部雾 霾天气频发,共有三次大范围持续性雾 霾过程,分别为1月3—5日、16—18日和22—28日。此外,月内共有四次降水过程。     

2010年1月大气环流和天气分析

2010年1月,全国平均降水量为14.5 mm,较常年同期偏多2.4 mm,平均气温为-4.5℃较常年同期偏高1.4℃。月内,冷空气活动比较频繁,但强冷空气过程只有两次,2—7日和18—23日受强冷空气影响,我国大部出现大风降温和雨雪天气,北疆部分地区持续暴雪。除中旬全国降水较少之外,本月上旬和下旬全国共有6次主要的降水过程。此外,从本月的环流形势来看,极涡的强度比常年同期偏强,南支槽比常年同期偏弱,而副高则比常年同期偏强偏北。     

2019年1月大气环流和天气分析

2019年1月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,环流呈三波型,南支槽平均位置大致位于90°E附近,同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期位置偏西,强度偏强。本月,全国平均降水量为14.0 mm,较常年同期（13.5 mm）偏多4%,月内出现三次较强降水过程,江南和西南部分地区降水明显,全国共有35站日降水量达到极端事件标准。全国平均气温为-4.1℃,较常年同期（-5.0℃）偏高0.9℃,共出现4次冷空气过程。本月共发生2次大范围雾 霾天气过程。     

2020年12月大气环流和天气分析

2020年12月大气环流的主要特征是:北半球极涡呈偶极分布,环流呈三波型,欧亚中高纬度环流经向度大,东亚大槽偏强,南支槽偏弱。12月,全国平均降水量为5.8 mm,比常年同期(10.5 mm)偏少45.3%,全国平均气温为-3.9℃,比常年同期(-3.2℃)偏低0.7℃。月内共出现2次强冷空气过程、2次大范围降水过程和2次大范围雾-霾天气过程。其中27—31日,我国大部分地区遭遇寒潮天气,降温幅度大,影响范围广,多地最低气温突破历史极值。     

2024年1月大气环流和天气分析

2024年1月大气环流的主要特征是：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,欧亚中高纬环流呈纬向“两槽一脊”型,东亚大槽偏东。1月,全国平均降水量为16.3mm,较常年同期（14.1mm）偏多15.6%;全国平均气温-3.8℃,较常年同期（-4.8℃）偏高1.0℃。月内气温起伏较大,出现了1次全国型寒潮过程和2次大范围持续性雾 霾天气过程。其中20—22日的寒潮天气过程具有影响范围广、降温幅度大、大风持续时间长、暴雪极端性强等特点。     

2018年12月大气环流和天气分析

2018年12月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡为单极型分布,欧亚中高纬呈两槽一脊型,环流经向度大,有利于引导冷空气南下;南支槽偏强,且副热带高压位置偏西,有利于水汽向我国南方地区输送。12月,全国平均降水量为18.7 mm,较常年同期偏多73.1%;全国平均气温为-3.8℃,较常年同期（-3.2℃）偏低 0.6℃。月内共出现2次大范围降水过程、3次冷空气过程和2次雾 霾天气过程。其中,12月5—11日及12月27日至2019年1月1日,我国中东部地区出现两次大范围持续性低温雨雪天气,多地最低气温突破历史极值。     

2016年12月大气环流和天气分析

2016年12月大气环流主要特征如下：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中心气压较常年偏低,欧亚中高纬度环流呈两槽一脊型;南支槽强度偏弱,平均位置位于90°E附近,副热带高压较常年偏强。12月,全国平均降水量为11.5 mm,较常年同期偏多9.5%。全国平均气温为-0.7℃,较常年同期（-3.2℃）偏高2.5℃,为1961年以来历史同期最高值。月内,我国出现两次主要冷空气过程和两次主要降水过程以及3次雾 霾天气过程,其中16—21日雾 霾天气过程是2016年范围最广、持续时间最长、强度最强的雾 霾天气过程。     

2023年11月大气环流和天气分析

2023年11月北半球大气环流的主要特征是:极涡呈多极型分布,与历史同期相比,主体强度显著偏强;中高纬度地区环流形势为“四槽四脊”,亚洲中高纬度地区环流整体呈西高东低型,但东亚大槽偏弱;副热带高压强度显著偏强。11月全国平均气温较常年同期(3.3℃)偏高0.5℃。全国平均降水量较常年同期(20.2 mm)偏多9%,降水显著偏多地区主要在内蒙古、东北地区、华北南部和黄淮北部,东北部分地区降水量突破历史同期极大值。月内冷空气活动较为频繁,大气扩散条件整体较好,中东部等地较少出现雾和霾天气。月内出现了2次北方型寒潮天气过程。     

2012年12月大气环流和天气分析

2012年12月主要环流特征如下:极涡呈单极型分布,中高纬环流经向度大,有利于引导冷空气南下;南支槽活跃,副热带高压强度偏强位置偏西.12月,全国平均降水量为17.6mm,较常年同期(10.5mm)偏多67.6％;全国平均气温-4.4℃,较常年同期(-3.2℃)偏低1.2℃,其中北京平均气温为历史同期最低值.月内,共有五次明显冷空气过程和四次降水过程影响我国;多个地区出现极端低温和极端日降温事件,北方部分地区遭受雪灾,江南、华南等地多阴雨寡照天气.     

2023年12月大气环流和天气分析

2023年12月大气环流的主要特征是：北半球极涡呈多极型分布,欧亚中高纬环流经向度大,东亚大槽偏强,西太平洋副热带高压异常强盛。12月,全国平均降水量为12.2mm,较常年同期（11.9mm）偏多2.5%;全国平均气温为-2.6℃,比常年同期（-3.0℃）偏高0.4℃。月内共出现6次冷空气过程、1次沙尘天气过程和1次大范围持续性雾 霾天气过程。其中13—16日,我国大部地区遭遇的强寒潮过程具有影响范围广、降温幅度大和低温极端性显著等特点。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.