东北北部夏季旱涝形成机理的数值研究

根据 1 95 8～ 1 996年黑龙江省 38个代表站历年降水量资料和同期北半球 2 .5°× 2 .5°格点 5 0 0 h Pa位势高度资料 ,分别求出了干旱和洪涝年份 7、8月的流型 ,指出东北北部盛夏旱涝的形成与东亚由冬至夏的季节转换联系密切。用北半球正压模式实施 4组积分时间为 30个模式日的数值试验 ,成功地模拟了 7、8月干旱和洪涝流型的形成和持续过程 ,并分析了与旱涝流型相应的热源强迫场的不同特征     

N层模式大气中的斜压孤立Rossby波

文中导得了N层模式的KdV方程,作为例子计算了三层模式的孤立Rossby波流型。基本气流的垂直切变、水平切变和Froude数对孤波流型都有重要影响;不同模态的孤波具有不同流型,不同高度位面上的孤波流型一般是不同的。     

广州地区局地环流的数值模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的Eta模式和中-β气象预报模式,选择广州地区不同季节的47天,得到47例(包括夏季和冬季)24h环流的数值模拟结果,经过认真分析。得到影响广州地区的主要局地环流型有三种,即辐合气流型、辐散气流型、热岛环流型。从模拟的统计结果来看,辐合气流型、辐散气流型、热岛环流型分别为28％、26％、36％,为广州市空气污染数值预报提供了典型的气象场资料。     

偶极子型热源的变化对西北干旱流型的作用

实施了5组计9个时间积分为30个模式日的数值试验，研究了偶极子型热源不同位置的强度变化对西北干旱流型的作用。结果指出，东、西两侧热源状况的变动，对西北干旱流型的形成、维持均存在重要影响。这意味着，应该同时考虑东、西两侧的预报因子讯员。     

斜压准地转气流周期的和非周期的演变

本文利用低谱途径,将二层准地转模式转化为八维的强迫耗散的非线性系统。随着非绝热强迫参数的渐变,以流场距离函数描述的斜压准地转气流的流型演变从周期态转为非周期态。与六组不同的Poincare截面图相应的指数均为正值,以示非周期的局部不稳定特征。     

不同流型雹云中大雹增长运行轨迹的数值模拟

本文利用二维冰雹云模式,给出了相应的流场,设计了一个二维冰雹增长运行模式,分别对三种流型的冰雹增长运行轨迹作了模拟研究,结果表明:1.大雹的增长运行总是沿着相对水平风速零线旋转进入主上升气流区;轨迹距零线越近,冰雹长得越大;一旦远离零线,不是吹出云外,就是向下降落。2.冰雹的增长运行轨迹沿零线的上下旋转是形成冰雹多层结构的主要原因。3.形成大雹的雹胚起始出发点是位于主上升气流区外沿水平相对风速为零的区域内。     

地形和非绝热加热共同强迫的流型突变

本文用低谱模式,研究了地形和非绝热加热共同强迫的准地转气流的突变。在一定的参数集合,随着外部热力强迫参数的渐变,激发出了谱系数与西风急流位置的突变。 与单纯非绝热加热强迫的情况相比,地形引入后,改变了流型多平衡态的参数范围和流型突变的参数临界点的位置,并使平衡态流型的经向度加大。由夏至冬转换期间突然建立的南支急流的形态也更为接近观测事实。     

江淮流域夏季严重旱涝与大气季节内振荡

利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料和中国气象局国家气象中心提供的中国台站降水资料,分析研究了江淮流域大范围严重旱涝的20-70天大气季节内振荡(ISO)特征。结果表明,对应江淮流域严重涝年,200hPa青藏高原北部存在ISO气旋性环流,青藏高原南部存在ISO反气旋性环流;大气ISO流型在对流层中低层850hPa主要是我国长江以南、南海和西太平洋地区为大气ISO反气旋性环流,我国长江以北到日本地区的大气ISO气旋性环流,我国江淮流域位于这两个ISO涡旋西侧偏南气流和偏北气流的交汇处;旱年反之。利用向量经验正交展开方法得到,上述大气ISO环流型分别是旱涝年大气ISO流型的第一模态,并且涝年大气ISO流型的振幅强,旱年振幅弱。进一步分析揭示,严重洪涝(干旱)年分别对应对流层中上层江淮流域及其以北的中高纬度地区有强(弱)的大气ISO活动。中高纬度地区的大气ISO在严重洪涝年向南传播,与低纬度向北传播的大气ISO在江淮流域汇合;而在严重干旱年,虽然大气ISO可向北传播,但向南的传播却很不明显。     

台风活动对青藏高原东北侧干旱的影响

应用１９５９￣１９９６的青藏高原东北侧５８个站历年逐月降水量资料,历年（１９５０￣１９９６年）逐月西太平洋台风资料及５００ｈＰａ高度格点资料,分析了台风活动对高原东北侧干旱的影响。结果指出：少台风活动年与干旱环流流型及高原东北侧干旱之间,多台风活动年与多雨环流流型及高原东北侧多雨之间,均存在着对应关系。     

不同季节实际气流上斜压波的发展和锋生过程

利用三维半地转模式讨论了春夏秋冬四季基本气流上非线性斜压扰动的发展过程和锋面形成过程。计算结果表明，在四季基本气流上，斜压扰动的发展能产生冷暖锋，扰动的发展以冬季为最强，春季次之，秋季和夏季最弱，相应地，形成的锋也以冬季最强，春季次之，秋夏季最弱，与实际观测比较一致。     

西北4省(区)干旱遥感监测方法——以Erads软件为例

介绍了将DVBS系统接收处理得到的NOAA/AVHRR卫星遥感资料,转入Erads软件,在Erads软件中对图像进行校正、拼接,通过建模运算实现干旱遥感监测的方法和监测流程。利用该方法对2006年7月下旬西北4(省)区的地面旱情进行监测,结果表明利用该工作流程,选择合适的干旱遥感模型可以得到监测区域的旱情,旱情监测结果与地面20 cm土壤相对湿度监测的旱情结果较一致。     

青藏高原东北侧汛期降水若干问题研究

利用青藏高原东北侧区域平均降水量资料（1958～1997年）和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析500hPa网格资料（2.5°×2.5°?）,分析发现:（1）高原东北侧汛期降水份额最大的7、8、9月3个月近40年降水明显减少,过去明显存在的准3年周期振荡80年代以来处于低潮;（2）日本-北太平洋附近位势高度降低,鄂霍茨克海阻高加强是高原东北侧7、8、9月干旱最典型的标志;（3）就干旱流型而言,7月干旱环流与江淮梅雨环流特征十分相似,表现在江淮多梅雨年,一般是高原东北侧重旱年;（4）高原东北侧7～9月的典型旱年流型,实际就是ElNi?o流型;（5）ElNi?o事件对高原东北侧降水有明显影响,表现在该区域典型少雨年,一般发生于ElNi?o事件当年。从阶段看,以7～9月降水总量与ElNi?o事件相关最为显著,从月际看,尤以9月关系最好。     

A reanalysis of the relationship between strong westerlies and precipitation in the Great Plains and Midwest regions of North America

A conceptual model relating expanded or strengthened mid-latitude summer westerlies with summer precipitation patterns has been used to explain past drought events in the Great Plains and Midwest of North America, including drought between 1200 and 1400 AD. However, this relationship was originally described using 20 years of instrumental data from the mid 20{th} century, and has not been verified with modern datasets. We reinvestigated the relationship between July westerlies and precipitation in the United States using instrumental records of the last 55 years. We also investigated whether changes in summer zonal flow patterns associated with precipitation anomalies represent a shift in the latitude of peak westerly winds or an increase in wind speed, or a combination of both.Finally, we briefly compare the pattern of precipitation anomalies to paleoclimatic records of drought between 1200 and 1400 AD. Results confirm that strong westerlies are associated with a band of decreased precipitation extending from the northern Rockies into the Midwest. Changes in summer westerlies associated with these patterns are characterized by a strengthening of mean westerly winds, with only a slight southward shift of peak winds over the Atlantic. Changes in the strength of the westerlies over both the Pacific and Atlantic appear to be important to precipitation deficits in the Midwest. Proxy-climate records from 1200 to 1400 AD indicate widespread drought in the Great Plains and Midwest, consistent with the hypothesis of stronger westerlies at this time. However, drought conditions also extended to other regions of North America, indicating a more detailed understanding of the potential causes and synoptic climatology is needed.     

Wind-induced variability of ocean gyres

Stochastic wind forcing of ocean gyre circulations is examined using the ideas of generalized linear stability theory applied to the barotropic vorticity equation of a idealized ocean. The barotropic vorticity equation is linearized about a time-evolving basic state flow, and the spatial patterns of stochastic surface wind stress curl that are optimal for increasing the variability of the ocean are computed. The most disruptive pattern of stochastic forcing is found to be insensitive to: measures of variance, the optimization time, the temporal decorrelation time of the stochastic forcing, the time evolution of the basic state flow, the stability of the basic state flow, basin size, gyre symmetry, and the presence of bathymetry. In addition, the most disruptive pattern of wind stress curl is reminiscent of that which would be associated with individual large-scale weather systems in the atmosphere, and changes in the amplitude of the atmospheric teleconnection patterns. The response of a nonlinear model to stochastic forcing described by the optimal patterns is examined, and the dynamics of the response discussed.     

Vortex Rossby Waves in Asymmetric Basic Flow of Typhoons

Wave ray theory is employed to study features of propagation pathways(rays) of vortex Rossby waves in typhoons with asymmetric basic flow, where the tangential asymmetric basic flow is constructed by superimposing the wavenumber-1 perturbation flow on the symmetric basic flow, and the radial basic flow is derived from the non-divergence equation. Results show that, in a certain distance, the influences of the asymmetry in the basic flow on group velocities and slopes of rays of vortex Rossby waves are mainly concentrated near the radius of maximum wind(RMW), whereas it decreases outside the RMW. The distributions of radial and tangential group velocities of the vortex Rossby waves in the asymmetric basic flow are closely related to the azimuth location of the maximum speed of the asymmetric basic flow, and the importance of radial and tangential basic flow on the group velocities would change with radius. In addition, the stronger asymmetry in the basic flow always corresponds to faster outward energy propagation of vortex Rossby waves. In short, the group velocities, and thereby the wave energy propagation and vortex Rossby wave ray slope in typhoons, would be changed by the asymmetry of the basic flow.     

北半球冬季大气低频变化主模态的产生机制

最近的一系列研究工作指出,大气环流基本气流纬向非对称结构是产生大气低频变化的重要因子之一[1-4]。在低频时间尺度上,大气运动必然要受到外强迫因子的影响。但外因必须通过大气环流运动中的内因才能产生低频环流变化。      

河南省冬小麦干旱评估业务服务系统研究

根据冬小麦干旱风险评估最新研究成果,对其中的风险评估、灾损评估等模型进行集成,开发了河南省冬小麦干旱评估业务服务系统。该系统主要由基本参数、数据导入、风险分析、动态评估、后期评估和作图等部分组成,能够提供河南全省的冬小麦干旱评估结果,为农业生产提供决策依据。     

Links between Indo-Pacific climate variability and drought in the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas

Drought patterns across monsoon and temperate Asia over the period 1877–2005 are linked to Indo-Pacific climate variability associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Using the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas (MADA) composed of a high-resolution network of hydroclimatically sensitive tree-ring records with a focus on the June–August months, spatial drought patterns during El Niño and IOD events are assessed as to their agreement with an instrumental drought index and consistency in the drought response amongst ENSO/IOD events. Spatial characteristics in drought patterns are related to regional climate anomalies over the Indo-Pacific basin, using reanalysis products, including changes in the Asian monsoon systems, zonal Walker circulation, moisture fluxes, and precipitation. A weakening of the monsoon circulation over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during El Niño events, along with anomalous subsidence over monsoon Asia and reduced moisture flux, is reflected in anomalous drought conditions over India, Southeast Asia and Indonesia. When an IOD event co-occurs with an El Niño, severe drought conditions identified in the MADA for Southeast Asia, Indonesia, eastern China and central Asia are associated with a weakened South Asian monsoon, reduced moisture flux over China, and anomalous divergent flow and subsidence over Indonesia. Insights into the relative influences of Pacific and Indian Ocean variability for Asian monsoon climate on interannual to decadal and longer timescales, as recorded in the MADA, provide a useful tool for assessing long-term changes in the characteristics of Asian monsoon droughts in the context of Indo-Pacific climate variability.