北半球冬季副热带高压带维持的涡度机制

本文利用涡度平衡方程讨论北半球冬季副热带高压的维持,计算发现,30°N副热带高压带地区,大型扰动所造成的涡度输送的辐散是维持这地区反气旋涡度的主要因子,这种辐散作用所造成的反气旋涡度主要发生在对流层上层,平均经圈环流对地转祸度的输送可以把它引导到对流层下层来。此外,我们还根据涡度输送的计算,讨论了西风急流的维持。向北的扰动涡度输送在45°N上空达极大值,因此它对中纬度西风和纬向平均急流的维持起着重要作用。但30°N上空,扰动的涡度输送为零,而平均经圈环流对地转涡度和相对涡度的输送都比较大,因此,可以认为副热带急流是在平均经圈环流作用下维持的。     

低纬平均经圈环流异常与海表温度异常关系的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR的40年大气再分析资料中的月平均经向风速及垂直速度，计算了纬向平均经圈环流的质量流函数，分析了纬向平均的海表温度和纬向平均的经圈环流的气候态及异常态特征，结果表明，（1）南、北半球Hadley环流圈的共同上升支偏于赤道附近的夏半球一侧，与[SST↑-]极大值位置相对应；强下沉支位于冬半球一侧；（2）El Nino事件中低纬[SST]′是异常经圈环流产生的重要外强迫源，但其影响程度受基本气流和[SST↑-]及[SST]′的季节变化和年际差异的影响甚大。     

论热带纬圈半地转运动的建立

文中在赤道β平面上 ,在滤掉低频 Rossby波的情况下 ,研究了纬圈半地转运动的建立。指出 ,只有当运动的纬圈尺度很大时 ,非地转风分量才能随着重力惯性波的频散而消失 ,从而建立起纬圈半地转平衡。应用位势涡度不变式 ,给出了纬圈半地转适应后物理场的解。同时指出 ,Kelvin波 (对赤道对称情况 )和混合波的 Rossby波波段 (对赤道反对称情况 )将不参与适应运动 ,它们属于发展运动中的角色。     

低纬斜压两层模式大气半地转适应过程

利用斜压两层模式研究了赤道平面近似下的低纬热带大气适应过程。指出低纬斜压大气适应过程主要受重力惯性内波控制。通过重力惯性内波对初始非地转能量的频散，使纬向运动达到地转平衡，而经向维持非地转运动，正压模式下称为半地转平衡，斜压模式下称为半热成风平衡。通过对垂直运动方程的求解，可知，垂直运动只与重力惯性内波相联系，其产生与初始斜压位涡度无关，而只与初始时刻的垂直运动和垂直运动倾向有关，半地转适应使运动趋向水平运动。讨论了半热成风平衡的建立及其物理机制，指出由于重力惯性内波激发出垂直运动，与垂直运动相联系的水平辐合辐散调整流场和温度场之间的关系，使温压场最终达到半热成风平衡。通过对适应过程终态的分析，指出平均温度场和切变流场之间的适应方向决定于初始非半地转扰动的尺度与斜压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径有关的特征尺度的比值，当比值大于１时，切变流场向平均温度场适应；当比值小于１时，平均温度场向切变流场适应     

7月中低纬地区流场的模拟特征

利用ｐ－σ混合坐标系原始方程５层球带模式，对７月中低纬流进行数值模拟，重点分析近地面流场，经圈环流、纬向风随高度的变化及越赤道气流的模拟特征，结果表明，季风区和非季风区的经圈环流及纬向风的垂直分布，存在着明显的差异，并能清楚地看到海陆热力差异对大气环流的影响。     

斜压大气中地形扰动过程的一个数值试验

本文应用了考虑地形边界的三层模式对一个纬圈环流的初始理想场进行了60小时地形扰动过程的数值计算。试验结果表明地形扰动影响具有一定的时滞性(扰动过程在48小时后才趋于相对稳定状态)。其次,西藏高原对带状流的强迫分支(绕流现象)在计算结果中有较明显的反映。在半球范围内形成的地形槽脊位置基本上亦与环流平均槽脊位置较为相似,这表明模式中所取边界条件的基本适用性。     

旋转流地转适应过程与能量转换规律

利用一维线性浅水模式从一个比较普遍的角度对地转适应过程中能量转换的特点进行分析。中首先考虑了两类不同的初始不平衡流的适应问题。一个是Gill所采用的质量不平衡模型，即初始场是静止的，只有水面扰动；另一个是Rossby中所考虑的动量不平衡模型，其初始不平衡流中只有风场的扰动，对这两个模型的适应过程而言，一个显的 特点就是能量转换率始终不会大于1／2或小于0，即适应过程中有位（动）能的释放和向动（位）能的转换，但释放出的能量最多只有其中的一半可以保留在最后的平衡场中。另外，本对任意初始不平衡流适应过程中的能量学特征也进行了分析，指出对于偏差场（相对于一定基本态）的动能和位能而言，上述能量转换关系依然成立。     

含经圈环流的基流的斜压不稳定

基本气流含有经圈环流的斜压不稳定充要条件为:K~2<2F和(U_sk+V_s1)~2>U_0k~2.因而,对纯经向基流也可以出现斜压不稳定。在西风基流和给定经向波数1>0情况下,正经圈环流使不稳定区域增大,反经圈环流使不稳定区域减小,而在东风基流情况下,特征相反。 含有经圈环流的基流的不稳定增长率随波数变化特征与纯纬向基流的情况有着显著的不同。     

不同纬度天气尺度扰动影响2020年夏季梅汛期降水的数值模拟

利用观测资料和区域气候模式RegCM4.6,研究了高纬和低纬天气尺度扰动对2020年梅雨期降水的可能影响。观测分析表明:2020年6月、7月长江中下游降水在周期上表现为10 d以下的天气尺度扰动,在降水过程中存在多次中高纬度天气尺度扰动的南传与低纬扰动的北传。在此基础上,设计改变不同纬度天气尺度扰动(10 d)输入的侧边界敏感性试验。数值模拟结果表明:从平均环流来看,当中高纬西北侧边界的天气尺度扰动减弱时,大气平均环流动能向天气尺度扰动动能转换的位置发生北移,影响副高北侧纬向西风带北移,使得梅雨期降水中心从长江中下游地区北移到淮河流域;从时间演变来看,当去除中高纬西北侧边界的天气尺度扰动时,850 hPa上E矢量散度南传减弱,低纬纬向风异常能够向北传播。纬向风异常产生的涡度变化有利于副热带高压北抬,使得雨带可以较早北抬到34°N以北,标志江淮地区出梅。低纬南侧边界的天气尺度扰动减弱时,梅雨期降水略有增强,但对雨带的进退影响较小。因此,观测和数值模拟结果表明,2020年夏季梅雨期降水强度和雨带的维持主要与中高纬度天气尺度扰动异常密切相关,中国北部尤其中国西北部到巴尔喀什湖地区天气尺度扰动偏强且南传是此次梅雨强度偏强和雨带维持的重要原因。     

原始方程系统中的无加速定理——Ⅱ:纬向平均温度的变化

利用作者在本文第Ⅰ部分提出的原始方程系统中的无加速定理,这部分讨论大气动量、热量的内外源强迫对纬向平均温度场的作用。数值计算结果表明:外源热力强迫引起的温度场的变化主要在对流层下层;而热力内强迫的作用在中高纬对流层中分布较均匀,两者在维持纬向平均温度场的变化中十分重要。机械外强迫和机械内强迫各自的贡献次之。平均经圈环流的贡献则主要在对流层顶附近及平流层中,由于热力内强迫产生的位温变化在一定程度上大致被热力外强迫所平衡,而机械内、外强迫则具有相似的空间分布,从而,总的热力强迫所引起的位温变化的分布基本上为总的机械强迫作用所平衡,纬向平均位温的准定常状态由此得以维持。     

THE FOUNDATION AND MOVEMENT OF TROPICAL SEMI-GEOSTROPHIC ADAPTATION

The breakdown and foundation of geostrophic balance is one of the important movements inthe mid-and high-latitude atmosphere and oceans.In the tropical area,the value of Coriolis pa-rameter is so small that it is difficult to satisfy the bi-geostrophic equilibrium between the pressureand velocity fields.However,in the tropical area,the zonal velocity of some motions in the atmo-sphere and oceans is large,so the Coriolis force is not small,geostrophic balance can exist in zonaldirection,i.e.semi-geostrophic balance.Furthermore,in the dominant area of Hadley circulationin the atmosphere or the area near the ocean meridional boundary,the meridional velocity is large,so geostrophic balance can also exist in meridional direction.In this paper,the process of the dis-persion of inertial gravity wave and the foundation of semi-geostrophic balance are first discussed.Second,the adjustment process between the velocity and pressure fields after adaptation is alsoviewed,and the scale criterion of the semi-geostrophic adaptation is discussed,i.e.for the motionwith meridional scale greater than the equatorial Rossby radius of deformation,the velocity andpressure fields after adaptation change to fit the initial pressure field;on the contrary,the fieldschange to fit the initial zonal velocity field,and the strength of the fields after adaptation dependson the zonal scale.     

On the low-frequency,planetary-scale motion in the tropical atmosphere and oceans

Scale analyses for long wave, zonal ultralong wave (with zonal scale of disturbance L1~104 km and meridional scale L2~103 km) and meridional ultralong wave (L1~103 km, L2~104 km) are carried out and a set of approximate equations suitable for the study of these waves in a dry tropical atmosphere is obtained. Under the condition of sheared basic current, frequency analyses for the equations are carried out. It is found that Rossby waves and gravity waves may be separated for n ≥ l where n is the meridional wave number, whereas for n = 0 and L1~1000 km, the mixed Rossby-gravity wave will appear. Hence it is confirmed that the above results of scale analyses are correct. The consistency be-tween frequency analysis and scale analysis is established.The effect of shear of basic current on the equatorial waves is to change their frequencies and phase velocities and hence their group velocities. It increases the velocity of westward travelling Rossby waves and inertia-gravity and mixed waves, but decelerates the eastward inertia-gravity waves and the Kelvin wave. The recently observed low-frequency equatorial ocean wave may be interpreted as an eastward Kelvin wave in a basic current with shear.     

Topographic generation of intermediate-scale motions by wind-driven currents — A model for the circulation in the vicinity of the Indian-Antarctic ridge

When a broad ocean current encounters a large-scale topographic feature, standing Rossby wave patterns can be generated. Short Rossby waves with a scale L_i = √ Q/β (Q is the speed of the approaching flow; β is the meridional gradient of f) are generated east of the topography. If the zonal scale of the topography, L, is planetary, long standing Rossby waves can be generated west of the topography, when the current has a meridional component. The long waves focus the disturbance zonally and produce alternating regions of intensified or reduced zonal flow. The meridional scale that characterizes these zonal bands is the intermediate scales, L = L_i^2/3L^1/3. When the meridional topographic scale is comparable to L, the amplitude of the long-wave disturbance is dominant. Using multiple-scale methods to exploit the scale gap between the planetary, intermediate and Rossby wave scales, the topographically induced pressure and velocity fields due to a zonal ridge are obtained. When the planetary-scale flow field is directed poleward, a westward counterflow can occur along the poleward flank of the ridge. The meridional scales of these topographically induced flows are comparable to those observed along the Indian-Antarctic Ridge by Callahan (1971).     

南半球环状模事件的准地转调整过程分析

本文利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,分析了南半球环状模（SAM）事件生命过程中的准地转调整过程.由于SAM沿纬圈的水平尺度远远大于临界尺度罗斯贝变形半径,因此要求纬向风场在地转调整过程向气压场适应以达到地转平衡.研究结果表明,在纬向平均环流中,异常Ferrel环流强度的变化超前于SAM强度变化约2/16位相,异常Ferrel环流能够通过超前的整层大气质量的经向输运,改变中高纬度的质量分布装状况,导致中、高纬度地区间的位势高度梯度异常变化,而中、高纬度地区间的位势高度梯度异常发生变化就意味着SAM强度和位相发生变化;而当SAM强度和位相发生改变后,即中、高纬度地区南北方向上的位势高度梯度发生变化后,可破坏中纬度地区纬向风场与位势高度场之间的地转平衡,产生地转偏差;地转偏差产生后,又可驱动经向散度风场,造成Ferrel环流异常的变化,由此形成一个自我内部循环调整过程.     

THE SEMI-GEOSTROPHIC ADAPTATION PROCESS WITH TWO-LAYER BAROCLINIC MODEL IN LOW LATITUDE ATMOSPHERE

In this paper, the adaptation process in low latitude atmosphere is discussed by means of a two-layer baroclinic model on the equator β plane, showing that the adaptation process in low latitude is mainly dominated by the internal inertial gravity waves. The initial ageostrophic energy is dispersed by the internal inertial gravity waves, and as a result, the geostrophic motion is obtained in zonal direction while the ageostro-phic motion maintains in meridional direction, which can be called semi-geostrophic balance in barotropic model as well as semi-thermal-wind balance in baroclinic model. The vertical motion is determined both by the distribution of the initial vertical motion and that of the initial vertical motion tendency, but it is unrelated to the initial potential vorticity. Finally, the motion tends to be horizontal. The discussion of the physical mechanism of the semi-thermal-wind balance in low latitude atmosphere shows that the achievement of the semi-thermal-wind balance is due to the adjustment between the stream field and the temperature field through the horizontal convergence and divergence which is related to the vertical motion excited by the internal inertial gravity waves. The terminal adaptation state obtained shows that the adaptation direction between the mean temperature field and the shear flow field is determined by the ratio of the scale of the initial ageostrophic disturbance to the scale of one character scale related to the baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation. The shear stream field adapts to the mean temperature field when the ratio is greater than 1, and the mean temperature field adapts to the shear stream field when the ratio is smaller than 1.     

Some Aspects of the Characteristics of Monsoon Disturbances Using a Combined Barotropic－Baroclinic Model

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海表温度异常对Madden－Julian振荡的影响

在前文［１］的基础上，进一步研究当海表温度存在经圈方向不均匀分布或偏离气候状态（距平）时，改变水分收支平衡及边界层的湿度辐合这一物理过程对Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡的可能影响。结果表明，它对修正的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波和Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的传播性质影响不大。但当海表温度为正距平时，修正后东传Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波振幅不稳定增长到ｅ倍的时间约减小了１４．５％，其不稳定增长率随着热源特征宽度的增加而增加，当特征宽度为２倍Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径时，不稳定增长率达极大，但当特征宽度继续增大时，其不稳定增长率又将减小。当海表温度为负距平时，修正后东传Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波振幅不稳定增长到ｅ倍的时间约增加２０％，其不稳定增长率随着冷源特征宽度的增加而减小，当特征宽度为２倍Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径时，其不稳定增长率达极小，此后；随着特征宽度的增加其不稳定增长率随之增加，但始终小于无海表温度异常的情形。经圈尺度较小的那支修正的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波除波长极长的波段外，波仍是阻尼的；而经圈尺度较大的那支修正的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波，在短的波段内仍是不稳定增长的。     

切变基本纬向流中赤道Rossby包络孤立波

利用多重尺度摄动法，从描写赤道Rossby波的正压大气位涡度方程中推导出在切变基本纬向流中非线性赤道Rossby波包演变所满足的非线性Schrodinger方程，并得到其单个包络孤立子波解，分析基本流切变对非线性赤道Rossby波动的影响。     

Properties and Stability of a Meso-Scale Line-Form Disturbance

By using the 3D dynamic equations for small- and meso-scale disturbances, an investigation is performed on the heterotropic instability (including symmetric instability and traversal-type instability) of a zonal line-like disturbance moving at any angle with respect to basic flow, arriving at the following results: (1) with linear shear available, the heterotropic instability of the disturbance will occur only when flow shearing happens in the direction of the line-like disturbance movement or in the direction perpendicular to the disturbance movement, with the heterotropic instability showing the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave; (2) in the presence of second-order non-linear shear, the disturbance of the heterotropic instability includes internal inertial gravity and vortex Rossby waves. For the zonal line-form disturbance under study, the vortex Rossby wave has its source in the second-order shear of meridional basic wind speed in the flow and propagates unidirectionally with respect to the meridional basic flow. As a mesoscale heterotropic instable disturbance, the vortex Rossby wave has its origin from the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance and is independent of the condition in the direction parallel to the flow; (3) for general zonal line-like disturbances, if the second-order shear happens in the meridional wind speed, i.e., the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance, then the heterotropic instability of the disturbance is likely to be the instability of a mixed Rossby–internal inertial gravity wave; (4) the symmetric instability is actually the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave. The second-order shear in the flow represents an instable factor for a symmetric-type disturbance; (5) the instability of a traversal-type disturbance is the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave when the basic flow is constant or only linearly sheared. With a second or nonlinear vertical shear of the basic flow taken into account, the instability of a traversal-type disturbance may be the instability of a mixed vortex Rossby – gravity wave.