北京冬春季气溶胶化学成分及其谱分布研究

1999年2月23～26日在北京气象塔47 m高度和3月10～12日在距地面6 m高度各进行了为期3天的气溶胶采样,获得12组分级采样样品,用PIXE方法对样品进行了分析,得到了20种元素的浓度及其谱分布,并对当前北京气溶胶的来源、化学元素成分的变化进行了研究。与过去相比,除Si、K、Ca、Ti、Sr、V元素浓度降低外,其他元素浓度均有不同幅度的增加。研究表明,当前北京地区气溶胶的来源已发生较大变化。     

北京地区春末-秋初气溶胶理化特性的观测研究

分析了1997年5～9月和1998年4～9月北京整层大气气溶胶光学厚度、近地面气溶胶粒子数浓度的日变化、季节变化及其与气象要素的关系,还分析了 1997年5月16日、7月21日和8月2日收集的北京单个气溶胶粒子样品的形态、大小和化学元素组成.结果显示,北京地区春末-秋初整层大气气溶胶光学厚度在0.1～1.6之间变化;气溶胶数浓度(D>0.3μm)为几～几百个/cm3;整层大气气溶胶光学厚度的日变化型式与近地面气溶胶数浓度呈现相反的走向;气溶胶光学厚度和数浓度的日、季节变化显示了整层大气和近地面大气气溶胶与该地区气象、气候条件的关系.气溶胶数浓度与大气相对湿度呈正相关,与风向的关系是偏东风数浓度大,西、西南风数浓度小.电子显微镜分析的结果表明:颗粒物的形态以不规则形、丸形、液态滴形和方形为主;颗粒物化学元素组成有Si、K、S、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe等元素;人类活动排放的Zn、P、Ti、pb、Ba等元素也探测到;北京近地面粒子的一个显著特点是富含Ca和K元素,它们可能分别来自建筑粉尘和有机物的燃烧;给出了一个典型的碳黑粒子和一个粒子经过凝结过程的"卫星"滴环绕的矿物粒子的照片和元素谱图.     

用因子分析法研究大气气溶胶的来源

本文简要介绍了因子分析法的统计学基础.提出了一种因子分析与经验正交变换相结合的分析方法.用这种方法研究了1980年3月在北京北郊用条式滤膜采样仪采样,用质子荧光法进行元素分析所得到的16种元素,40个样品的资料.得到了土壤尘加燃煤烟尘、汽车废气、石灰水泥粉尘、硫酸盐、草木燃烧、石油化工和海盐粒子等7种气溶胶来源对北京北郊大气气溶胶的相对贡献以及这些源的元素成分廓线.     

北京冬春季节大气气溶胶化学成份的研究

1980年3月6日至20日,利用美国佛罗里达州立大学自制的条式连续采样仪,在北京北郊大气物理所气象塔观测场取得连续两周的大气气溶胶样品。用PIXE方法分析,得到了该样品中 Ca、Fe、Al、Si、K、Cl、S、Ti、Mn、Zn、Sr、pb等微量元素的相对浓度。 本文分析了北京冬春季节大气气溶胶化学元素的浓度分布特征以及浓度变化与气象条件的关系。并与其他地区的观测结果作了比较。     

西太平洋气溶胶微量元素的初步研究

本文根据TOGA计划第二航次中采集的气溶胶样品对西太平洋气溶胶的微量元素进行了初步研究。结果表明,海洋气溶胶中Si,Fe,Mn,Ti等地壳元素以及Cu,Zn等一些重金属元素的浓度较陆地相对清洁区气溶胶低。但在近大陆海洋气溶胶中Cu,Fe,K,Si,S等元素的含量相对较高。在调查的海域内气溶胶微量元素的浓度呈现出地理位置和季节上的变化。     

北京北郊冬季低空大气气溶胶分析

文章分析了2001年1月10～16日和2月20日～3月2日两时段北京北郊中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m高的气象塔上距地面320、100和8 m 3个高度所采得的气溶胶样品的物理化学特征.计算了气溶胶的TSP浓度、化学组分及其分布和粒度谱.探讨了气象条件对气溶胶浓度及其来源和分布的影响.初步发现在所测的高度范围内,气溶胶TSP的浓度随高度的增高而下降,70%以上浓度分布在细粒组(d<2.1 μm).气溶胶中浓度最高的前20个元素是S、Fe、Ca、Al、K、Na、Mg、Zn、P、Ti、Pb、Ba、Mn、Cu、V、As、Cr、 Rb、Sb和Br.挥发性元素主要分布在细粒组,元素浓度随高度增加而减少.气溶胶的离子浓度也有相同的分布特征.风速变小、层结呈现稳定,尤其逆温以及大气湿度升高均为气溶胶浓度升高的因素.人为排放源是大气气溶胶的主要贡献者.导致北京严重空气污染的气溶胶源地以北京当地及其周边邻近地区的污染源为主.     

云南丽江大气气溶胶的化学成分谱分析

对云南省丽江玉龙雪山地区大气气溶胶化学元素成分进行了观测和分析.结果表明,丽江玉龙雪山大气气溶胶以Mg、Al、Ca、Si、K和Fe等地壳元素为主,占总元素浓度的82%.丽江地区气溶胶Pb、Se、Br元素浓度均高于珠峰浓度值.丽江气溶胶S、As、Se、Br和Pb等与人类活动有关的气溶胶元素的富集因子很高.这表明丽江地区人类活动影响不容忽略.     

武汉市科教区冬春季气溶胶的元素组成特征及来源分析

 2006-2007年冬春季在武汉市湖北大学校区连续采集气溶胶样品,测定气溶胶元素组成,分析气溶胶样品总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）质量浓度,再结合污染源的特征元素组成来确定污染物的来源构成。结果表明：湖北大学校区大气气溶胶污染程度较轻,气溶胶元素以地壳元素为主,其次是具有代表性的人为污染物元素,再次是盐类元素。通过因子载荷分析和相关性分析显示,湖北大学周边地区的建筑源、交通源和餐饮源是湖北大学校区大气的主要污染源。     

武汉市科教区冬春季气溶胶的元素组成特征及来源分析

2006-2007年冬春季在武汉市湖北大学校区连续采集气溶胶样品,测定气溶胶元素组成,分析气溶胶样品总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）质量浓度,再结合污染源的特征元素组成来确定污染物的来源构成。结果表明：湖北大学校区大气气溶胶污染程度较轻,气溶胶元素以地壳元素为主,其次是具有代表性的人为污染物元素,再次是盐类元素。通过因子载荷分析和相关性分析显示,湖北大学周边地区的建筑源、交通源和餐饮源是湖北大学校区大气的主要污染源。     

南京市主城区大气颗粒物来源探讨

在2005-05-03——05-27期间,用Anderson九级采样器在南京市两个采样点采集大气气溶胶样品,同时进行了部分排放源的采集。用X射线—荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析得到气样及源样中PM10的化学成分,分析了南京市大气气溶胶的元素质量谱分布,进行了PM10的富集因子分析,并应用化学质量平衡法(CMB)计算各类源对气溶胶PM10的贡献。结果表明,各类污染源对南京市气溶胶PM10的贡献率分别为:建筑尘(35.45%)、煤烟尘(22.13%)、土壤尘(20.27%)、硫酸盐(5.43%)、汽车尘(4.61%)、海盐(1.91%)、冶炼尘(1.69%)、其它源(8.51%)。文中还结合了南京市TSP和PM2.5的来源解析结果,分析了南京市不同粒径气溶胶颗粒物的污染特征。     

北京秋季大风条件下大气气溶胶的尺度谱分布特征

Atmospheric aerosol samples collected in Beijing during 17-21 September 2004 were analyzed using the proton-induced X-ray emissions (PIXE) method, yielding concentrations of 20 elements. Analyzing the aerosol element size-spectrum distribution, enrichment factor (EF) and source over Beijing showed that under strong wind weather conditions, there were double peak distributions in the element size-spectra of Cu, S, K, Mn, As, Br, and Pb: one in fine mode and another in coarse mode. The peak in fine mode resulted from local emissions related to human activities, while the peak in coarse mode was caused by long range transport. The EF values of elements Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, and Pb were relatively high, suggesting an evident characteristic polluted by regional aerosol. Results from factor analysis indicated that soil dust, coal-burning, industry and vehicle emissions contributed considerably to the autumn aerosol pollution in Beijing.     

北京地区夏季背景气溶胶的特征

本文通过对观测资料的统计分析和比较研究,初步揭示了北京地区夏季背景气溶胶的一些特征,其中包括元素浓度及其变化、富集因子和气溶胶来源等。     

Elemental concentrations and their size distributions of Beijing aerosol in January

Aerosol sampling was carried out at a city centre site and a suburb site in Beijing in January 1983. PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) compatible cascade impactors were employed. The samples were analysed for 20 elements by PIXE in Fudan University. It has been found that most of the elements have bi-mode size distributions with a gradual progression from mainly coarse mode Ca, Ti and Al to mainly fine mode Zn, As and Pb. Elements Cl, K, S and Si show most obvious bi-mode, of which Si and S are particularly interesting. The concentrations of coarse mode aerosol in the city centre are about 1.4 times as large as that in the suburb for most of the elements, while the concentrations of fine mode aerosol in the city centre differ greatly from that in the suburb and vary significantly among elements, indicating some industrial sources. The enrichment factors of elements indicate that the coal smoke has a large-scale influ-ence in North China.     

2008年北京奥运会期间大气气溶胶物理特征分析

应用MODIS卫星的气溶胶产品资料和地面的光学粒子计数器的资料,对比分析了北京地区2006、2007、2008年7～9月的气溶胶光学厚度、细粒子光学厚度、Angstrom指数、气溶胶粒子数浓度谱及体积谱,发现2008年北京奥运会期间(7月20日～9月20日)的气溶胶光学厚度比2006、2007年同期明显降低,气溶胶细模态光学厚度占总光学厚度的比上升,Angstrom指数上升,气溶胶细粒子数浓度没有明显相对变化,而粗粒子数浓度则减少约50%.利用大气标高,将MODIS反演的气溶胶柱的质量浓度转化为地面气溶胶质量浓度.用粒子计数器得到的体积谱,在假定气溶胶粒子密度的情况下,计算出其质量浓度.将这两种方法得到的气溶胶质量浓度与国家环境保护部公布的空气质量指数换算得到的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)质量浓度进行比较.结果表明:北京奥运期间空气质量总体达到了国家二级空气质量标准;与2006、2007年同期相比,2008年气溶胶PM10质量浓度明显下降,而这主要是由气溶胶粗粒子的减少引起的.     

北方局地夏末气溶胶光学特性综合观测分析

本文对中国北方相近地理经度不同纬度的三个试验点（内蒙草原生态定位站、北京、新乡）夏末季节大气气溶胶特性进行了地面粒子计数和整层光学遥感等综合观测。分析结果表明，这三个试验点地面和整层气溶胶数浓度通常有内蒙较小，北京居中，新乡最大的特征。文中提出了浓度比这个参量，它可以定量描述地面源气溶胶对整层大气气溶胶的相对贡献。据此分析可知内蒙地面源较弱，与该地区人类活动稀少相对应。由浓度比推测，新乡除近地面城市空气污染较严重外，滨临的黄河河面水汽蒸发作用也是促成气溶胶浓度增大的原因。     

北京沙尘质量浓度与气象条件关系研究及其应用

运用多元线性回归分析的方法对北京沙尘气溶胶质量浓度观测资料和相关气象资料进行了分析,结果表明北京沙尘气溶胶质量浓度与尘暴、浮尘、降水和大风四种气象要素密切相关。在此基础上给出利用常规气象资料计算沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的计算公式,并进一步计算了１９７１～１９９６年北京春季月平均沙尘气溶胶质量浓度。结果表明,从１９１～１９８９年沙尘气溶胶质量浓度总体呈递减趋势;１９９０年以后,沙尘气溶胶质量浓度有所增加。     

Temporal Variability in Fine Carbonaceous Aerosol over Two Years in Two Megacities： Beijing and Toronto

Time-series of weekly total carbon(TC)concentrations of fine aerosol particles(PM2.5)in Beijing and Toronto were compared to investigate their respective levels and temporal patterns over two years from August 2001 through July 2003.In addition to this comparison,differences in the factors contributing to the observed concentrations and their temporal variations are discussed.Based upon past knowledge about the two megacities with highly contrasting air pollutant levels,it is not surprising that the average TC concentration in Beijing(31.5μg C m-3)was greater than that in Toronto by a factor of 8.3.Despite their large concentration differences,in both cities TC comprised a similarly large component of PM2.5.TC concentrations exhibited very different seasonal patterns between the two cities.In Beijing,TC experienced higher levels and greater weekly fluctuations in winter whereas in Toronto this behavior was seen in summer. As a result,the greatest gap in TC concentrations between Beijing and Toronto(by a factor of 12.7) occurred in winter,while the smallest gap(a factor of 4.6)was in summer.In Beijing,seasonal variations in the emissions probably played a greater role than meteorology in influencing the TC seasonality,while in Toronto during the warm months more than 80%of the hourly winds were recorded from the south,along with many potential anthropogenic sources for the days with high TC concentrations.This comparison of the differences provides insight into the major factors affecting carbonaceous aerosol in each city.     

Cloud condensation nuclei spectra derived from size distributions and hygroscopic properties of the aerosol in coastal south-west Portugal during ACE-2

In this work we propose and test a method to calculate cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra based on aerosol number size distributions and hygroscopic growth factors. Sensitivity studies show that this method can be used in a wide variety of conditions except when the aerosol consist mainly of organic compounds. One crucial step in the calculations, estimating soluble ions in an aerosol particle based on hygroscopic growth factors, is tested in an internal hygroscopic consistency study. The results show that during the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) the number concentration of inorganic ions analyzed in impactor samples could be reproduced from measured growth factors within the measurement uncertainties at the measurement site in Sagres, Portugal.
CCN spectra were calculated based on data from the ACE-2 field experiment at the Sagres site. The calculations overestimate measured CCN spectra on average by approximately 30%, which is comparable to the uncertainties in measurements and calculations at supersaturations below 0.5%. The calculated CCN spectra were averaged over time periods when Sagres received clean air masses and air masses influenced by aged and recent pollution. Pollution outbreaks enhance the CCN concentrations at supersaturations near 0.2% by a factor of 3 (aged pollution) to 5 (recent pollution) compared to the clean marine background concentrations. In polluted air masses, the shape of the CCN spectra changes. The clean spectra can be approximated by a power function, whereas the polluted spectra are better approximated by an error function.     

Acidity of Aerosols during Winter Heavy Haze Events in Beijing and Gucheng,China

We investigated the acidity and concentrations of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 aerosol samples collected from an urban site in Beijing and a rural site in Gucheng, Hebei Province from November 2016 to January 2017 to gain an insight into the formation of secondary inorganic species. The average SO₄^2–, NO₃^–, and NH₄⁺ concentrations were 8.3, 12.5, and 14.1 μg m^–3, respectively, at the urban site and 14.0, 14.2, and 24.2 μg m^–3, respectively, at the rural site. The nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios in urban Beijing were correlated with relative humidity (with correlation coefficient r = 0.79 and 0.67, respectively) and the aerosol loadings. Based on a parameterization model, we found that the rate constant of the heterogeneous reactions for SO₂ on polluted days was about 10 times higher than that on clear days, suggesting that the heterogeneous reactions in the aerosol water played an essential role in haze events. The ISORROPIA II model was used to predict the aerosol pH, which had a mean (range) of 5.0 (4.9–5.2) and 5.3 (4.6–6.3) at the urban and rural site, respectively. Under the conditions with this predicted pH value, oxidation by dissolved NO₂ and the hydrolysis of N₂O₅ may be the major heterogeneous reactions forming SO₄^2– and NO₃^– in haze. We also analyzed the sensitivity of the aerosol pH to changes in the concentrations of SO₄^2–, NO₃^–, and NH₄⁺ under haze conditions. The aerosol pH was more sensitive to the SO₄^2– and NH₄⁺ concentrations with opposing trends, than to the NO₃^– concentrations. The sensitivity of the pH was relatively weak overall, which was attributed to the buffering effect of NH₃ partitioning.     

2006年北京春季气溶胶吸收系数的分离研究

对2006年春季北京城区大气气溶胶中沙尘和黑碳气溶胶吸收系数的波长指数及其对总吸收系数的贡献进行了估算。结果表明：2006年春季北京城市地区测点,黑碳气溶胶吸收系数随波长的变化呈指数递减,假设某些天的气溶胶吸收无沙尘的贡献,估算的波长幂指数a＝-0.92。另外,计算了北京3次浮尘天气下沙尘气溶胶对吸收系数（520 nm波段）的贡献,计算表明,在浮尘天气影响期间,沙尘气溶胶对吸收系数的贡献平均为32.8%,黑碳气溶胶仍是浮尘影响期间城市气溶胶吸收消光的主要物质。