2009年西北太平洋热带气旋定位和业务预报精度评定

依据《台风业务和服务规定》分析2009年热带气旋(TC)业务定位和业务预报精度,主要包括:6个方法的定位精度,12个综合预报方法、3个客观预报方法和6个数值预报方法的路径预报精度,以及4个方法的强度(近中心最大风速,下同)预报精度评定。结果表明:各方法的平均定位误差均小于21 km,平均17.1 km,较2008年有所改进。国内综合预报方法的24小时、48小时和72小时路径预报的平均距离误差分别为115.8 km、217.5 km和357.1 km,与2008年相比有所偏大;客观预报方法略优于综合预报方法,24小时和48小时预报的平均距离误差分别为113.0 km和211.4 km;4个官方综合预报方法比较发现,中央气象台对我国近海海域的TC路径预报具有明显优势。强度预报仍然以统计方法为主,2009年24小时和48小时近中心最大风速预报的平均误差分别为4.90 m·s~(-1)和7.43 m·s~(-1),相比近10年的平均水平,预报性能没有明显提高。     

2007年西北太平洋热带气旋定位和预报精度评定

依据<台风业务和服务规定>分析2007年TC业务定位和业务预报精度,结果表明:各方法的平均定位误差均小于25km,强度预报的24小时和48小时近中心最大风速平均误差为3～7m·s-1和5～11m·s-1,均与往年相当;综合预报的24小时和48小时路径平均距离误差分别为129.8km和215.0km.虽然路径数值预报的能力仍然不能与综合预报相比,但是多模式集成方法相对于综合预报有正技巧,说明这类方法可能成为改善路径预报的途径之一.强度预报的主要参考仍然是统计类预报方法.     

台风路径数值预报实时订正技术及其集成应用

以台风路径数值预报的短时效预报偏差和目标时效（指所需订正的时效）的纬度预报为预报因子,采用多元线性回归方法建立了台风路径预报的偏差预估方程,继而对台风路径预报进行实时订正。本文以12 h为短时效,通过对欧洲中期天气预报中心确定性预报模式（ECMWF-IFS）和集合预报模式（ECMWF-EPS）的台风路径预报的应用,得到以下结论:2018年试报结果表明,24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h、72 h、84 h订正后的ECMWF-IFS台风路径预报的平均距离误差分别比订正前减小了7.3 km、9.3 km、8.9 km、6.5 km、6.9 km、2.6 km,总体来说较强台风（指12 h的台风强度实况≥32.7 m s?1）路径预报的订正效果更好。尝试了先对ECMWF-EPS各成员的台风路径预报进行订正,再进行集成预报,并对比了以下5种方式得到的台风路径预报:“订正后的确定性预报”、“所有集合预报成员集合平均”、“优选集合预报成员集合平均”、“所有集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”和“优选集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”,2018年试报结果表明,对于平均距离误差,24 h和36 h“优选集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”最小,48 h和60 h“所有集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”最小,72 h和84 h“优选集合预报成员集合平均”最小,如果在业务中有针对性地进行应用,有望获得一个在各预报时效表现都较优异的台风路径客观综合预报结果。24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h“优选集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”的平均距离误差分别比“所有集合预报成员集合平均”减小了13.3 km、11.7 km、10.0 km、7.6 km,比中央气象台官方预报（对应的时效为12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h）减小了0.7 km、2.0 km、3.9 km、2.4 km。     

台风路径集合预报的实时订正技术研究

在台风业务预报中,由于模式运行、后处理及资料传输等原因,数值模式指导产品包括集合预报都存在一定时间的滞后,若直接使用会造成数值模式或集合预报平均的预报效果降低。利用ECMWF集合预报台风路径和中央气象台(简称中央台)实时业务定位,在统计分析的基础上,提出一种业务上可用的针对单模式集合预报的台风路径实时订正技术。结果表明,该方法明显优于单模式集合预报平均和确定性预报,在对2012年的预报试验中,24、48、72、96 h的时效路径预报误差分别比集合平均提高了15%、6%、10%、8%。同时其路径误差优于目前我国业务路径预报,2012年平均24、48、72、96 h的路径误差分别减小7、7、11、10 km。     

2012年西北太平洋热带气旋预报精度评定

本文对2012年西北太平洋热带气旋定位、路径和强度预报精度进行了评定,结果表明：2012年定位总平均误差23.4 km,与往年相当。国内各综合方法的路径预报平均误差分别为94.3 km（24 h）、168.2 km（48 h）和284.2 km（72 h）,中央气象台24 h路径预报准确率相对于2011年有了较大幅度的提高。全球模式的平均距离误差分别为96.8 km（24 h）、177.2 km（48 h）、283.6 km（72 h）、382.3 km（96 h）和583.6 km（120 h）,其中部分数值模式预报水平接近主观方法的平均预报水平,但是最优的主观预报具有相对所有数值预报的正技巧,表现出较强的数值预报应用能力。通过对比国际先进数值预报模式的误差表明,国内区域模式的路径预报能力与国外先进模式相比仍有较大差距。4个台风业务中心强度预报的平均绝对误差分别为4.11~4.63 m·s-1（24 h）、6.10~6.90 m·s-1（48 h）和6.84~8.71 m·s-1（72 h）。部分客观强度预报方法表现出一定的系统性偏差。各方法对“海葵”在象山县鹤浦镇的24 h登陆点预报较为成功,而对“苏拉”在台湾花莲的24 h登陆点预报较为失败。     

2015年西北太平洋热带气旋预报精度评定

本文以中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋(Tropical Cyclme,TC)最佳路径集为依据,对2015年西北太平洋TC定位精度及路径、登陆点、强度预报精度进行了评定,结果表明：2015年中央气象台TC平均定位误差为14.1 km,优于2014年定位水平;中央气象台24、48、72、96和120 h路径预报误差分别为66.2、119.5、176.3、244.3和328.5 km;国内外共6个全球模式在上述预报时效的总平均路径误差分别为86.5、146.5、215.8、321.6和475.8 km;4个区域模式24、48和72 h的总平均路径误差分别为84.1、147.1和230.8 km。2015年的主观方法、全球模式和区域模式的路径预报性能均较2014年有了较大进步,但是强度预报性能仍未得到改善。目前,统计预报方法的强度预报整体性能仍然领先于数值模式。     

2007年国内台风模式路径预报效果评估

使用中央气象台提供的台风中心定位报文资料、国内台风业务预报部门提供的台风模式路径预报报文资料和台风所气候持续性方法路径预报报文资料等,对2007年中央气象台编号的热带气旋对国内5种台风业务数值预报模式的路径预报效果进行了检验评估,检验内容主要包括距离误差、技巧评分和稳定度指标等.结果表明:(1)国内各模式24h/48h预报平均距离误差最小值为122.8km/246.3km,最大值为180.7km/304.4km.各模式24h/48h预报最大误差为1429.7km/1003.7km, 最小误差为11.2km/10.1km.24h/48h预报平均距离误差为147km/267km.平均而言,导致路径预报误差最大的是0707号热带气旋帕布,误差在其登陆后尤为明显.(2)相对于上海台风研究所路径预报气候持续法做了各种数值预报方法的技巧评分:各模式24h/48h预报平均技巧评分为32%/43%,最高的技巧评分为48%/54%, 最低的技巧评分为3.17%/33.53%.其中4个模式的24h/48h技巧评分高于36%/33%.(3)检验了距离稳定度、方向稳定度、有效稳定度等指标,以全面评估各模式的路径预报性能.该评估结果在一定程度上反映了当前国内台风路径数值预报相对于常用气候统计方法的优越性,同时也表明,尽管国内台风数值预报模式对于热带气旋在海上时的路径预报有一定的稳定性,但对热带气旋登陆后转向过程的预报表现出了较大误差.因此,在模式开发的下一步工作中,除台风初始化之外,还应结合登陆台风的特点,对边界层和陆面过程参数化等作针对性的研究.     

2012年中国南海台风模式预报情况

通过统计和评估中国南海台风模式2012年的预报结果,得出了2012年各种类型热带气旋的预报质量情况。由于在动力过程优化及水物质和边界层的改进方面做了不少工作,使得中国南海台风模式的全年平均距离误差第一次在历史上突破了100 km以下,且无论是24 h、48 h及72 h的路径还是强度预报都比历年要好很多,从2012年全年的台风路径预报效果来看,有一半的台风24 h路径预报误差在100 km以下大部分台风48 h路径预报误差在200 km以下。另外,2012年中国南海台风模式对强TC的路径预报仍然象往年一样要优于弱TC;而强度预报则相反,对于较弱的强热带风暴预报其效果反而最好。个例分析发现副高强度位置及相关的西伸活动对台风路径预报有较大影响;同时,减少模式位势高度的总体平均RMSE误差对台风路径预报准确率的提高有相当重要的作用。      

2014年西北太平洋热带气旋预报精度评定

本文以中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的最佳路径集为依据,对2014年西北太平洋热带气旋（TC）定位、路径、登陆点和强度预报精度进行了评定,结果表明：2014年定位总平均误差25.3 km,比2013年略偏大。CMA主观预报24、48、72、96和120 h路径预报误差分别为84.3、145.6、205.4、280.2和415.3 km,与2013年相比,长时效路径预报误差有显著减小。而全球模式在相应预报时效的总平均路径误差分别为88.1、159.6、253.9、393.6和572.1 km。区域模式24、48和72 h的总平均路径误差分别为97.4、188.2和302.7 km。统计预报方法的强度预报整体性能仍然领先于数值模式,而在数值模式中,区域模式的强度预报性能则略优于全球模式。     

热带气旋路径数值模式业务试验性能分析

在中国气象局数值预报创新基地开发的GRAPES基础上,建立了热带气旋路径预报系统(GRAPES-TCM)。并对2002、2003年热带气旋进行了一系列时间为48 h的路径后报试验,对2004年的热带气旋路径进行准业务预报。针对热带气旋路径预报的分析表明,GRAPES-TCM对热带气旋路径具有良好的预报能力。比较了2004年GRAPES-TCM准业务预报同北京数值预报和日本数值预报的结果,GRAPES-TCM的预报结果比北京的好,与日本数值预报相比仍有较大的差距。GRAPES-TCM计算的总的热带气旋24、48 h平均距离误差大约为150、250 km。GRAPES-TCM计算的热带气旋路径的平均距离误差随着其初始强度的增强而减小,台风级的热带气旋路径的24 h平均距离误差仅为111 km,48 h平均距离误差也在210 km左右,与此同时,预报的强热带风暴的24和48 h平均距离误差则为166.6和242.6 km。GRAPES-TCM后报的"突然转向"和"突然变速"热带气旋的平均距离误差24 h达到280 km,48 h则在300 km左右,超过其总的平均距离误差。对于"回旋"路径的热带气旋也有一定的预报能力。对不同分辨率的对比试验结果表明,提高GRAPES-TCM的分辨率可为稍长时间的热带气旋路径预报提供更为可靠的结果,2004年的热带气旋路径预报的48 h平均距离误差不到200 km。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences