山东半岛两次海风锋引起的强对流天气对比

利用常规地面和高空观测资料、烟台和青岛多普勒天气雷达资料、加密自动气象站等资料分析2014年7月14日(“7·14”)和2009年6月29日(“6·29”)山东半岛两次海风锋引起的强对流天气。结果表明:“7·14”强对流天气发生于冷涡后部前倾槽的环流形势下, 明显的静力不稳定层结、中等大小的对流有效位能及垂直风切变相对偏弱, 是此次对流风暴持续时间短且降雹范围较小的原因; “6·29”过程是东北冷涡影响下的强对流天气。海风锋、阵风锋、地面辐合线是两次过程的触发机制, 两次过程都出现了高悬的强回波、弱回波区、回波悬垂、钩状回波、中气旋等超级单体回波特征; 大冰雹形成期表现为中气旋垂直伸展较大和旋转较强, 两次过程的超级单体风暴均由海风锋触发的靠近山脉的风暴发展加强而成, 即地形与海风锋结合导致的更强抬升在加强对流风暴并演化为超级单体风暴中起了关键作用。但“6·29”强对流天气过程出现了强中气旋, “7·14”强对流天气过程出现了弱中气旋, 因此, 前者对流范围更大、强度更强。     

“8.13”黄淮北部暴雨云团的组织结构和触发机制

利用FY-2E卫星资料、多普勒雷达监测及4Dvar反演资料、区域自动站和常规观测资料、NCEP分析资料,对2010年8月13日黄淮北部暴雨云团的组织结构、发展演变及形成机制进行研究。结果表明:暴雨云团形成发展于低涡切变形势下,低涡切变线、西南急流及边界层扩散南下弱冷空气是主要影响系统;高的对流不稳定能量、强的低层垂直风切变和持续发展的水汽条件是主要环境特征。不同区域云团的形成机制有差别,发展北上的西南急流促使MβCS旺盛发展。随着低涡发展,MβCS发展合并形成圆形MαCS,强暖湿气流强迫、弱冷空气扩散及地面辐合线是圆形MαCS形成发展的重要机制。γ或β中尺度气旋及辐合线在对流初生阶段起动力触发作用,辐合加强及辐合区的向后延伸导致对流云团的自身发展和后向发展;成熟阶段对流单体后部的强出流促使对流单体分裂,气旋式环流外围西南和偏南气流合并造成对流单体合并。MαCS成熟和衰亡期雷达上出现的线状对流系统具有明显强降水特征。     

浙中一次强对流天气动力热力场和雷达回波特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、常规气象观测和区域自动站观测资料、闪电及多普勒雷达天气资料,对2013年5月29日浙中局地强对流天气过程的环境场、触发机制和雷达回波特征进行了分析。结果表明：局地强对流天气是在东北冷涡背景下产生的;高空冷平流南侵、低层暖平流北上,有利于大气对流不稳定度进一步加大;在热力不稳定能量增长储存条件下,冷空气、地面辐合线与中低层切变线是强对流天气的重要触发机制,地面辐合线对强对流天气还具有组织作用;沿等熵面移动的较大位涡有利于超级单体风暴的发生和发展;初夏0 ℃层高度偏高,但在满足强烈位势不稳定、中等风垂直切变以及低层充足水汽条件下仍可以导致局地小冰雹的产生;地面大风过程是低空暖湿气流入流在快要进入上升气流区时受到上升气流区的抽吸作用而加速导致生成的;多个回波强核被中气旋组织在一起,形成超级单体风暴造成了局地强风雹天气。     

冷涡背景下不同类型强对流天气的成因对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、卫星、雷达和NCEP再分析资料,针对2015年8月22日冷涡背景下华北东北部和黄淮地区同时出现的不同类型强对流天气,对比分析引发不同天气的两种中尺度对流系统的演变过程及冷涡背景下不同强对流天气的成因。具体结论如下:(1)同一冷涡背景下,华北东北部位于冷涡中心外围西南象限和地面冷高压前沿,触发的分散性多单体风暴位于冷涡外围的涡旋云系中,引发以短时强降水为主的强对流天气;黄淮地区位于冷涡后部和地面冷锋前,槽后晴空区的多个对流单体,合并后形成人字形飑线系统引发短时强降水、冰雹和雷暴大风天气;(2)环境热力和水汽的差异为形成不同的强对流天气提供了前提条件:华北东北部受高层暖脊影响,地面高压后部的偏东气流带来水汽输送,整层暖湿的条件利于产生强降水;黄淮地区高层有补充干冷空气,利于热力不稳定条件发展,但黄淮地区低层水汽不足,风雹天气在较干环境场中不易被触发;(3)引发不同强对流天气的对流触发机制不同,两处的初始对流均受同一地面辐合线影响,但华北东北部在地形抬升与辐合线共同作用下不断新生单体;黄淮地区的初始局地热对流形成后,其前沿的辐散出流与环境风形成新的辐合,使原辐合线断裂和转向;(4)出现不同强对流天气时垂直风切变不同,黄淮风雹区的中层垂直风切变更显著,有利于形成持续性的强风暴;强对流天气发生时,华北东北部中低层风场的演变与天气尺度系统的变化有关,黄淮地区中低层风的垂直分布与中尺度对流系统的发生发展有关。     

2014年唐山市一次强对流天气过程分析

文章利用常规天气资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料,对2014年8月3—4日唐山地区的强对流天气过程进行详细分析。结果表明:此次强降水天气是500h Pa贝加尔湖以南低槽与河套短波槽东移合并引起的,850h Pa切变线是造成此次暴雨天气的主要影响系统,地面辐合线是触发机制;台风外围暖湿气流输送是此次暴雨发生的主要水汽来源,低层充足的水汽输送和水汽辐合提供有利的水汽条件;低层维持暖湿、中高层干冷入侵增加了大气不稳定能量,是强对流天气出现的重要原因;低层辐合上升,高层辐散,高空急流抽吸、通风作用维持强对流发展;卫星红外云图、多普勒雷达基本反射率对对流单体,多普勒雷达径向速度对低层辐合线有很好的识别,对强对流天气预报预警有较好的指示意义。     

一次强风雹天气的干侵入作用及雷达回波特征分析

利用6小时NCEP 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、常规观测资料和多普勒雷达资料等，对2018年6月13日发生在河南省北部地区的一次风雹天气过程进行诊断分析，结果表明：（1）此次强风雹天气发生在华北冷涡后部西北气流中，强天气发生前大气整层较为干燥，冷涡后部横槽南下，自上而下带来干冷空气，低层水汽辐合与午后地面高温共同作用，形成上干冷下暖湿的不稳定层结；（2）地面辐合线和弱冷锋是此次风雹天气的触发机制；（3）对流单体在干侵入的一侧首先发展加强，随后在地面辐合线附近不断产生小的对流单体，对流单体合并后进一步加强，逐渐形成弓形回波带,大风出现在回波带前侧地面辐合线附近，冰雹出现在中气旋左侧区域;（4）对流单体的移动方向与地面辐合线一致，地面辐合线稳定少动有利于对流系统的增强，地面辐合线断裂后对流系统迅速减弱消亡。这些结论为强风雹短临预报预警提供了参考依据。     

山东省一次强致灾对流性天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料、新一代多普勒雷达资料、区域自动站资料及NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料对2016年6月13—14日山东省强致灾对流性天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:此次强对流天气是在东北冷涡和地面气旋共同作用下产生的,上冷下暖的形势有利于对流天气的发生,近地面层的逆温层为强对流发生积累了能量,适宜的湿球温度0℃层和-20℃层高度是大冰雹出现的典型配置;大气对流有效位能和干暖盖指数等物理量对强对流天气产生有较好指示意义;较长时间的低层强烈的水汽辐合和大气可降水量激增预示着此次强对流天气过程伴随着强降水的产生;产生大冰雹的超级单体风暴具有较强的反射率因子、三体散射、有界弱回波区、旁瓣回波、回波悬垂和反射率因子梯度大值区等特征。     

2010年5月潍坊一次强对流天气过程的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站、数值预报及潍坊713雷达资料,对2010年5月30日潍坊强对流天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:这次强对流天气的主要影响系统是高空冷涡、低层切变线。存在上干冷,下暖湿结构,有较强的对流不稳定层结;对流层低层切变线是造成这次强对流天气的触发机制,地面风场上出现了"对头风"的强风向辐合中心;对流不稳定区的风垂直切变大,有较强的垂直上升运动。     

豫北一次夏季雷雨大风过程分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站加密资料、郑州和濮阳雷达资料、鹤壁站微波辐射计资料等,对2017年6月豫北一次雷雨大风过程进行分析。结果表明,高空冷槽叠加低层暖空气之上造成较强的层结不稳定性,对流沿地面辐合线尾向传播导致对流西南向发展。冷空气入侵对强对流的触发及水汽调节的改善起到重要作用。弱冷空气入侵使地面辐合线得以维持,造成水汽的辐合,有利于水汽的垂直输送,改变整层的水汽分布,增加了空气水汽饱和度。多普勒雷达产品和微波辐射计资料可以较好地用于短时强对流天气的预报预警。     

关中西部致灾大冰雹天气分析

利用高空及地面天气图、宝鸡多普勒雷达资料,分析了2015年7月18日和2016年6月12日关中西部陇县两次大冰雹强对流天气成因及雷达特征。分析表明,两次过程环境条件比较一致,冷涡槽后西北气流携带的冷空气形成了对流不稳定层结有利条件,地面露点锋是强对流的触发机制。2015年7月18日冰雹是由中气旋的超级单体风暴产生,2016年6月12日冰雹是强单体风暴造成。两次过程中,持续的垂直累积液态含水量≥55 kg/m2、反射率因子≥60 dBz和三体散射是大冰雹出现的重要特征。雷达冰雹指数（HI）、风暴追踪信息（STI）等产品可作为提前发布强对流天气预警的参考。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.