攀枝花市区33年气温变化趋势研究

本文利用攀枝花市区1977~2009年年平均气温、年平均极端最高气温、年平均极端最低气温以及逐日最高气温资料,运用气候趋势系数、累计距平、MK突变检验等方法研究分析了攀枝花市区气温变化趋势,主要结论有:(1)33年来该地区年平均气温呈现弱的下降趋势,与全球升温趋势相悖。(2)年平均极端最低气温升温趋势率为0.24℃/(10a),大大高于年平均极端最高气温升温趋势率0.09℃/(10a)。(3)高温日数及热积温均呈下降趋势,其中热积温下降趋势率为8.4℃/(10a)。(4)市区炳草岗年平均气温相对稳定,不存在突变现象。      

1961—2012年华南地区气温的变化特征

根据华南地区110个站1961—2012年逐月平均气温资料,采用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析了华南地区气温的变化特征。结果表明,1961—2012年华南地区年平均气温以0.14℃/(10 a)的速率显著上升。20世纪70—80年代呈波动变化,90年代中后期气温有明显的上升,并在1997年左右发生突变性增温。从季节分布看,升温速率冬季最大,为0.22℃/(10 a),秋季次之,为0.18℃/(10 a),夏季和春季升温幅度较小,分别为0.11℃/(10 a)和0.09℃/(10 a)。从地域分布看,珠江三角洲地区和华南东部沿海是主要升温区域,升温速率为0.3℃/(10 a),海南平均为0.23℃/(10 a),而广西和广东西部、北部地区增温速率较小,为0.15℃/(10 a)。     

江西省近50年霾天气时空分布特征及成因分析

利用1964—2013年江西省83个站逐日霾观测资料,运用线性倾向估计等统计方法,分析江西省近50年霾时空变化特征及其与气候要素的关系。结果表明:江西霾日数呈赣中北部多、赣南少的特点,赣中的萍乡—宜春—抚州—上饶一带以及赣北北部的九江中部、景德镇北部地区是霾天气多发区,年均霾日数在30 d·a~(-1)以上。冬季霾日数最多,萍乡—宜春—鹰潭地区中北部、南昌—九江的中部以及上饶东部地区超过20 d·a~(-1),春季和秋季次之,夏季最少。12月是霾日数最多的月份,接近全年霾日数的2成。江西省霾日数呈年际增长的趋势,增长率为11 d·(10 a)~(-1),气候趋势系数为0.78,通过0.01的显著性水平检验。霾日数与平均风速和大风日数均呈负相关,而与静风日数呈正相关。近50年平均风速和大风日数呈下降趋势,静风日数呈上升趋势,这可能导致空气中污染物不易扩散而形成更多的霾天气。江西省降水日数呈减少趋势[-6.3 d·(10a)~(-1)],气温呈增暖趋势[0.15℃·(10a)~(-1)],霾日数与气温和降水日数分别呈正、负相关。     

1961—2013年石家庄市气温变化特征分析

文章利用石家庄市1961—2013年气温资料,采用滑动平均、线性趋势图、M-K突变检验等方法对石家庄近53a的气温变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:近53a平均气温上升趋势明显,20世纪80年代后期升温显著;年平均最高气温增温率仅为0.107℃/10a,增温趋势平缓,而年平均最低气温增温率为0.594℃/10a,呈明显的逐年上升趋势,说明气候变暖趋势显著;高温日数的增加,气候变暖趋势已成为必然。四季平均气温呈线性上升趋势,春季、冬季变化幅度最大且具有继续升温的趋势,是造成气候变暖的主要原因。而夏季、秋季变化幅度较小。     

聊城市1962—2011年气温变化特征分析

运用常规统计方法、线性拟合方法、累积距平方法等分析了1962—2011年聊城市8个国家气象站50a气温资料的变化特征。结果表明：春季、秋季、冬季平均气温都随时间呈线性增加的趋势,年平均气温增温速率为0．18℃／10a,各季增温速率从大到小依次为冬季、秋季、春季,而夏季则呈现一定程度的弱降温趋势;年极端最高气温变化趋势以1994年为分界点前后分为一个降温阶段和一个升温阶段;年极端最低气温整体呈波动上升,分为4个降温阶段和3个升温阶段;冷指数即冷事件频率呈减少趋势,且从20世纪80年代中后开始显著减少,而暖指数则以增加趋势为主,但开始发生显著变化的年代在90年代中期。     

近40年西藏定日县气温变化特征分析

根据1971²010年西藏定日站的平均气温、最高、最低气温的逐月资料,分析了该地区近40a来气温变化特征。结果表明:近40年来定日县的年及各季节的平均气温均呈明显的上升趋势,其中,年平均气温的线性倾向率为0.394℃/10a,冬季平均气温的升温幅度最大,其次是春季和秋季,夏季的升温幅度最小。年平均最高、最低气温与年平均气温的变化趋势一致,均呈上升趋势,年平均最高气温线性倾向率为0.372℃/10a;年平均最低气温线性倾向率为0.445℃/10a,最低气温的上升速率高于最高气温。不同时段的平均气温基本上在1997年之后上升趋势非常明显,最高、最低气温在20世纪90年代以后才出现温度的上升突变。     

基于均一化格点资料的全球变暖趋缓期中国气温变化特征分析

利用1961-2014年水平分辨率为0.5°×0.5°的均一化气温网格数据,分析全球变暖趋缓期（1998-2014年）中国气温的变化特征。结果显示：1998-2014年中国气温上升趋缓明显,与增暖期（1985-1997年）相比,年平均气温和年平均最高气温由升温趋势转为降温趋势,分别为-0.05℃/10a和-0.11℃/10a,而年平均最低气温仍保持弱的上升趋势（0.06℃/10a）。全球变暖趋缓期中国的增暖型发生了显著变化：北方地区由增温趋势转为降温趋势,青藏高原和西南地区则呈现出相对强的增温趋势;从季节来看,冬季降温最强、夏季增温较其他季节偏强,而冬季（强降温）正是中国增暖趋缓的主要贡献季节。增温最强的要素仍然是最低气温。     

中国北极村气候变暖特征

利用我国最北部的北极村气象站1963～2005年气温资料,通过计算气候倾向率和气候趋势系数,对该地区气候变化特点进行了分析。结果表明,43年来北极村气温有明显并稳定的上升趋势,年平均气温以每10年0．46℃幅度升高。各季及逐月平均气温都存在不同程度的变暖趋势,但是冬季升温最为剧烈,达每10年0．69℃,其中2月升温幅度为每10年1．02℃,为全年最大。秋季升温最弱,仅为每10年0．21℃。年平均最低气温（每10年0．59℃）和年极端最低气温（每10年0．74℃）比年平均最高气温（每10年0．37℃）和年极端最高气温（每10年0．27℃）升温幅度明显偏大。最低气温比最高气温对平均气温的年代际升温趋势贡献更为明显。     

城市化进程对南京市气温变化影响的主成分分析

为揭示城市环境气象的蠕变过程,利用南京站1956—2007年逐日气温资料及南京市1995—2006年的统计年鉴数据,通过主成分分析法,研究了南京市年平均气温变化与城市化进程之间的关系。结果表明:(1)1956年以来南京市年平均气温、年平均最高、最低气温总体呈上升趋势,增温率分别为0.28℃/(10 a)、0.18℃/(10 a)、0.33℃/(10 a),特别是1990年以后,增温速率进一步加大。(2)城市化进程中影响气温变化的主导因子为:城市下垫面性质、工业排污和人口数量。(3)1990年代后南京市城市化进程与年平均气温和年平均最低气温之间存在显著的正相关关系。     

新疆近50a气温变化趋势和演变特征

利用新疆89个气象站1961～2008年的气温资料,分析了新疆近50a气温变化趋势及演变特征。结果表明:新疆各区域年平均气温呈现一致的显著上升趋势,秋、冬季的线性升温趋势最显著;夏、秋季平均气温自20世纪80年代之后呈逐年代上升趋势,尤其是进入21世纪以来增温最明显,其中春季和秋季明显高于夏季,而冬季,北疆和南疆2001～2008年比20世纪90年代气温则分别下降了0.3℃,0.5℃,天山山区则比20世纪90年代高0.3℃;年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温地域变化特征一致,总体表现为增温速率北部大南部小、东部西部大中部小、山区大平原小的特点。年平均最高气温自20世纪80年代呈逐年代上升趋势,而年平均气温从20世纪60年代呈逐年代上升趋势,且其增温速率远远高于年平均最高气温。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences