基于IAP AGCM4的欧亚大陆春季雪水当量可预报性评估

欧亚大陆积雪是重要的气候预测因子,评估其在气候模式中的预测潜力可为季节气候预测和模式发展提供重要参考。本文利用IAP AGCM4的多年集合后报结果,分析了欧亚大陆春季雪水当量的可预报性。结果表明该模式对提前1月后报的欧亚大陆春季雪水当量的空间分布,主要模态及变化趋势具有较好的可预报能力。此外模式对欧亚中高纬积雪的年际异常也具有较高的预报技巧,特别是高纬度区域。可预报性来源分析则表明,大气初始异常对欧亚中高纬积雪可预报性的影响与海温异常相比显得更为重要。     

北京地区沙尘天气的某些特征分析

利用近几年来气象卫星对沙尘天气的监测结果,分析了影响北京地区沙尘天气的一些特征,得到以下结果:(1)影响北京地区沙尘的源地可分为3类:第1类沙尘起源于蒙古国南部地区,第2类沙尘起源于我国内蒙古地区,第3类沙尘起源于北京本地.(2)影响北京地区的沙尘路径大致有3条:第1条路径,蒙古国南部-内蒙古浑善达克沙地-河北省西北部-北京地区;第2条路径,蒙古国南部-内蒙古朱日和一带-河北省西部-北京地区;第3条路径,山西高原-河北-北京地区.(3)沙尘在移动过程中,强度是不断变化的.(4)大气环流是制约沙尘天气的直接原因.     

春季欧亚积雪异常影响中国夏季降水的数值试验

 利用NCAR的新一代GCM CAM3.1版本模式,研究了欧亚大陆春季积雪异常对北半球大气环流和中国夏季降水的影响。结果表明,春季积雪异常通过改变其后夏季的土壤湿度和温度分布,造成对流层厚度场的异常,激发一个从欧洲西部到东亚的500 hPa高度场异常波列。我国南、北方处于符号相反的高度场异常区,同时降水也呈现南北相异的态势,这表明春季欧亚积雪异常是影响我国夏季降水分布的一个重要因子。     

Correlation of Dust Storms in China with Chlorophyll a Concentration in the Yellow Sea between 1997-2007

Based on daily observation data at 222 meteorological stations in China,the characteristics of dust storms between 1997 and 2007 were examined.Next,the relationship between dust events and chlorophyll (Chl) a concentration in the Yellow Sea was investigated.There were six regions with high annual frequencies of dust storms.The seasonal distribution of dust storms showed spatiotemporal variation.The six regions with highest annual frequencies also exhibited high frequencies of dust storms in spring.Dust storms in most regions occurred in spring.Of all dust storms in China,sixty-five percent of all dust storms occurred during the spring.The area and frequency of dust storms were smaller in fall and winter than in spring and summer.A significant correlation was found between dust events and Chl a concentration in the Yellow Sea.High correlation regions included Qinghai-Xizang region,part of the Hexi Corridor,the western Inner Mongolia and Hetao Regions,and the Hunshandake Desert.The high correlation may be induced by the high ratio of dust storms in the abovementioned regions that arrive over the Yellow Sea,as inferred through a forward trajectory analysis;especially notable is dust transported at a lower altitude (< 3 km).     

中国春季降水异常及其与热带太平洋海面温度和欧亚大陆积雪的联系

利用降水观测资料, 研究了1979～2004年中国春季 (3～5月) 标准化累积降水异常的时空特征及其与前冬、 春热带太平洋海面温度和春季欧亚大陆积雪的关系。中国春季标准化累积降水量EOF第一模态最大变率位于中国东部中纬度地区, 主要反映了中国东部中纬度地区春季降水的变化特征。同时, 中国东部春季降水异常具有南、 北反相变化的特征。当长江以南大部分地区的降水偏少时, 长江以北地区的降水偏多。春季降水异常具有显著的年际变化, 但在1980年代末出现年代际转型, 即年际变化的振幅明显增大变强、 周期变长。从华北到长江流域中纬度地区的春季降水异常特征与前冬热带太平洋海面温度有密切的关系。当前冬、 春热带东太平洋海温偏暖, 西太平洋海温偏冷时, 中国东部从华北到长江流域中纬度地区的春季降水偏多, 反之亦然。虽然当春季欧亚大陆楚科奇半岛和青藏高原积雪偏多, 贝加尔湖到中国东北地区的积雪偏少时, 对应着中国东部从华北到长江流域中纬度地区的降水偏多, 但当去掉ENSO信号后, 这种关系并不显著。说明EOF第一模态所反映的中国东部从华北到长江流域中纬度地区春季降水与欧亚大陆积雪的相关关系可能是前冬热带太平洋海面温度异常的一个体现。     

The influence of vegetation variation on Northeast Asian dust activity

In this study, we investigate the influence of vegetation variations on dust activity (dust load, dust transport in the troposphere, and dust weather frequency) over Northeast Asia during springtime. By using the Integrated Wind Erosion Modeling System, two model experiments are run over four-month periods, from February 1 to May 31, for each year from 1982 to 2006; one experiment uses the observed atmospheric conditions and vegetation (OBS), and the other uses the specified atmospheric conditions in 2006 and the observed vegetation (CTRL). Comparison of the two model experiments reveals that there are sensitive regions in southeastern Mongolia and central northern China, in which vegetation has a large potential to influence dust activity due to both the high dust emission rate and large variations in vegetation coverage. Over these sensitive regions, vegetation effectively lessens dust loads on interannual and interdecadal timescales; dust load is decreased by 2864 μg m^?2 for an increment of 0.1 in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Vegetation increase in the sensitive areas also reduces two major branches of dust transports in the low troposphere; one stretches from eastern Mongolia to regions northeastward, and the other flows across the south of northeastern China to Korea. In addition to dust loads and transports, vegetation increase in the sensitive areas evidently decreases dust storm frequency and blowing dust frequency, but it exerts a weak influence on the floating dust frequency. In the sensitive regions, as NDVI increases by 0.1, dust storms, blowing dust, and floating dust decrease by 4.0 days/spring, 1.5 days/spring, and 0.2 days/spring, respectively. In summary, vegetation variations in southeastern Mongolia and central northern China have considerable impact on northeast Asian dust during springtime.     

赤道太平洋对流活动异常对我国夏季降水和气温的影响

利用月平均ＯＬＲ、降水和气温资料,研究了ＥＮＳＯ期间赤道太平洋对流活动与我国夏季降水和气温的关系。结果表明：春季、夏季中、西太平洋对流活动异常与我国夏季江淮地区的降水有密切关系;春季和前一年冬季西太平洋对流活动异常与东北地区夏季降水有显著相关。前一年冬季中、西太平洋对流活动异常与我国降水的显著相关区是不同的,前者为华南、西南地区,后者为东北至内蒙古一带。气温与同期中、西太平洋对流活动的相关不显著。     

Eurasian Snow Cover Variability and Its Association with Summer Rainfall in China

This study investigates the statistical linkage between summer rainfall in China and the preceding spring Eurasian snow water equivalent (SWE), using the datasets of summer rainfall observations from 513 stations, satellite-observed snow water equivalent, and atmospheric circulation variables in the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis during the period from 1979 to 2004. The first two coupled modes are identified by using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. The leading SVD mode of the spring SWE variability shows a coherent negative anomaly in most of Eurasia with the opposite anomaly in some small areas of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia. The mode displays strong interannual variability, superposed on an interdecadal variation that occurred in the late 1980s, with persistent negative phases in 1979--1987 and frequent positive phases afterwards. When the leading mode is in its positive phase, it corresponds to less SWE in spring throughout most of Eurasia. Meanwhile, excessive SWE in some small areas of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia, summer rainfall in South and Southeast China tends to be increased, whereas it would be decreased in the up-reaches of the Yellow River. In recent two decades, the decreased spring SWE in Eurasia may be one of reasons for severe droughts in North and Northeast China and much more significant rainfall events in South and Southeast China. The second SVD mode of the spring SWE variability shows opposite spatial variations in western and eastern Eurasia, while most of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia are in phase. This mode significantly correlates with the succeeding summer rainfall in North and Northeast China, that is, less spring SWE in western Eurasia and excessive SWE in eastern Eurasia and the Tibetan Plateau tend to be associated with decreased summer rainfall in North and Northeast China.     

赤道太平洋对流活动异常对我国夏季降水和气温的影响

利用月平均ＯＬＲ、降水和气温资料,研究了ＥＮＳＯ期间赤道太平洋对流活动与我国夏季降水和气温的关系。结果表明：春季、夏季中、西太平洋对流活动异常与我国夏季江淮地区的降水有密切关系;春季和前一年冬季西太平洋对流活动异常与东北地区夏季降水有显著相关。前一年冬季中、西太平洋对流活动异常与我国降水的显著相关区是不同的,前者为华南、西南地区,后者为东北至内蒙古一带。气温与同期中、西太平洋对流活动的相关不显著。     

欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季气候可预报性的影响

利用大气环流模式IAP9L_CoLM,通过两组集合后报试验,考察了欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季气候可预报性的影响。一组试验为常规后报试验,积雪是由模式陆面过程预报得到的,另一组试验为积雪试验,模式积分过程中欧亚大陆雪水当量由微波遥感积雪资料替代,一天替换一次。通过分析两组试验后报结果的差异,来考察欧亚大陆积雪对我国春季（3~5月）气候可预报性的影响。分析表明:欧亚大陆积雪模拟水平的改善能提高春季欧亚大陆中高纬环流场（海平面气压场和中、高层位势高度场）的可预报性,模式对我国春季气温异常的年际变化和空间分布的可预报能力也有显著增强。对我国春季降水,虽然预报技巧较低,但引入较真实的欧亚积雪作用后,由于中高纬环流场预报技巧的改进导致降水的预测能力也有所改进。个例分析也表明,欧亚中高纬春季积雪异常模拟水平的改善导致了欧亚中高纬贝加尔湖及以南区域环流场可预报性的提高,最终使中国东部区域春季气候异常模拟技巧得以改善。以上结果也证实,欧亚大陆积雪是影响东亚区域春季气候的一个重要因子,要提高模式对中国春季气候的预报技巧,积雪模拟水平的改进是非常必要的。     

华北春季沙尘暴频次与环流年际变率的相关分析

分析了近40年来华北春季沙尘暴频次与前秋、前冬和当年春季大尺度大气环流因子的关系,重点是检查年际尺度上的相关。结果表明,年际尺度上与沙尘暴频次有密切关系的环流因子包括:春季太平洋/北美遥相关型(PNA)、春季北太平洋指数(NP)、冬季亚洲区极涡面积。前者为正相关,后二者为负相关。这与用包含低频变率的原始序列进行分析的结果有很大的不同。原始序列分析的结果表明,与华北沙尘暴频次有关的环流因子主要是春季太平洋准10年振荡(PDO,为负相关),春季北半球极涡面积和亚洲区极涡面积(正相关)、前冬西大西洋型(WA,为正相关),以及前秋亚洲区极涡面积(正相关)。说明在不同时间尺度上,大气环流因子有不同的作用。此外,除了PNA、NP和亚洲区极涡面积外,年际尺度上ENSO及WA也可能对沙尘暴频次存在适度的影响。年际尺度上春季12个环流因子对春季沙尘暴频次的方差贡献率为65.3%。     

冬季各月北太平洋涛动的年际变化及其与我国降水异常的联系

利用ERA-Interim的海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure,SLP)再分析资料和中国160站的降水观测资料,分析了冬季各月(当年12月、次年1月和2月)北太平洋涛动(North Pacific Oscillation,NPO)的年际变化特征,及其与我国同期降水异常之间的联系。结果表明:1)冬季各月NPO指数的年际变化较为显著,但各月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关性较差,1979—2012年冬季12月与1月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关系数为0.09,而1月与2月NPO指数的相关系数仅为-0.003,均没有通过信度检验。2)1月和12月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国黄淮流域降水异常之间存在明显的正相关,而2月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国华北降水异常之间为明显的负相关。3)当1月(12月)NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国黄淮流域降水量比多年平均值增加约50%(40%);而当2月NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国华北降水量比多年平均值减少约30%。     

2013年春季沙尘天气特征及其成因

2013年春季,我国共出现了7次沙尘天气过程,其中沙尘暴2次,扬沙5次,是沙尘天气频次总体偏少,但发生时间偏早、影响范围较广的一年。通过对2012/2013年冬季及2013年春季天气气候特征的分析表明：（1）2012/2013年冬季,西伯利亚高压脊较常年平均明显偏弱,影响我国北方地区的西北气流及冷空气偏弱,我国大部地区气温偏高,不利于冬季土壤冻结,土质较为疏松,加之蒙古国及内蒙古大部地区纬向风为偏西风的正距平区,有利于起沙及沙尘粒子向偏东方向输送,这是造成2013年沙尘天气早发的主要原因;（2）2013年春季,我国北方大部地区处于该弱脊脊前西北气流,我国北方除东北地区气温较常年偏低外,其他大部地区气温均偏高,土壤解冻较早,加之3~4月降水偏少,植被状况偏差,土质疏松,是形成沙尘天气的主要原因;（3）气温偏高、降水偏少、土壤湿度降低,但2013年春季沙尘暴反而减少了,说明这些因素并不是沙尘暴发生的直接因素,而是造成沙尘暴发生的短期天气气候变化的间接原因。     

Potential predictors for spring season dust storm forecast in Inner Mongolia, China

This study identifies potential predictors for seasonal forecast of dust storm frequency for the Inner Mongolia region of China. Regionally averaged antecedent annual precipitation anomaly has a significant influence on spring dust storm frequency. It is strongly linked to the frequency of severe dust storms that produce strong impact on the downstream Beijing-Tianjin area. A hindcast that uses precipitation anomaly to predict dust storm frequency in the following spring significantly outperforms climatologic forecast. Limited soil moisture observations indicate that an abundant annual precipitation increases the soil moisture of subsurface layer in the subsequent spring, which in turn improves vegetation growth that could lead to a reduction in the frequency of dust storms.     

春季沙尘天气对内蒙古相关城市颗粒物污染影响研究

沙尘天气是造成我国北方春季区域性沙尘型重污染的主要原因,然而目前对此研究并不多见。因此,本文利用中国环保网2014年1月1日-2016年12月31日内蒙古11个城市环境监测站的颗粒物浓度的逐日和逐时资料,首先分析近3年该地区颗粒物污染浓度的年变化特征,然后对比这3年沙尘天气发生的次数及时段,探究颗粒物污染的年变化特征及其与沙尘天气之关系。统计结果表明,近3年春季内蒙古沙尘天气的发生次数是逐年增加的,中西部是沙尘天气频发区,与之相对应,西部颗粒物浓度的年变化高于东部,且造成内蒙古主要城市PM10浓度春季出现全年的最高值,表明沙尘天气频繁发生对当地粗颗粒物污染有显著的影响。对比内蒙古全年3个时间段的PM10浓度值,其排序是：春季沙尘期间＞春季非沙尘期间＞其他季节;即春季沙尘期间PM10浓度比非沙尘期间高69%,比其他季节高101%。有所不同的是,3个时间段平均PM2.5浓度排序则为：春季沙尘期间＞其他季节＞春季非沙尘期间;春季沙尘期间PM2.5的平均浓度比其他季节高16%,比春季非沙尘期间高29%;可见,春季沙尘天气对相关城市PM10浓度的影响明显大于对PM2.5浓度的影响。最后对内蒙古地区典型沙尘暴和扬沙个例进行细致研究, 发现沙尘暴个例中PM10浓度的增加倍数在2.3~15.1之间,而扬沙过程PM10浓度的增加倍数在0.8~5.6之间,两者相比可看出,沙尘暴过程对颗粒物污染的影响显著大于扬沙过程。     

华南冬末春初降水变异关联主模态及机理

基于1951—2018年再分析资料和观测的降水量资料,采用联合经验正交函数分解的方法,分析了华南冬末春初(2、3月)降水年际变异特征,并讨论了相应的环流背景及物理机制。华南2、3月降水变异的第一关联主模态反映出全区2、3月同相变化,第二模态呈现反相变化。第一模态的降水异常与ENSO关联的热带海温异常分布有关,其导致的西太平洋异常反气旋的维持使得2、3月的降水持续出现同相异常。第二模态的降水异常与中高纬度的大气环流异常有关：2月表现为欧亚遥相关型,3月则表现为北极涛动型。第二模态2、3月位势高度异常型的转变分别与北大西洋的热通量的异常变化及平流层极涡信号的下传有关：当2月北大西洋热通量正异常显著时,500 hPa高度场呈现欧亚遥相关(EU)负位相的分布;平流层极涡异常信号在3月下传达到对流层低层,使得3月对流层极涡增强,有利于北极涛动(AO)正位相的形成。2、3月欧亚大陆上空分别在EU遥相关型和AO型环流异常的影响下,导致了华南地区上空的大气环流的辐合辐散异常,并最终造成2、3月华南的降水量反相异常的出现。     

The Decadal Shift of the Summer Climate in the Late 1980s over Eastern China and Its Possible Causes

In this paper, it is pointed out that a notable decadal shift of, the summer climate in eastern China occurred in the late 1980s. In association with this decadal climate shift, after the late 1980s more precipitation appeared in the southern region of eastern China （namely South China）, the western Pacific subtropical high stretched farther westward with a larger south-north extent, and a strengthened anticyclone at 850 hPa appeared in the northwestern Pacific. The decadal climate shift of the summer precipitation in South China was accompanied with decadal changes of the Eurasian snow cover in boreal spring and sea surface temperature （SST） in western North Pacific in boreal summer in the late 1980s. After the late 1980s, the spring Eurasian snow cover apparently became less and the summer SST in western North Pacific increased obviously, which were well correlated with the increase of the South China precipitation. The physical processes are also investigated on how the summer precipitation in China was affected by the spring Eurasian snow cover and summer SST in western North Pacific. The change of the spring Eurasian snow cover could excite a wave-train in higher latitudes, which lasted from spring to summer. Because of the wave-train, an abnormal high appeared over North China and a weak depression over South China, leading to more precipitation in South China. The increase of the summer SST in the western North Pacific reduced the land-sea thermal contrast and thus weakened the East Asian summer monsoon, also leading to more precipitation in South China.     

中国东部夏季气候20世纪80年代后期的年代际转型及其可能成因

指出了中国东部夏季气候在20世纪80年代末出现了一次明显的年代际气候转型.伴随着这次年代际转型,80年代末以后中国东部南方地区降水明显增多,500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压西伸且南北范围变大,西北太平洋上空850 hPa反气旋增强.中国东部夏季80年代后期出现南方多雨的年代际转型与欧亚大陆春季积雪、西北太平洋夏季海面温度的年代际变化存在密切联系,它们也都在80年代末出现年代际转型.从80年代末以后,伴随着欧亚大陆春季积雪明显减少和西北太平洋夏季海面温度明显增高,中国夏季南方降水明显增加.文中分析了欧亚大陆春季积雪和西北太平洋夏季海面温度影响中国降水的物理过程,指出欧亚大陆春季积雪能够在500 hPa激发出大气中的遥相关波列,所激发出的波列可以从春季一直持续到夏季,造成中国北方为高压控制,南方为微弱低压控制,使得降水出现在中国南方.西北太平洋夏季海面温度的升高能够减小海陆热力差异,使得夏季风减弱,导致中国南方地区降水增多.     

Different Relationships Between Spring SST in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and Summer Precipitation in China

Observational and reanalysis data are used to investigate the different relationships between boreal spring sea surface temperature （SST） in the Indian and Pacific oceans and summer precipitation in China. Partial correlation analysis reveals that the effects of spring Indian Ocean SST （IO SST） and Pacific SST （PSST） anomalies on summer precipitation in China are qualitatively opposite. When IO SST anomalies are considered independently of PSST anomalies, precipitation decreases south of the Yangtze River, in most areas of Inner Mongolia, and in some parts of Liaoning Province, and increases in the Yangtze River valley, parts of southwestern and northern China, northeastern Inner Mongolia, and Heilongjiang Province. This results in a negative-positive-negative-positive pattern of precipitation anomalies in China from south to north. When PSST anomalies （particularly those in the Nin o3.4 region） are considered independently of IO SST anomalies, the pattern of precipitation anomalies in China is positive-negative-positive-negative from south to north. The genesis of summer precipitation anomalies in China is also examined when El Nin o-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） signals are removed from the ocean and atmosphere. An anticyclonic low-level wind anomaly forms in the South China Sea-Northwest Pacific area when the IO SST anomaly （SSTA） is warm and the Northwest Pacific SSTA is cold. This anticyclonic anomaly substantially influences summer precipitation in China. Anomalous warming of tropical IO SST induces positive geopotential height anomalies in the subtropics and an east-west dipole pattern in midlatitudes over Asia. These anomalies also affect summer precipitation in China.     

兰州春季沙尘过程PM10输送路径及其潜在源区

将2001-2008年分为沙尘天气相对多年和相对少年,计算兰州市春季逐日4个时次的4 d气团后向轨迹。通过聚类分析得到春季到达兰州市区的主要气团轨迹组,结合可吸入颗粒物PM₁₀日均质量浓度资料,通过计算潜在源贡献因子PSCF(potential source contribution function)和浓度权重轨迹CWT(concentration-weighted trajectory),得到影响兰州市春季PM₁₀质量浓度的潜在源区以及不同源区对兰州市春季PM₁₀质量浓度贡献的差异。结果表明,在沙尘天气相对多年,西路径和西北路径发生比例最高,分别占总轨迹的33%和19.4%,其中有50%以上为污染轨迹,是造成兰州市春季高质量浓度PM₁₀污染的主要输送路径。沙尘天气相对少年的主要输送路径是西路径,其次是北路径,分别占23.6%和18%。影响兰州市春季大气PM₁₀质量浓度的潜在源区分布在新疆塔里木盆地、吐鲁番盆地、青海柴达木盆地、甘肃河西走廊、内蒙古中部和西部的沙漠戈壁地区。