2013年云南冬季四次降雪天气过程对比分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°资料和实况观测资料,针对2013年冬季云南4次降雪过程,使用诊断和对比的方法,分析研究4次降雪过程在形成机理等方面的异同点。结果表明:4次降雪中南支槽型降雪强度和范围明显强于非南支槽型;700h Pa上高度场北高南低型和锋区密集型为主要环流形势;南支槽前的西南暖湿气流与北方冷空气的交汇,会导致降水的明显加强。在锋面附近形成的中尺度垂直环流系统,随着北方冷空气进一步南下,θ_se线陡立区的存在或移动引起南方暖湿气流带来的水汽凝结和不稳定能量的释放,从而为降雪提供了足够的抬升凝结条件,降雪或强降雨就发生在θ_se线陡立区附近以及暖湿不稳定区域;强大的地面冷高压南压和地面冷空气的参与,能够为降雪提供有利的温度条件,更有利于降雪天气的产生和维持。      

Conditions for freezing precipitation at some airports of Russia and the CIS: IV. Airport of Nizhni Novgorod

Results of study of conditions for freezing precipitation (FP) at the airport of Nizhni Novgorod based on 20-year series of surface observations are described. The cloud tops are estimated from radiosonde data. It is found that the monthly mean FP frequency does not exceed 0.44%; the phenomenon occurs from October to February. Over 20 years, a total of 113 FP episodes were observed, or less than six episodes annually. Freezing precipitation is more frequent at night and in the morning and very rare in the afternoon, at surface air temperatures not exceeding 0°C and not below ?10°C; in half of the cases, the air temperature is within ?0.1 to ?2.0°C. Surface wind is most frequently from south or southwest, while in the lower 4-km layer, according to the radiosonde data, wind direction mostly veers with height from south to west and north. In the boundary layer, FP is often associated with low-level jet streams, most frequently of southwest direction in the cloudy layers. The warm layers within and below the clouds occur in more than 20% of the cases. The most typical precipitation is FP from “all cold” clouds. Using objective criteria of the fronts, synoptic situations, advection, and baroclinicity, it is shown that almost all cases of freezing rain are observed in frontal zones, while freezing drizzle is as frequent at the fronts as under airmass conditions. Both types of FP are associated mainly with high baroclinicity and warm advection. The results can be used to develop an objective method of FP forecasting.     

江西一次暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、地面与探空资料、卫星资料等,对2012年5月12日发生在江西省中部的一次暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：本次暴雨过程发生在冷锋南侧地面倒槽区,由高层西风槽、低层低空急流及切变线、低涡共同影响所致。中低层西南气流的加强,一方面使暴雨区有充足的水汽输送,同时也使该区对流不稳定度加大,加强了暴雨区上空的对流上升运动。中尺度辐合线是强对流暴雨的触发机制,而冷锋影响使地面东风气流加强,冷空气入侵致中尺度辐合线演变为中尺度低压,中尺度低压是江西短时强降水长时间持续的机制;500hPa高空槽东移,槽前正涡度平流向江西上空输送,利于低层低涡生成和维持、上升运动加强,从而导致降水增强。冷空气影响初始阶段,〉10mm·h-1 的中尺度雨团产生在中尺度辐合线及其所演变成低压的1、2象限即中尺度辐合线或中尺度低压偏北一侧,随着冷空气的进一步入侵,中尺度雨团产生于中尺度低压的偏南一侧。     

在一种寒潮情况下的水平温度场及冷锋构造

本文选择了一次大气物理过程比较简单的寒潮作为例子,讨论其温度场及冷锋的构造。事实看出,寒潮前沿的冷锋,在黄河流域时与在华南时,构造是不同的。本文对于锋的构造的改变进行了初步的讨论。再者,寒潮末期的高空温度场改变很大,作者试用锋生公式计算,结果指出,温度平流值的变化起着主导作用。     

华北一次冷空气回流路径对降水相态的影响分析

针对2018年4月3-5日东北冷空气回流到京津冀地区造成复杂相态降水过程典型华北回流天气个例，利用ERA5再分析资料和MICAPS地面资料，详细分析了冷空气路径、形态、对降水范围及相态的影响等。分析表明：回流冷空气对京津冀地区的影响，可分为4个阶段，即低层冷舌侵入、沿山堆积扩散、增强维持、变性消散阶段。在低层冷舌侵入阶段，冷空气以冷舌形式经东北、渤海侵入京津冀地区，冷舌在不同高度位置不同；冷舌在垂直方向位于干、湿过渡区，降水粒子经冷舌下方干区蒸发，造成阴天无降水天气。在沿山堆积扩散阶段，低层冷空气遇太行山堆积并向南北以扇形形式扩散，较高层次冷空气西边界扩散至太行山山区；燕山南部、太行山东部存在深厚湿层，且温度较低，出现降雪；距离山脉较近的平原地区出现雨夹雪或雪；距离山脉较远的平原地区无降水。在增强维持阶段，冷空气强度达到最强，范围达到最大；深厚湿层从太行山、燕山向平原扩展，降水范围扩大，降水相态主要取决于近地面温度。在冷空气变性消散阶段，较高层次回暖先于较低层次，冷空气变性消失，降水趋于结束。     

台风“鮎鱼”极端降水分析

1617号台风"鮎鱼"的降水异常强大,温州、丽水部分县市的过程雨量和日雨量超过历史极值,灾害严重。利用NCEP 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料、FY-2G卫星资料、多普勒雷达探测资料和自动站加密观测等资料,对其成因展开分析。结果表明:"鮎鱼"东面与强大稳定的副高之间构成东南急流;北面与缓慢东移的华北高压之间构成偏东风急流;南面是与西南季风相连接的西南急流;3支低空急流构建的切变辐合区是水汽辐合和不稳定能量的集合区,也是中尺度对流的强烈发展区,温州、丽水部分县市的极端降水由中尺度对流的持续发生发展引发。低空急流的长时间持续,特别充沛的水汽输送和冷空气的影响是"鮎鱼"极端降水的主要影响机制。冷空气影响期间,降雨回波发展旺盛,结构紧密,回波强度和降水效率等明显强于无冷空气影响时台风本体环流降雨回波。云顶相当黑体亮度温度(TBB)与台风降水有较好的对应关系,有一定预报参考价值。     

Diagnostic study on the structural characteristics of a typical mei-yu front system and its maintenance mechanism

In this paper, a typical mei-yu front process with heavy rainfall from June 12 to 15 in 1998 is analyzed. The results show that the mei-yu front is a front system which consists of an iso-θe dense area with strong horizontal gradient, a deep-convective cloud tower band, a passageway transporting warm and moist air flow from the summer monsoon surge in the mid and low levels to the south of the mei-yu front,and a migrating synoptic scale trough to the north of the mei-yu front, which transports cold and dry air southward in the mid and upper levels. The maintenance of the mei-yu front is realized by: (1) is a positive feedback between the moist physical process enhancing frontogenesis and the development of the strong convective system in front of the mei-yu front; (2) the sustaining system to the north of the mei-yu front which is a migrating synoptic scale trough transporting cold and dry air to the mei-yu front and positive vorticity to the mesoscale system in front of the mei-yu front.     

A Study of the Extratropical Transformation of Typhoon Winnie （1997）

The complicated evolutive process of how a tropical cyclone transforms into an extratropical cyclone is still an unresolved issue to date, especially one which arises in a weakly baroclinic environment. Typhoon Winnie （1997） is studied during its extratropical transformation stage of extratropical transition （ET） with observational data and numerical simulations. Results show that Winnie experienced its extratropical transformation to the south of the subtropical high without intrusion of the mid-latitude baroclinic zone. This is significantly different from previous studies. Analyses reveal that the cold air, which appeared in the north edge of Winnie circulation, resulted from the precipitation drag and cooling effect of latent heat absorption associated with the intense precipitation there. The cooling only happened below 3 km and the greatest cooling was below 1 km. With the cold air and its advection by the circulation of Winnie, a front was formed in the lower troposphere. The front above is related not only to the cooling in the lower level but also to the warming effect of latent heat release in the middle-upper levels. The different temperature variation in the vertical caused the temperature gradient over Winnie and resulted in the baroclinicity.     

基于ECMWF模式的江西及周边地区锋面暴雨预报检验和订正

利用全国降水资料（包括江西加密降水资料）、探空资料、ECMWF模式72—24 h降水和形势预报资料,采用天气学检验、SAL定量降水预报检验等方法,对2017—2019年江西及附近地区锋面暴雨的实况和模式产品进行检验分析,检验主要影响天气系统预报效果,得出ECMWF模式降水预报误差分布特征及原因,并对模式的暴雨预报进行订正。结果表明：ECMWF模式对2017—2019年锋面暴雨过程预报较实况大多偏北,落区预报误差主要源于大尺度降水。从锋面暴雨三种SAL分析误差可见,落区预报较实况大多偏北,暴雨过程强度多数较实况偏弱,结构较实况偏小。对误差较大个例的分析得出两点订正思路：1） 锋区南侧有较明显动力热力对流发展的弱锋区暴雨,暴雨落区可订正至925 hPa锋区南侧高温高湿区。2） 较强锋面暴雨,当中低层切变辐合抬升区重叠时,暴雨落区可向925 hPa锋区位置调整,暴雨通常不易出现在锋区北侧冷区。     

地形对安阳天气变化的影响

安阳位于太行山东侧,受太行山影响,西路冷空气影响时不易产生降水,东路冷空气由于受地形抬升影响,常产生降水。由于下沉增温作用,西路冷空气影响时降温不明显;由于太行山的阻挡作用,东路冷空气影响时,降温持续,如有降雪,则会出现连续低温天气。此外,安阳东、西风较少,偏南风最多,偏北风次之。