AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE SIMULATED DATA OF TOVS HIRS BY RTTOV5 MODEL

The sounding data of meteorological satellites provide not only the real time weatherinformation about the distribution of both cloud and rainfall,but also some others about themovement and state of atmosphere.They are important variables and parameters for NWP modelused to simulate and predict atmospheric state.In order to introduce remote sensing informationfrom satellites into NWP model,there is an efficient way of establishing an RT model by use of theatmosphere radiation sounding data of meteorological satellites to get the variables and parametersvaluable to NWP model.In this paper,we set up profiles of air temperature and water vapor fromthe surface to upper (0.1 hPa) using the radiosounding data and the surface data from May toAugust 1998 atmosphere East Asia.A TOVS RT model (RTTOV5) is provided to compute thevalue of radiation value of HIRS channels in NOAA14.Then the radiation values of 19 HIRSchannels are gotten.After matching these data computed by the RT model and the correspondingvalues coming from satellite sounding in time,the statistic distribution of bias between tile modeloutput and the satellite sounding at each sounding channel can be gotten.At the same time.thedistribution of RMS to every TOVS HIRS channel,the standard biases to different scanning angleto each channel are also obtained.     

云参数对RTTOV5模式模拟误差的影响分析

该文根据1998年8月的业务TOVS反演的温度、水汽垂直廓线资料以及其它资料, 利用RTTOV5模式模拟NOAA14极轨气象卫星上相应红外探测 (HIRS) 通道的辐射亮温值, 将模拟值对比实测TOVS探测资料, 结果表明, 晴空模式模拟亮温与实测值的误差小于部分有云时的误差, 模拟误差受云的影响呈反相变化, 对水汽敏感的中低层探测通道在晴空时的误差小于部分有云情况; 通过对比白天和夜间短波窗区探测通道模拟误差, 分析了其受地面反射太阳光辐射的影响的大小及其原因所在; 并利用RTTOV5的伴随模式和Jacobine模式分析了模式模拟误差对初始场云参数的敏感性。该研究为TOVS/ATOVS探测资料在3DR或4DR变分同化中的直接应用奠定了基础。     

基于DVB-S数据共享平台的NOAA/ATOVS资料获取、处理与显示系统

充分利用国家科技部大力推行的DVB-S共享数据平台,加强气象卫星遥感数据的广泛应用,特别是发挥卫星垂直探测器(ATOVS)资料在我国数值天气预报以及监测重大灾害性天气系统中的作用。该文介绍了基于DVB-S系统的NOAA/ATOVS资料的处理、分析与显示系统的概况及主要功能,并以2005年7月人们关注的台风“海棠”为个例,展示了利用该系统在监测和分析台风或强对流天气时的独特优势。该系统的建立,将解决省、地气象部门不能实时获取ATOVS资料的问题,并将推动ATOVS资料在气象以及相关部门的实际应用。     

基于DVB-S数据共享平台的NOAA/ATOVS资料获取、处理与显示系统

充分利用国家科技部大力推行的DVB-S共享数据平台, 加强气象卫星遥感数据的广泛应用, 特别是发挥卫星垂直探测器 (ATOVS) 资料在我国数值天气预报以及监测重大灾害性天气系统中的作用。该文介绍了基于DVB-S系统的NOAA/ATOVS资料的处理、分析与显示系统的概况及主要功能, 并以2005年7月人们关注的台风“海棠”为个例, 展示了利用该系统在监测和分析台风或强对流天气时的独特优势。该系统的建立, 将解决省、地气象部门不能实时获取ATOVS资料的问题, 并将推动ATOVS资料在气象以及相关部门的实际应用。     

RETRIEVING ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE FROM NOAA-15 ATOVS MEASUREMENTS*

This paper describes briefly the sounding capabilities of TOVS/ATOVS onboard the NOAA polar-orbiting meteorological satellites,followed by a more detailed review of the retrieval schemes.The ICI physical retrieval scheme with some adaptations is implemented in our experiment.The analyses of the Chinese regional NWP model are utilized to create a rolling library of initial guess field.Retrieval results validated against both NWP analyses and radiosondes indicate good agreement between ICI retrievals and conventional observations.Preliminary result from the PC-ATOVS Windows display system of NSMC will also be shown.     

RETRIEVING ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE FROM NOAA-15 ATOVS MEASUREMENTS

This paper describes briefly the sounding capabilities of TOVS/ATOVS onboard the NOAApolar-orbiting meteorological satellites,followed by a more detailed review of the retrievalschemes.The ICI physical retrieval scheme with some adaptations is implemented in ourexperiment.The analyses of the Chinese regional NWP model are utilized to create a rolling libraryof initial guess field.Retrieval results validated against both NWP analyses and radiosondesindicate good agreement between ICI retrievals and conventional observations.Preliminary resultfrom the PC-ATOVS Windows display system of NSMC will also be shown.     

HIRS/2 亮温直接应用于数值预报的试验研究

将极轨卫星HIRS/2探测仪的高分辨率亮温资料，经过定标、定位和其它一些预处理后，不经过反演，直接和其它观测资料一起用最优内插(OI)方法进行分析，给出数值预报初始场，并用国家气象中心的准业务有限区预报模式做预报试验。对比试验结果表明，在数值预报中直接使用亮温比使用反演资料更好。     

由卫星资料估算晴空大气太阳直接辐射和散射辐射

根据光的多次散射理论 ,对水汽、气溶胶、臭氧、混合气体等实行辐射参数化处理 ;利用中国探空站资料和诺阿 ( NOAA)气象卫星垂直业务探测器 ( TOVS)资料反演的探空资料 ,由离散纵标法计算了大气各高度上的太阳直接辐射和散射辐射 ,并与此同时的和同站点位置的卫星可见光、红外测值进行统计回归拟合 ,建立卫星测值与大气中太阳直接辐射和散射辐射的计算模式 ,据此可以利用卫星资料估算太阳直接辐射和太阳散射辐射 ,这对于大气环境光学特性和大气环流、气候变化的研究有重要意义。     

Satellite Data Assimilation of Upper-Level Sounding Channels in HWRF with Two Different Model Tops

The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A(AMSU-A) onboard the NOAA satellites NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 and the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites(EUMETSAT)Met Op-A, the hyperspectral Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS) onboard Aqua, the High resolution Infra Red Sounder(HIRS) onboard NOAA-19 and Met Op-A, and the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS) onboard Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership(NPP) satellite provide upper-level sounding channels in tropical cyclone environments. Assimilation of these upper-level sounding channels data in the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting(HWRF) system with two different model tops is investigated for the tropical storms Debby and Beryl and hurricanes Sandy and Isaac that occurred in 2012. It is shown that the HWRF system with a higher model top allows more upper-level microwave and infrared sounding channels data to be assimilated into HWRF due to a more accurate upper-level background profile. The track and intensity forecasts produced by the HWRF data assimilation and forecast system with a higher model top are more accurate than those with a lower model top.     

极轨气象卫星TOVS资料微机处理系统简介

极轨气象卫星大气垂直探测（ＴＯＶＳ）资料微机处理系统可实时接收处理ＴＯＶＳ／ＨＲＰＴ资料，生成空间分辨率约７５（或５０）ｋｍ的大气温度和湿度廓线、位势高度、热成风、大气中水汽总含量、射出长波辐射（ＯＬＲ）、臭氧总含量等大气参数以及ＴＯＶＳ水汽图象等产品。其中，大气温度的平均相对误差为２．５Ｋ，大气湿度的平均相对误差为２５％。由于气象卫星覆盖范围广，观测频次多，因此，ＴＯＶＳ产品可弥补海洋、高原、沙漠等地区常规探测资料之不足。     

风云三号卫星微波湿度计的扫描角偏差订正

首先统计分析了FY-3A卫星MWHS(Micro Wave Humidity Sounder,微波湿度计)2010年1月整月和8月28日—9月6日Level-1b全球观测亮度温度T_O和背景场(NCEP GFS 6 h预报场)用辐射传输模式(美国通用辐射传输模式CRTM 2.0版本)模拟的亮度温度T_B随扫描角的分布特征,发现通道3和4的观测随仪器扫描角有抖动、不连续现象。同时沿着仪器扫描线在星下点两测存在观测不对称现象,而且权重函数峰值越接近地面的通道该不对称现象越明显。在统计观测增量T_O-T_B随扫描角和纬度变化的基础上,定量给出了不同纬度带内(每隔5个纬度)MWHS通道3、4和5的扫描角偏差订正系数,该系数可直接提供给各种资料同化系统同化FY-3A MWHS资料时使用。     

Study of TOVS applications in monitoring atmospheric temperature,water vapor,and cloudiness in East Asia

Summary A new Statistical-Physical Retrieval Method (STPRM) has been developed for applications with TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) measurements. The method uses physical modeling combined with statistical regression to develop straightforward retrieval expressions for temperature, moisture content, and tropopause height based on brightness temperature measurements from both the HIRS and MSU instruments used in the TOVS system. The selection of HIRS and MSU channels used in the various retrievals is based on channel sensitivity coefficients which relate to the amplitude of the change of a given channel's brightness temperature to a given change in a retrieval parameter. The temperature retrieval procedure is designed for all-weather situations, and emphasizes the use of MSU microwave channels including linear combinations of these channels to improve vertical resolution. Cloud parameters are retrieved using radiances from HIRS channels to generate clear column radiances for the moisture and tropopause height retrievals, which depend almost exclusively on the HIRS channels. The STPRM scheme is then used to obtain and evaluate distributions of temperature, mixing ratio, and tropopause height. Distributions of ozone content are also retrieved from an independent iterative retrieval procedure using the cloud corrected radiances from the STPRM scheme as input. The retrievals are compared to in situ measurements obtained from radiosonde observations and ground-based Dobson spectrometer measurements situated throughout East Asia with generally good results. The temperature retrievals are also used in a synoptic analysis of a winter storm situation that developed over northern China in January 1989, giving a geopotential height distribution which is confirmed by aerological observations.With 16 Figures     

利用NOAA卫星HIRS探测器监测东亚地区辐射收支的研究

地球－大气系统的辐射收支是描述地球和宇宙空间能量交换的重要参量，也只有从卫星平台才能直接观测大气顶的地球－大气系统的辐射收支。目前，长期的地－气系统射出长波辐射序列资料是从美国ＮＯＡＡ极轨业务气象卫星的甚高分辨率扫描辐射计测量中计算的，精度不能满足气候监测的要求。本文根据美国ＮＯＡＡ卫星高分辨率红外大气探测器（ＨｉｇｈＲｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＩｎｆｒａｒｅｄＳｏｕｎｄｅｒ，缩写为ＨＩＲＳ）测量资料，研究了从中推算地球大气系统辐射收支的方法，并对计算出的１９９１年１月份东亚地区的地－气系统的辐射收支各参量、白天和夜间射出长波辐射差别分别进行了对比分析。结果表明，此方法计算的辐射收支分量，能揭示云和地球－大气系统的辐射分布特征及其分布细节，是进行区域气候研究的有效资料。     

Estimating the Retrievability of Temperature Profiles from Satellite Infrared Measurements

A method is developed to assess retrievability, namely the retrieval potential for atmospheric temperature profiles, from satellite infrared measurements in clear-sky conditions. This technique is based upon generalized linear inverse theory and empirical orthogonal function analysis. Utilizing the NCEP global temperature reanalysis data in January and July from 1999 to 2003, the retrievabilities obtained with the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder （AIRS） and the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/3 （HIRS/3） sounding channel data are derived respectively for each standard pressure level on a global scale. As an incidental result of this study, the optimum truncation number in the method of generalized linear inverse is deduced too. The results show that the retrievabilities of temperature obtained with the two datasets are similar in spatial distribution and seasonal change characteristics. As for the vertical distribution, the retrievabilities are low in the upper and lower atmosphere, and high between 400 hPa and 850 hPa. For the geographical distribution, the retrievabilities are low in the low-latitude oceanic regions and in some regions in Antarctica, and relatively high in mid-high latitudes and continental regions. Compared with the HIRS/3 data, the retrievability obtained with the AIRS data can be improved by an amount between 0.15 and 0.40.     

气象卫星资料同化的科学问题与前景

从数值天气预报资料同化的角度,分析了气象卫星观测与常规气象观测的不同特点形成了卫星资料同化的特殊科学问题.由于各类星载遥感仪器所观测到的是一定波长的电磁辐射,不能像传统的直接观测资料一样被预报模式直接应用.又由于卫星观测对象是整个大气层,而不是特定高度的大气,因此确定卫星观测影响的高度和它的潜在垂直分辨率成为一个关键问题.卫星观测还可能存在着系统性的偏差,这与直接观测的误差互相独立也有很大区别.资料同化通常建立在模式预报(即背景信息)与观测量的比较的基础上,为了实现同化,需要将模式的基本大气变量转换成星载仪器所获得的特定波长的电磁波特征量,或者将观测到的电磁辐射特征量反算成大气的特征量.前者需要引入复杂的观测算子,后者则将复杂的反演过程交给了前处理阶段.这就形成了直接与间接同化卫星资料的两种不同策略,策略的选择取决于同化系统处理复杂观测资料的能力,对同化效果有决定性的影响.逐个分析了目前用于数值预报的5种卫星观测资料,即星载大气垂直探测器资料、大气运动矢量资料、散射仪海面风资料、卫星观测的云与降水信息资料与GPS掩星观测资料的同化的进展与有待解决的主要问题,概述了中国近年在大气垂直探测器等卫星资料同化中的研究进展及其业务应用的效果,并提出了今后需要予以特别关注的研究方向.     

AMSU微波探测资料同化的质量控制方法概述

微波相比红外、可见光等卫星探测方式有能够穿透薄云的优点,同化微波探测资料能明显改进数值预报模式初始场。由于观测算子在云、降水粒子及性质复杂下垫面等因素影响下模拟辐射传输过程不准确,以及资料的观测误差较大等原因,实际同化应用时必须对微波探测资料加以认真筛选。为充分发挥探测资料作用并保证同化分析效果,在同化AMSU微波探测的研究中,很多机构和学者建立了散射指数、降水检测等质量控制方法,用来剔除观测算子不能准确模拟的观测。研究表明,资料同化过程中引入质量控制能起到改善同化效果,提高数值天气预报准确率的作用。但是,对于各种质量控制方法的原理和使用条件目前尚无完整的分析,使得各业务研究单位使用的质量控制方案差别较大。文章针对AMSU微波探测资料同化,在分析同化误差来源的基础上,总结了散射指数、降水概率、下垫面类型检测等质量控制方法,并简单讨论了质量控制的发展方向。     

利用FY-3A近红外资料反演水汽总量

该文介绍了利用搭载在FY-3A卫星上的中分辨率光谱成像仪 (MERSI) 的近红外 (NIR) 通道反演大气水汽总量 (PWV) 的方法。根据预先建立的查找表,大气水汽总量可以通过水汽通道与窗区通道的卫星测值相比反演得到。对MERSI近红外水汽通道灵敏度进行估算,结果表明:处于吸收带两翼的905 nm和980 nm通道对不同水汽量的敏感性表现比较接近,对较大水汽含量最为敏感;当水汽较弱时,强吸收的940 nm通道非常敏感。基于这3个通道对水汽含量敏感性的不同表现,采用3个通道水汽总量的加权平均值作为PWV产品的最终反演值。文中设计了水汽总量业务算法反演流程,并基于FY-3A/MERSI最新观测资料进行晴空大气水汽总量的业务处理生成试验,顺利生成MERSI单轨道水汽总量产品及日拼图中国区域产品和全球产品,同时生成多天合成产品,产品反映出MERSI具有较好的近红外水汽探测能力。将卫星反演结果与探空数据进行初步比对检验,显示卫星反演值有20%~30%系统性偏低,需要进一步改进反演查找表。     

TOVS卫星反演信息采集处理功能和技术

ＴＯＶＳ卫星反演信息采集处理功能和技术,主要包括省台自动接收、分解、处理来自ＮＯＡＡ极轨气象探测卫星的多通道探测信息的反演资料和通过气象电路获取的由中国气象局卫星气象中心接收、处理后的ＴＯＶＳ反演资料;并研制、设计了ＴＯＶＳ资料的预处理技术和软件,以利于业务应用,这对全国省、市台接收、处理、应用高分辨的ＴＯＶＳ资料有实用价值     

Analysis of the ability of infrared water vapor channel for moisture remote sensing in the lower atmosphere

ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅＡｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＩｎｆｒａｒｅｄＷａｔｅｒＶａｐｏｒＣｈａｎｎｅｌｆｏｒＭｏｉｓｔｕｒｅＲｅｍｏｔｅＳｅｎｓｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅＬｏｗｅｒＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅＺｈａｏＧａｏｘｉａｎｇ（赵高祥）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐ...     

APPLICATION OF THE VARIATIONAL METHOD OF TOVS DATA OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN IMPROVEMENT OF THE INITIAL FIELD OF NUMERICAL MODELS

In this paper,TOVS satellite data are used through variational method on the data-sparseplateau area.Diagnoses are carried out to find a way to solve the large error problem of modelinitial field.It is put forward that TOVS retrieval data can be used to improve the initial field ofnumerical prediction model on Tibetan Plateau area.Through variational method,TOVS data areprocessed and the liability of the initial information on the plateau is improved.Diagnostic resultsconfirm further that the application of TOVS retrieval data can improve our capability to describethe dynamic system features on the plateau and the objectivity of related initial information such asthe distribution of water vapor channel and stratification stability.