舟山群岛冬半年灾害性大风的成因与预报

利用舟山市1994—2003年的实测风资料分5类统计了舟山群岛冬半年大风的发生规律。对一次冷空气个例进行诊断分析结果表明:大风是强冷平流、高空急流、动量下传等共同作用的结果。对一次低气压引起的大风的分析认为涡度平流、温度平流、潜热释放对低压发展有重大贡献。根据大风的成因和预报经验选择有关物理量进行t统计分析, 选择有异常表现的物理量作预报因子。最后用人工神经网络方法建立预报模型, 并进行了试报, 试报误差都在4.5 m/s以下。     

利用MM5模式输出产品制作空气质量预报方法探讨

根据2004年中尺度数值预报模式MM5输出产品和临沂市环境监测中心逐日监测资料建立了各污染物浓度预报方程,在2005年夏季的试报中,该方程的试报效果较差,其预报准确率明显低于其历史拟合率。为了提高预报准确率,利用逐步回归筛选的因子及统计模型研究中的有关数据,探讨了使用卡尔曼滤波方法制作空气污染物浓度预报的问题。分析发现,利用卡尔曼滤波方法制作空气质量预报可以取得比较满意的效果。     

南阳伏旱预报业务系统

根据历史资料,分析了影响南阳伏旱的主要高空环流因子,并运用微机进行因子组合,建立预报方程,经试报及使用,效果较好。     

客观定量预报中降水的预处理

建立预报模型前, 对降水量进行一定的处理会对预报效果有较大的影响。对于降水量为0的样本, 根据对应的相对湿度情况分别赋予0或不同的负值, 并通过神经网络方法, 以中国国家气象中心T213模式、德国气象局业务模式和日本气象厅业务模式相应的降水量预报结果作为预报因子, 利用2003年和2004年夏季资料分别建立了处理后降水量以及未经处理降水量的预报模型。以北京等站为例, 2005年夏季试报结果的对比分析表明:通过相对湿度对降水量进行适当处理后, 预报结果从TS评分、空报率、漏报率及预报偏差来说, 不论是与不进行处理的预报结果还是与模式直接的预报结果相比都有提高, 尤其是减少了空报的情况。该处理方法简单可行, 并且对降水预报效果提高明显。     

基于对流参数的雷暴潜势预报研究

为提高雷暴天气的潜势预报能力，在统计分析安徽省雷暴形成天气条件的基础上，利用2003-2004年T213资料，选取与雷暴相关性好的对流参数作为预报因子。并在考虑因子季节变化特征的基础上，分别用判别分析法和指标叠加法制作雷暴潜势预报，结果表明指标叠加法优于判别分析法。最后用指标叠加法试报了2005年3—8月的雷暴，临界成功指数CSJ=69．4％，命中率POD=89．5％，虚假报警率FAR=24．4％，分区预报准确率也较高。另外，试报期间的区域性冰雹、雷雨大风全部命中，可见该方法对冰雹、雷雨大风也有较好的指示意义。     

湖南春季低温冷害预报系统的建立和应用

本文针对湖南春季低温冷害具有多发性的事实，为提高短期气候预测准确率，在分析其影响成因的基础上．从大气环流变化、前期秋冬季天气气候特征、太阳黑子变化特征等方面选取预报因子，进行优化组合，建立了预报因子库和预报规则库。统计分析了赤道东太平洋海温异常、冬季青藏高原积雪异常对春季低温冷害的影响。预报系统用数据库软件Access2000编制。经过对近40 a的历史回报及2001～2003年的试报，结果表明使用效果较好。     

崇左市各县日最低气温的滚动预报

利用日常接收到的地面及高空实测资料，采用滚动式相关普查方法筛选因子，给定临界值，将大于此临界值的因子保存到因子库中作为初选因子，然后用逐步回归方法建立方程，高低空因子分别建立方程，将各方程的预报值取平均，作为最后的预报值。每天都按照这一步骤制作崇左市各县24及48h最低温度预报，经过长达一个月的预报检验，效果良好。     

郑州市空气质量统计预报方法探讨

根据2005年、2006年采暖期RegCM 3模式输出产品和郑州市环境监测中心逐日监测资料,利用逐步回归方法建立了PM10、SO2、NO2等污染物质量浓度预报方程。该方法在2007年采暖期的试报中效果不理想,预报准确率明显低于历史拟合率。为了提高预报准确率,针对目前采用的统计方法中存在的不足,即在选择预报因子时没有考虑预报因子之间的相关性,挑选的预报因子由于非正交,使回归计算的结果不稳定。将自然正交分解和多元回归分析结合起来,以采暖期各污染物的日均质量浓度为预报对象,建立预报模型。结果表明,采用新方法制作的空气质量预报准确率有一定程度提高。     

用距离预报方法建立分县客观预报模型

根据ECMWF的变温资料建立了气温预报的拟合率较高的多元回归方程。以14时地面要素资料和高空要素场为基础，用欧氏距离选取最相似的前10个历史样本，用ECMWF数值预报产品，选取90％以上拟合率的数值预报因子建立了晴雨判别模型，试报效果较好。     

武威地区霜冻预报系统

对１９８５—１９９５年历史天气图资料和本地预报经验综合诊断分析，分型建立霜冻预报推理模式，在５８６微机上实现预报业务自动化流程，试报效果良好。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...