冀中南一次强对流暴雨的数值模拟

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和常规资料对2009年5月发生在河北中南部的强对流暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟。低空700 hPa流场的中尺度扰动和涡度场的加强说明：发生在河北中南部的短时强对流暴雨与东北回流密切相关 ,低空东北风的辐合,使地转平衡遭到破坏,从而引发水平辐合和辐散及铅直运动,在地转适应过程中,700 hPa中尺度环流偶在河北中南部形成并加强,对应的正负涡度对也出现并增大,使辐合上升运动增强,强对流暴雨出现在辐合场和辐散场之间区域。高空急流中心右前侧辐合导致气流下沉,向南的一支引起低空北风加大。加强的东北回流与低空较强偏南气流在河北南部相遇,耦合上升。可见,垂直环流的形成及东北回流的加强是此次强对流暴雨产生的重要原因。     

青海省海东地区9.18强对流天气成因分析

应用地面加密观测资料、常规天气图、物理量场特征以及卫星云图资料,对2009年9月18-19日海东地区出现的强对流天气进行了初步分析。认为:高原低涡东移是造成此次强降水的主要系统;低层辐合、高层辐散的流场形势引起强烈上升运动,保证了降水云系的发展和维持,为强对流天气的发生和维持提供了很好的动力条件;假相当位温场上高能分布区对降水的落区预报有一定的指示意义。     

西南低涡东移引发重庆暴雨的综合诊断

利用NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1°×1°格点资料和MICAPS实时观测资料,使用水汽散度垂直通量、湿螺旋度等新型诊断物理量,对2009年8月2~4日发生在重庆地区由西南低涡东移引发的暴雨做了综合分析。结果表明:水汽主要在大气低层850hPa附近积聚,上升运动强,水汽的辐合上升区域与降水大值区较吻合。500hPa湿z-螺旋度负值区水平分布与相应时段降水落区和强降水中心的分布对应较好,垂直分布上:暴雨区低层正涡度、水汽辐合旋转上升与高层负涡度、水汽辐散相配合,是触发暴雨的有利动力机制。      

一次冰雹强对流天气过程的潜势条件和中尺度特征分析

基于常规观测资料、NCEP(2.5°×2.5°)再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图资料和多普勒雷达等资料对2018年6月10日发生在甘肃省平凉市的冰雹等强对流天气过程进行分析,得出以下结论：(1)此次强对流天气过程属于典型的西北气流型,高空强冷平流、强对流发生区明显的切变线和地面辐合线以及高层气流引导地面辐合线附近生成的中尺度对流系统MCS,是造成此次强天气的主要影响系统。(2)中尺度辐合线和干线为此次强对流天气提供较好的触发机制；强对流发生区螺旋度的异常增大为雹暴系统的发展增强提供了强有力的环境场条件；强垂直风切变可促使不稳定能量释放形成冰雹等天气,和湿斜压作用共同形成MCS发生发展的有利条件；冰雹发生区0℃层、-20℃层高度及二者之间的厚度均有利于大冰雹的形成。(3)卫星云图中MCS发展明显,容易给局地强对流输送能量,利于强对流的维持发展,且强对流区主要位于云顶亮温TBB低值区的后部和南部,多普勒雷达资料显示,引发强对流天气的回波单体附近,悬垂回波、弱回波区、钩状回波等特征明显,对应径向速度图有明显的中气旋、中层径向辐合及风暴顶辐散等特征配合,对此次冰雹等强对流天气有很好的指示作用。     

高原低值系统影响下一次极端强降水天气诊断分析

采用常规观测资料、地面加密观测资料、逐时云顶亮温TBB资料和1°×1°NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2013年7月8~11日四川盆地持续性暴雨天气过程的中尺度对流系统活动及其发生发展的物理机制进行了分析。结果表明:(1)暴雨过程发生在对流层中层中高纬度两槽一脊稳定维持的环流背景下,由活跃的高原低值系统以及异常稳定的副高西侧偏南气流配合低层冷空气作用造成。(2)极端降水过程分为暖区强对流性降水和相对稳定的锋面降水两个阶段;暖区对流性降水阶段,偏南暖湿气流源源不断向盆地输送水汽和能量,为暴雨发生提供了高能高湿条件,大气层结极不稳定,中尺度对流云团发展旺盛;锋面降水阶段层结趋于稳定,对流云团有所减弱,但仍有充足的水汽输送且降水云系稳定少动,致使盆地西部产生持续性降水。(3)500h Pa高原低槽前的正涡度平流诱发盆地西部低层气旋性涡度增加、低涡生成和发展,致使暖湿气流持续在盆地西部形成辐合上升,为暴雨的维持提供了很好的动力条件,两个降水阶段均为明显的低层辐合高层辐散的特征,暖区对流性降水阶段正涡度发展较锋面降水阶段更强。(4)青藏高原东侧的地形作用强迫气流在盆地西部强烈辐合上升,使得暖湿水汽更加有效率地形成降水,是此次极端强降水天气出现的一个重要动力因素。      

一次高原低涡切变东移引发的持续性特大暴雨过程分析

利用常规观测的地面和高空资料、地面加密自动站资料、美国国家环境预测中心(NCEP)提供的一天4次1°×1°再分析资料以及FY2E卫星TBB资料,对2013年7月15～19日高原低涡切变东移诱发的四川盆地特大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:强降水落区发生在副高边缘西北侧的不稳定区域内,低层和地面冷空气扩散南下是触发特大暴雨发生的关键因素。强降水主要出现在MCS系统发展和成熟阶段,最大降水出现在MCS中心最冷云顶面积达到最大的时候。中低层水平湿Z－螺旋度负值区域分布与相应时刻的降水落区和天气系统有较好的对应关系。垂直分布上,暴雨区低层正涡度、水汽辐合旋转上升与高层负涡度、辐散相配合,是触发暴雨的有利动力机制。      

青藏高原一次冰雹强对流天气过程的诊断及雷达回波特征分析

利用青藏高原第三次科学实验的C波段双偏振雷达（C-POL）的观测资料、ERA-Interim 0.125°（纬度）×0.125°（经度）气象再分析资料、常规气象探空资料,对2014年7月30日午后发生在西藏那曲地区的冰雹强对流天气过程进行了天气诊断及雷达回波特征分析。结果表明:1）此次冰雹强对流过程发生在有切变线伴随的高原低涡东移过程中,低涡尾部前倾的切变线为这次冰雹的发生提供了动力、水汽条件。2）强对流天气的水汽输送主要来自从孟加拉湾、印度及尼泊尔翻越喜马拉雅山脉的水汽,强对流发生前水汽输送显著增加,低层水汽集中在400 hPa以下,有明显的辐合及垂直输送。3）那曲400 hPa以下为假相当位温随高度递减区,也是水平辐合及垂直上升运动的重合区,有明显的对流不稳定能量集聚及动力抬升条件。4）雷达回波图上可看到,此次强对流天气主要由局地新生的多个中γ尺度孤立对流单体造成,其移动路径与切变线前西南气流一致。大部分单体水平尺度不大,生命史短,但仍有部分单体强度大,生命史较长。局地气流辐合扰动会导致新的单体产生,单体的发生、发展及维持离不开低层气流辐合提供的动力条件。5）在距离高度显示图上表现出了弱单体雹云特征,雹云云顶伸展至16 km,高于夏季平原地区普遍对流云高度,但未突破对流层顶,0℃层远低于平原地区,为深厚强对流降水;强降水中心位于云团下部,即有降雹也有降水,降雹以霰粒为主;垂直方向存在强烈的入流和上升气流,悬挂回波出现在入流上升气流之上,中层辐合区的气流下沉区对应降雹区;中层辐合区与上层的高空辐散区配合导致对流风暴的垂直增长和强烈发展。     

2012年盛夏山东西部一次短时强降水天气的形成机制

利用常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料、卫星云图和雷达资料,对2012年7月4日山东省西部一次短时强降水的天气形势、物理量条件、云图和雷达回波特征进行分析。结果表明：在有利降水的大尺度天气系统背景下,低层冷空气和中尺度天气系统造成了本次短时强降水天气;低层925hPa和1 000 hPa的充沛水汽和辐合上升运动有利于强降水天气的发生,正涡度中心对应强降水中心;地面辐合线和低压环流造成本次短时强降水天气;中尺度对流云团和地面中尺度系统相对应,其位置和维持时间与强降水的落区和时间基本一致。雷达组合反射率因子〉45 dBZ的强回波区与强降水落区基本吻合;雷达平均径向速度产品逆风区中辐合流场的出现和维持及回波顶高的上升对应地面中尺度气旋式环流的形成和维持;逆风区中辐散流场的出现和维持及回波顶高的下降,对应地面中尺度气旋式环流的减弱;短时强降水出现的初期,垂直累积液态水含量出现了一个峰值,峰值出现时间提前于较强降水时段。     

一次局地短时强降水的成因和预报误差分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2016年8月6—8日潍坊一次强对流天气的成因和预报误差进行了分析,结果表明：1）500 hPa冷涡底部低槽、850 hPa低涡切变线和地面倒槽是主要影响天气系统, 数值预报对此次天气过程的影响系统预报偏差大,而预报员对数值预报依赖程度高是此次预报失误的主要原因;2）850 hPa以下强的水汽辐合是强降水发生的重要条件,低层辐合和高层辐散配置导致的强垂直上升运动是暴雨产生的动力机制,位势不稳定因中高层的冷空气入侵下沉得以加强;3）列车效应和强回波维持少动是造成短时强降水的重要回波特征,逆风区的发展和移动对于判断强降水的落区有指示作用,多普勒雷达反演风场中的中尺度辐合线是导致局地强降水发生的直接原因;4）风廓线雷达水平风场可以连续地反映降水过程中风场垂直结构及其变化,降水发生前探测高度明显升高,中高层冷空气侵入时间与强降水的时段相对应。     

2015年7月27日承德市强对流天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料、NCEP/NCAR 6h再分析资料、卫星云图及多普勒雷达资料,对2015年7月承德一次强对流天气进行分析。结果表明:此次强对流过程是500h Pa冷涡、850h Pa暖湿气流、地面辐合线共同作用形成的。低层西南暖湿气流增大,风向风速辐合,水汽通量散度负值中心上移,促进了低层暖湿空气向上输送,为对流云发展提供了充足的水汽。较高K指数、CAPE值及整层上升运动意味着此次过程具备了较好的热力、能量和动力条件。卫星、雷达资料揭示低云顶亮温发展前端高梯度区冰雹等强对流天气发生概率较大;在强风暴发展阶段存在弱回波区、低层风速辐合、风暴顶辐散、垂直累积液态水大值区;当低层偏东风转为西南风并逐渐加强时,雨强达到最强,当中低层逐渐转为西北气流,降水开始减弱。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.