一个海陆气耦合模式中大气-植被的年际变化及其相互作用

含有动态植被过程的陆面模式Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model(AVIM)与中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(IAP/LASG)的9层大气环流模式AGCM 及20层的海洋环流模式(OGCM)耦合,建立了一个全球模式(GoALS-AVIM)并进行100年的模拟积分.后40年的结果分析表明,该耦合模式能够合理地模拟大气及陆地生态系统显著的年际变化.用奇异值分解(SVD)分析了东亚地区植被生长和气候变化的相互关系,发现在东业区域的植被净初级生产力(NPP)强弱的变化对血着大气环流的变化,特别是NPP分别与850 hPa的风场和500 hPa的高度场表现出很强的时空一致性.在东亚地区,由于植被类型的不同,导致NPP年际变化与降水、表面气温、短波辐射的年际变化的相关性不同,它们的年际变化与相关物理量场的年际变化表现出很强的植物种类的区别.     

东亚地区陆地植被净初级生产力与夏季气候的模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)一个海洋-大气-动态植被耦合模式(GOALS-AVIM),进行了100年模拟积分.基于模拟结果,对东亚地区的植被净初级生产力(NPP)、降水、地面气温和短波辐射的季节变化进行了标准化对比,分析了NPP的时空格局与气候因子(气温、短波辐射和降水)的关系;利用奇异值分解(SVD)对东亚夏季降水场和NPP的关系进行分解.结果表明,夏季东亚地区植被NPP及相关气候因子的时空变化规律明显,耦合模式可以很好地模拟出观测存在的降水及NPP、LAI(叶面积指数)大值区随季节北移南退的形态;由于耦合模式中AVIM的双向特点,模式模拟的NPP与其他物理场的季节变化有很强的对应关系,而且在不同时间和地区,NPP与降水、地面气温、短波辐射表现出不同的对应关系,其中植被NPP时间变化与气温和降水的相关性都较高;从NPP场和降水场夏季逐月标准化距平奇异值分解的空间分布模态来看.NPP与降水在时空场上表现出很强的耦合性,NPP的空间格局与降水存在较好的相关性,不同地理位置的相关性强弱不同,分解出的降水场异常相关模态也再现了东亚夏季降水移动的时空特征,同时东亚雨带随季节变化与NPP的气候变率表现出不同的对应模态.     

大气季节内振荡的耦合模式数值模拟

分析GOALS/LASG海气耦合模式10年积分200hPa纬向风场的逐日输出结果,引用1980～1989年期间逐日的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料作为实测对照,结果显示该耦合模式抓住了热带大气低频振荡(IO)的基本时空分布特征,模拟IO的强度较多数大气模式强而接近真实,但空间一致性仍不清晰,典型周期不够显著。NCEP资料与耦合模式都反映模拟IO的季节变化与其年际变化有关,模拟较强IO的年份表现IO的季节变化特征也较真实。模拟IO的年际变化与热带东太平洋的SST呈明显的负相关变化。SST暖异常的年份,IO活动较弱。IO变化滞后于SST异常60天左右的相关性最显著。对比单独积分GOALS/LASG的大气模式的结果,发现二者的主要差别在于耦合模式再现IO的季节性特征更真实,反映了海气耦合对IO变化的调制作用。利用海气耦合模式,理解IO对流活动与上层海洋的相互作用过程,是真实描述IO必要的手段。     

一个海洋-大气-动态植被耦合模式评估——海洋环流模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所（IAP）大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)的全球耦合模式(GOALS〖CD*2〗AVIM),进行了100年积分。利用后40年的结果对模式耦合植被动态过程（AVIM）前后输出的海洋物理场对比分析。结果表明：耦合AVIM后的模式可以合理地模拟全球海洋温盐环流的气候态、季节变化,可以改进模式的模拟效果,在一定程度上克服了耦合AVIM前模式的缺点,使模拟结果更接近实测。由于植被〖CD*2〗大气的双向作用,在季节变化的模拟中,9月的改进效果大于3月的,北半球大于南半球;对于年平均气候态,耦合AVIM后的模式结果在热带海区海表面温度（SST）的模拟效果得到了明显改善,尤其是赤道太平洋海区的海温偏低现象得到了改善;在年际变化的模拟中,改善了耦合AVIM前模式模拟的年际变化分布,加大了赤道太平洋的标准差的模拟,使得耦合AVIM后模拟的年际变化大于耦合前;增强了耦合模式对赤道太平洋ENSO的模拟能力,较耦合AVIM前的模式模拟出了更多的ENSO基本特征,也改善了耦合AVIM前ENSO变化周期偏弱、偏短的现象;同样改善了对气候系统中存在的相互作用的模拟,对于热带印度洋SST变化与赤道太平洋SST的相互关联的模拟中,更加真实地模拟出了气候系统中存在的相互关联关系,体现出了AVIM动态植被过程对气候耦合模式的改善。     

An Updated Coupled Model for Land-Atmosphere Interaction. Part II： Simulations of Biological Processes

In Part I, the authors succeeded in coupling the spectral atmospheric model （SAMIL_R42L9） developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences （LASG/IAP/CAS） with the land surface model, Atmosphere-Vegetation-Interaction-Model （AVIM） and analyzed the climate basic state and land surface physical fluxes simulated by R42_AVIM. In this Part Ⅱ, we further evaluate the simulated results of the biological processes, including leaf area index （LAI）, biomass and net primary productivity （NPP） etc. Results indicate that R42_AVIM can simulate the global distribution of LAI and has good consistency with the monthly mean LAI provided by Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. The simulated biomass corresponds reasonably to the vegetation classifications. In addition, the simulated annual mean NPP has a consistent distribution with the data provided by IGBP and MODIS, and compares well with the work in literature. This land-atmosphere coupled model will offer a new experiment tool for the research on the two-way interaction between climate and biosphere, and the global terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle.     

冬季各月北太平洋涛动的年际变化及其与我国降水异常的联系

利用ERA-Interim的海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure,SLP)再分析资料和中国160站的降水观测资料,分析了冬季各月(当年12月、次年1月和2月)北太平洋涛动(North Pacific Oscillation,NPO)的年际变化特征,及其与我国同期降水异常之间的联系。结果表明:1)冬季各月NPO指数的年际变化较为显著,但各月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关性较差,1979—2012年冬季12月与1月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关系数为0.09,而1月与2月NPO指数的相关系数仅为-0.003,均没有通过信度检验。2)1月和12月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国黄淮流域降水异常之间存在明显的正相关,而2月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国华北降水异常之间为明显的负相关。3)当1月(12月)NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国黄淮流域降水量比多年平均值增加约50%(40%);而当2月NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国华北降水量比多年平均值减少约30%。     

地表面物理过程与生物地球化学过程耦合反馈机理的模拟研究

利用大气—植被相互作用模式（AVIM）研究地表面物理过程与生物地球化学过程耦合的机理和实现方法,其基础是植物与非生物环境之间物质和能量交换等物理过程影响植物的生理生长过程,使得植被宏观形态和相应的地表的动力学参数上发生显著变化,又反过来作用于植被与大气、土壤之间的物理交换过程。这种气候与生物圈双向反馈过程是在季节和年际时间尺度上的主要相互作用机理。应用AVIM于内蒙古半干旱草原,模拟了在大气状况强迫下,草原生态系统初级生产力,植被与大气之间CO2、潜热和感热的交换,揭示了地表物理和生物学过程耦合反馈机理。     

对中国东部夏季降水有重要影响的一种东亚遥相关型

 利用重建的1880-1950年500 hPa高度场资料和1951-2004年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了年际尺度上东亚地区夏季大气环流变化特征。结果表明：夏季在东亚沿岸存在一个明显的自北向南的正-负-正环流模态,即鄂霍次克海阻塞高压与副热带高压存在一种同向变化、而它们之间区域的高度场为反向变化的遥相关关系;同时分析了这种大气环流模态与1880-2004年中国东部地区夏季降水的关系。在年际尺度上,正-负-正的环流模态与长江中下游地区和东北的降水有很好的正相关,当夏季的环流处在阻塞高压偏强,且副热带高压偏南偏强、日本及其以东地区上空高度场偏低时,中国长江中下游地区和东北降水偏多。     

对中国东部夏季降水有重要影响的一种东亚遥相关型

利用重建的1880-1950年500 hPa高度场资料和1951-2004年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了年际尺度上东亚地区夏季大气环流变化特征。结果表明：夏季在东亚沿岸存在一个明显的自北向南的正-负-正环流模态,即鄂霍次克海阻塞高压与副热带高压存在一种同向变化、而它们之间区域的高度场为反向变化的遥相关关系;同时分析了这种大气环流模态与1880-2004年中国东部地区夏季降水的关系。在年际尺度上,正-负-正的环流模态与长江中下游地区和东北的降水有很好的正相关,当夏季的环流处在阻塞高压偏强,且副热带高压偏南偏强、日本及其以东地区上空高度场偏低时,中国长江中下游地区和东北降水偏多。     

Climate Variability-Observations, Reconstructions, and Model Simulations for the Atlantic-European and Alpine Region from 1500-2100 AD

A detailed analysis is undertaken of the Atlantic-European climate using data from 500-year-long proxy-based climate reconstructions, a long climate simulation with perpetual 1990 forcing, as well as two global and one regional climate change scenarios. The observed and simulated interannual variability and teleconnectivity are compared and interpreted in order to improve the understanding of natural climate variability on interannual to decadal time scales for the late Holocene. The focus is set on the Atlantic-European and Alpine regions during the winter and summer seasons, using temperature, precipitation, and 500 hPa geopotential height fields. The climate reconstruction shows pronounced interdecadal variations that appear to “lock” the atmospheric circulation in quasi-steady long-term patterns over multi-decadal periods controlling at least part of the temperature and precipitation variability. Different circulation patterns are persistent over several decades for the period 1500 to 1900. The 500-year-long simulation with perpetual 1990 forcing shows some substantial differences, with a more unsteady teleconnectivity behaviour. Two global scenario simulations indicate a transition towards more stable teleconnectivity for the next 100 years. Time series of reconstructed and simulated temperature and precipitation over the Alpine region show comparatively small changes in interannual variability within the time frame considered, with the exception of the summer season, where a substantial increase in interannual variability is simulated by regional climate models.     

Impacts of increased variability in precipitation and air temperature on net primary productivity of the Tibetan Plateau: a modeling analysis

We analyzed interannual variability (IAV) of precipitation and air temperature over a 40-year period (1969–2008) for 11 sites along a precipitation gradient on the Tibetan Plateau. The observed IAV for both precipitation and air temperature decreases with increasing mean annual precipitation. Using Biome-BGC, a process-based ecosystem model, we simulated net primary production (NPP) along this gradient and find that the IAV of NPP is positively correlated to the IAV of precipitation and temperature. Following projected climate change scenarios for the Tibetan Plateau, our simulations suggest that with increasing IAV of precipitation and temperature, the IAV of NPP will also increase and that climate thresholds exist that, if surpassed, lead to ecosystem die-off. The impacts of these changes on ecosystem processes and climate-vegetation feedbacks on the rapidly warming Tibetan Plateau are potentially quite significant.     

Statistical Downscaling for Multi-Model Ensemble Prediction of Summer Monsoon Rainfall in the Asia-Pacific Region Using Geopotential Height Field

The 21-yr ensemble predictions of model precipitation and circulation in the East Asian and western North Pacific （Asia-Pacific） summer monsoon region （0°-50°N, 100° 150°E） were evaluated in nine different AGCM, used in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center （APCC） multi-model ensemble seasonal prediction system. The analysis indicates that the precipitation anomaly patterns of model ensemble predictions are substantially different from the observed counterparts in this region, but the summer monsoon circulations are reasonably predicted. For example, all models can well produce the interannual variability of the western North Pacific monsoon index （WNPMI） defined by 850 hPa winds, but they failed to predict the relationship between WNPMI and precipitation anomalies. The interannual variability of the 500 hPa geopotential height （GPH） can be well predicted by the models in contrast to precipitation anomalies. On the basis of such model performances and the relationship between the interannual variations of 500 hPa GPH and precipitation anomalies, we developed a statistical scheme used to downscale the summer monsoon precipitation anomaly on the basis of EOF and singular value decomposition （SVD）. In this scheme, the three leading EOF modes of 500 hPa GPH anomaly fields predicted by the models are firstly corrected by the linear regression between the principal components in each model and observation, respectively. Then, the corrected model GPH is chosen as the predictor to downscale the precipitation anomaly field, which is assembled by the forecasted expansion coefficients of model 500 hPa GPH and the three leading SVD modes of observed precipitation anomaly corresponding to the prediction of model 500 hPa GPH during a 19-year training period. The cross-validated forecasts suggest that this downscaling scheme may have a potential to improve the forecast skill of the precipitation anomaly in the South China Sea, western North Pacific and the East Asia Pacific regions, wh     

RSM模式对中国东部夏季降水模拟能力的检验

本文利用美国国家环境预报中心NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)区域谱模式RSM(Regional Spectral Model)对中国东部地区夏季降水进行了为期20 a(1984—2003年)、水平分辨率为30 km的高精度模拟,并对模拟所得降水的气候态、年际变率、逐日变化以及极端事件进行了检验,和对造成降水偏差的大气环流特征进行了分析。结果表明RSM模拟所得夏季降水的空间分布、时间变率,以及降水量值都与实况相近,也基本可以再现夏季降水的年际变率分布情况,但是模拟所得的雨带存在偏南且偏弱的特点。对于逐日降水特征,RSM模拟所得季节内逐日降水变化与实况的走势基本一致,再现了夏季降水主要集中于东部和南部的特点,模拟出了江淮地区6月日降水区随时间北抬的特点。对于极端事件,模拟和实测的夏季不同雨强的天数分布对比表明模拟与实况基本接近,但是模拟的降水日大值中心较实况偏北;极端降水指数的计算结果也表明RSM模拟的极端降水情况与实况基本一致。综上,RSM模式对中国东部地区降水有着较好的模拟能力,可以用于中国东部地区的夏季降水气候特征研究。     

Mean climate state simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model

Summary The result of a 100-year integration of a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM) is analyzed, and compared with that of a 25-year integration of the corresponding uncoupled atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) and observed data. The large-scale circulation patterns of mean climate state simulated by the CGCM are in good agreement with the observed ones, although differences exit in the positions and intensities between the simulated and the observed patterns. Having compared the standard deviations of monthly mean sea level pressure simulated by the CGCM to those by the AGCM, we found that the interaction between ocean and atmosphere mainly increases the interannual variability in the tropics especially in summer. The CGCM can also produce El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, whereas the AGCM cannot reproduce the main features of the Southern Oscillation. This implies that the air-sea interaction may be a principal mechanism for the occurrence of ENSO phenomena. The fundamental features of simulated regional climates are also analyzed. The CGCM can reproduce principal characteristics of surface air temperature and precipitation at five selected typical regions (desert region, plain region, monsoon region etc.). The distributions of annual mean surface ait temperature and precipitation in East Asia can also be reasonably simulated.With 9 Figures     

Two types of El Niño-related Southern Oscillation and their different impacts on global land precipitation

The contrast between the eastern and central responses of zonal and vertical circulation in the Pacific （EP- and CP-） E1 Nino is observed in the different tropics. To measure the different responses of the atmo- spheric circulation to the two types of E1 Nino, an eastern and a central Pacific southern oscillation index （EP- and CP-SOI） are defined based on the air-sea coupled relationship between eddy sea level pressure and sea surface temperature. Analyses suggest that while the EP-SOI exhibits variability on an interannual （2- 7-yr） time scale, decadal （10-15-yr） variations in the CP-SOI are more dominant; both are strongly coupled with their respective EP- and CP-E1 Nino patterns. Composite analysis suggests that, during EP-ENSO, the Walker circulation exhibits a dipole structure in the lower-level （850 hPa） and upper-level （200 hPa） velocity potential anomalies and exhibits a signal cell over the Pacific. In the case of CP-ENSO, however, the Walker circulation shows a tripole structure and exhibits double cells over the Pacific. In addition, the two types of ENSO events show opposite impacts on global land precipitation in the boreal winter and spring seasons. For example, seasonal precipitation across mainland China exhibits an opposite relationship with the EP- and CP-ENSO during winter and spring, but the rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and South China shows an opposite relationship during the rest of the seasons. Therefore, the different relationships between rainfall and EP- and CP-ENSO should be carefully considered when predicting seasonal rainfall in the East Asian monsoon regions.     

区域气候模式与陆面模式的耦合及其对东亚气候模拟的影响

将大气—植被相互作用模式AVIM（Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model）与区域环境系统集成模式 RIEMS2.0（Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0）耦合,利用耦合后的AVIM-RIEMS2.0模式在东亚区域选定典型年份进行积分试验,通过模拟结果与观测资料对比分析,从整体上评估耦合模式对东亚区域的模拟能力。结果表明:模式能够较好地模拟850 hPa风场、500 hPa位势高度、气温、降水以及地表热通量空间分布型和季节变化。双向耦合具有动态植被过程的AVIM模式后,RIEMS2.0模拟能力有一定程度的提高。850 hPa风场在冬季的中国东北、华北地区以及夏季的中国东部地区,模拟偏差都减小;500 hPa高度场模拟在中国北方地区改进明显,而在中国南方地区的夏季并没表现出明显的改进趋势。耦合模式改进了RIEMS2.0模式冬季气温模拟偏低而夏季偏高的现象。从区域平均看,耦合模式改善了降水模拟偏多的现象,并使得潜热通量的模拟效果有明显的改进,对感热通量模拟在大部分地区也有改进。总的来看,AVIM-RIEMS2.0耦合模式对中国北方地区模拟改进较为明显,而对中国南方地区,特别是华南地区没有明显的改进。     

中国季风区植被净初级生产力对东亚夏季风的响应机理研究

东亚夏季风可显著影响中国季风区气候变化,但是季风区植被净初级生产力(NPP)对夏季风气候变化的响应机理尚不明确。利用大气—植被相互作用模型(AVIM2)模拟了中国季风区植被NPP,分析了其与夏季风指数的相关关系,探讨了其对夏季风变化的响应机理。研究发现,我国南、北方植被对夏季风强度变化的响应方式和机理并不相同。强夏季风年北方植被NPP增加,而南方植被NPP减少。东亚夏季风对中国华北平原植被生长季NPP的作用主要是通过影响该地降水量实现的;京、津、冀地区植被NPP受东亚夏季风带来的气温和降水量变化的叠加影响,因而成为北方对夏季风变化最敏感的区域。东亚夏季风对我国南方江苏、安徽、湖南、湖北、江西植被NPP的作用是通过影响太阳辐射实现的,强夏季风导致太阳辐射减弱,从而使各省植被NPP减少。南方沿海的浙江和福建,强季风年带来的弱太阳辐射和低温是该地植被NPP减少的原因。广东、台湾植被NPP则主要受强夏季风带来的低温影响。     

混合海气耦合模式中与ENSO相关的大气年际变化性

利用混合海气耦合模式45年模拟积分的结果,对模式大气的年际变化性进行了分析。结果表明,在这样的海气耦合系统中,大气分量表现出显著的年际变化,冬、夏季异常环流型的分布与观测资料的分析结果基本相符。因此,该模式不仅能较好地再现热带太平洋的ENSO变化性,而且能较好地再现ENSO引起的全球大气环流的年际变化性。     

An Updated Coupled Model for Land-Atmosphere Interaction. Part Ⅱ: Simulations of Biological Processes

In Part Ⅰ, the authors succeeded in coupling the spectral atmospheric model (SAMIL_R42L9) developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LASG/IAP/CAS) with the land surface model, Atmosphere-Vegetation-Interaction-Model (AVIM) and analyzed the climate basic state and land surface physical fluxes simulated by R42_AVIM. In this Part Ⅱ, we further evaluate the simulated results of the biological processes, including leaf area index (LAI), biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) etc. Results indicate that R42_AVIM can simulate the global distribution of LAI and has good consistency with the monthly mean LAI provided by Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. The simulated biomass corresponds reasonably to the vegetation classifications. In addition, the simulated annual mean NPP has a consistent distribution with the data provided by IGBP and MODIS, and compares well with the work in literature. This land-atmosphere coupled model will offer a new experiment tool for the research on the two-way interaction between climate and biosphere, and the global terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle.     

秦岭及周边地区夏季降水的主模态分析

基于秦岭及周边地区394站气象观测资料、欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)再分析ERA-Interim数据,利用小波和回归等分析方法,讨论了秦岭及周边地区夏季降水年际变化的主模态以及与其相联系的大气环流异常。结果表明:1)在年际变化的时间尺度上,秦岭及周边地区夏季降水主要表现为秦岭南北降水的气候差异性变化(EOF1)、黄土高原第二地形抬升带与其两侧降水的反位相振荡(EOF2)、秦岭西南部降水正异常和其东北部降水负异常变化(EOF3)和关中平原的地形降水贡献(EOF4)4个模态,其解释方差总贡献为73%,并且具有显著的2~4 a周期,其中EOF3和EOF4还具有4~8 a左右的年际变化周期。2)回归分析表明,EOF1正位相环流特征表现为200 hPa急流偏弱,中纬度槽填塞,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱,有来源于东海的水汽输送,使得秦岭北部降水偏多;EOF2和EOF3分别具有显著的蒙古低压和东北冷涡环流特征;EOF4的500 hPa环流异常不显著。3)根据新定义的秦岭季风指数回归分析表明,回归场的季风指数和降水模态的时间系数显著相关,秦岭北部降水偏多(少),南部降水偏少(多),反映了强(弱)季风年的年际转换。反之则具有多态性,不同年份强(弱)秦岭回归季风指数的环流形势存在较大的差异,可能触发多种降水模态和位相振荡。