Studies of the Marine Boundary Layer at Tarapur

Simultaneous observations were made of the Marine Boundary Layer at Tarapur, a site near Bombay on the sea coast, by acoustic sounder and instrumented tower. The meteorological tower was used to sense wind and temperature at various levels up to a height of 120 m while the acoustic sounder was used to examine the thermal structure of the boundary layer up to a height of 700 m. Data recorded for the year 1982 have been analysed.Analysis of the data shows that while the normal structures of thermal echoes and shear echoes represent the mixing depth of the atmospheric boundary layer, the often observed elevated layers are due to sea breeze reversals with their base giving a measure of the depth of the sea-breeze circulation during the day. A sea breeze has been detected during both spring (March to May) and autumn (October to December) months. The onset times are around 1000 hr during spring months and around noon during the autumn period, the height of development being respectively up to 500 and 350 m. The capability of the sodar to detect the base and thickness of the sea breeze, is clearly revealed.     

大理苍山—洱海局地环流的数值模拟

利用耦合了湖泊模型的WRF_CLM模式模拟了秋季大理苍山—洱海地区的局地环流特征。结果表明:模式对近地面温度、风向、风速的模拟与观测基本一致,模拟结果能较好地再现该地区山谷风和湖陆风相互作用的局地环流特征。在秋季,大理苍山的谷风起止时间为08:00~17:00(北京时,下同),湖风起止时间为09:00~19:00。局地环流受高山地形及洱海湖面影响明显,山谷风形成早于湖陆风1 h,夜间山风、陆风强盛于白天谷风、湖风。白天苍山谷风与洱海湖风的叠加作用会驱动谷风到达2600 m的高度,而傍晚最先形成的苍山山风则会减弱洱海的湖风环流。夜间盆地南部在两侧山风、陆风的共同作用下,形成稳定而持续的气旋式环流。日出以后,对流边界层迅速发展,边界层高度逐渐增高。陆地17:00温度达到最高,边界层高度也达到峰值2000 m,之后逐渐降低。日落后形成稳定边界层,边界层高度在夜间基本保持在100 m。相对于陆地,湖面白天边界层高度低300 m,夜间边界层高度高100 m。     

Seasonal trends in the frequencies of strong winds over Lake Superior and the gulf of St. Laurence

An acoustic echo sounder situated in downtown Toronto has been used to detect convective plumes in the planetary boundary layer and to measure, by means of the Doppler effect, the vertical air motions associated with them. The plumes observed were the order of 390 m in horizontal extent, were detectable to a height of about 400 m, and were characterized by peak upward velocities in excess of 1 m s^?1. The sounder measurements are shown to be consistent with surface meteorological parameters, and suggest that free convection over an urban area of considerable surface roughness and non‐uniformity is not greatly different from that over uniform land surfaces or water.     

A numerical model for estimation of the diurnal fluctuation of the inversion height due to a sea breeze

Vertical profiles of temperature, measured over the sea in the summer near the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean, show significant diurnal fluctuation in the height of the marine inversion. During the day, the inversion moved down and during the night it moved up. The fluctuation was about 250 m. Numerical simulations of the daily fluctuation in the height of the inversion during the summer day shows the following: Over the sea, during daytime, the inversion base sinks 250 m, and during the night, it rises back to its original height. The developing sea breeze during the day causes the air over the sea to move downward adiabatically. At night, the inversion rises mainly due to advection of cool stratified air (including an inversion at 480 m) from a long distance over the sea. Such diurnal fluctuations are observed 100 km off shore. This scale is determined by the scale of the sea breeze. Comparison of some of the model vertical profiles with the temperature profiles measured over the sea show a similar diurnal oscillation. The amplitude of the oscillation is the same.     

Convective characteristics of the nocturnal urban boundary layer as observed with Doppler sodar and Raman lidar

Convective plume patterns, characteristic of clear sky and light wind daytime boundary layers over land, were observed for two nights with a tri-axial Doppler sodar operated in the central area of Rome during the summer of 1994. An urban heat island effect, combined with a continuation of a breeze from the sea late into night during both days, is believed to be responsible for the observed nocturnal convection. Estimates of the surface heat flux and the vertical velocity scaling parameter are obtained from profiles of vertical velocity variance, and the Raman lidar water vapor measurements are used to obtain the humidity scaling parameter. Convective scaling results for vertical wind and humidity fairly agree with the results of other experiments and models. On the basis of available measurements, it appears that mixed-layer similarity formulations used to characterize the daytime convective boundary layer over horizontally homogeneous surfaces can also be applied to the nocturnal urban boundary layer during periods of reasonable convective activity.     

Inland Propagation of Sea Breeze under Opposing Offshore Wind

Summary  According to past experience, the nearly stagnant conditions caused by the presumed equilibrium between the Saronikos Gulf sea breeze and an opposing synoptic flow is identified as the principal mechanism leading to high pollution episodes in Athens during the summer. However, previous experimental work has not examined in detail the interaction of the sea breeze flow with the opposing background flow. In this context, recent experimental work covering the basic key-locations of the Athens Basin focused on the inland propagation of the southerly sea breeze from the coast to the northern part of the basin mainly under moderate northerly background wind. During this campaign, a network of four meteorological stations established along the Athens Basin and a high range acoustic sounder at the centre of Athens operated over a two months time period in the summer of 1993. In addition, tethered balloon flights in the centre of Athens and on a sea vessel about 15 km offshore were employed during an experimental day with moderate opposing background wind. The results from this experimental campaign include the documentation of the sea breeze delay and its intensity as a function of a sea breeze index and features of the vertical structure of the sea breeze over land as well as over sea. Received March 20, 1998 Revised October 12, 1998     

利用RAMS模式对山谷城市冬季局地风场的数值模拟

利用美国科罗拉多州立大学和MRC/ASTER发展的中尺度数值模式RAMS, 采用三重嵌套的方法, 模拟研究了兰州山谷地区局地环流特征。结果表明： （1）兰州市近地面流场以偏东风为主, 在城市东西部之间的狭窄地带, 风速相对较大些, 在东西部山谷城市中心区域有大片的静风区; 冬季兰州市山谷夜间是辐合流场, 白天是辐散流场。受城市热岛环流的影响, 白天热岛环流抑制谷风环流, 夜间增大山风环流, 夜间的山风风速大于白天的谷风风速。（2）白天, 兰州市区山顶和山谷之间上空气柱以下沉气流为主, 这主要是由于地形作用使得白天盛行谷风环流和山峰加热作用的共同影响。夜间, 兰州市区山顶和山谷之间上空以上升气流为主, 这主要是由于地形作用使得市区和山谷在夜间盛行山风环流, 但是冬天夜间兰州市区和山谷上空有较厚的逆温层存在, 抑制了气流的上升运动。（3）在午后13：00左右, 兰州市区山谷从近地面到400 m高度, 辐散场在逐渐减弱, 在510 m左右的高度转变为辐合场; 皋兰山顶上空从近地面到400 m高度, 辐合场在逐渐减弱, 在510 m左右的高度转变为辐散场。在凌晨01：00左右, 兰州市区山谷从近地面到400 m高度, 辐合场在逐渐增强, 到400 m高度达到最强, 从400 m到510 m高度又逐渐减弱; 皋兰山顶上空从近地面到220 m左右的高度, 辐散场在逐渐减弱, 在400 m左右的高度辐散场转变为辐合场, 从400 m到510 m左右的高度, 皋兰山顶的辐合场逐渐增强。     

盛夏渤海湾大气边界层辐合线触发对流风暴对比分析

本文对渤海湾2008—2009年,由大气边界层辐合线引起的对流风暴进行了分析。结果表明,在高温、高湿不稳定大气层结环境条件下：（1）单一的海风锋在其端点可产生对流性降水。（2）海风锋与弱冷锋相遇,或者两条海风锋相交,或者雷暴单体的出流边界与海风锋相遇均会产生强对流风暴。（3）渤海湾边界层辐合线触发对流风暴大多发生在每年7 8月,且在副热带高压控制渤海湾后东退的过程中,此时大气层结处在高温、高湿不稳定状态。辐合线触发的对流风暴是沿辐合线移动,移动方向取决于辐合线两侧的主导风向。（4）边界层辐合线触发对流风暴,具有突发性强,持续时间短等特点,分析渤海湾边界层辐合线的移动与演变能提高强对流风暴的临近预报、预警,减少突发性天气引起的灾害。     

东疆黑戈壁近地大气边界层气象要素季节变化规律

利用东疆红柳河黑戈壁下垫面陆气相互作用观测站2017年近地大气边界层梯度探测资料和红柳河气象站天气现象观测数据,分析该地区典型晴天条件下的近地层风速、温度和比湿的四季廓线特征。结果表明:四季近地层风廓线变化规律明显。典型晴天条件下,在0.5～4 m高度内风速随高度的增加而变大的速度较快,在4～32 m范围内,白天风速随高度增大较缓慢,但夜间出现快速增大;存在明显的夜间逆温,逆温层主要集中在4～32 m,冬季逆温强于夏季,晨间0.5～32 m间的温度差可达4.6℃,且红柳河四季的气温日较差均较大,秋季可达到15.7℃;夜间比湿高于白天,秋、冬季夜间逆湿层出现在10～32 m,其比湿差为0.15 g/kg左右,夏季无逆湿现象。     

塔中春季阴天近地层风速、温度和湿度廓线特征分析

利用塔中最新安装的80 m梯度观测塔探测系统采集的资料,详细分析了2006年4月2日1次阴天天气时塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地层风速、温度和湿度廓线演变特征,并与典型晴天廓线做了对比,得到以下结果:(1)阴天,夜间风速廓线风速值随高度增高而增大,但不是以对数增长,而是以比对数关系更快的速度增长;白天,风速很小,近地层10 m上下廓线分布规律各异;(2)温度廓线有夜间辐射型、早上过渡型、白天日射型及傍晚过渡型4种类型,与晴天类似;(3)比湿廓线存在一个极小值,其出现高度以上比湿随高度增加而增加,廓线呈逆湿特征,极小值出现高度以下比湿随高度减小而增加。     

Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) and its exceptional wind system

From 1973–1976, research was performed around the Sea of Galilee, aimed at examining the wind regime in the area and whether the area develops a land-sea breeze despite its particular topographical location.

The main conclusions were:
1. During the summer mornings a lake breeze develops, blowing towards the shores of the lake. It ceases at the peak of its development when a westerly wind, originating in the development of a breeze along the Israeli Mediterranean coast, plunges towards the lake.
2. Late at night, a wind flow develops from the land towards the lake, which combines with the katabatic winds that blow along the steep slopes surrounding the Kinneret.
3. The stations at the upper level, at a height of 400–500 m above the Kinneret, are not affected by the lake breeze during the day or by the land breeze at night.
4. In winter, the Kinneret lake breeze is almost as developed as in summer, because the westerly winds, originating in the Mediterranean sea breeze which hardly develops in this season, do not plunge into the Kinneret.

     

青藏高原纳木错湖区大气边界层结构分析

利用2007年8月8~19日期间系留气球低探空和GPS无线电探空资料,分析了纳木错湖区大气边界层高度、风、温、湿等要素的垂直结构。结果表明:纳木错湖的冷湖效应推迟了边界层湍流混合及对流边界层出现的时间,边界层高度日变化非常明显,对流边界层高度最高可达1750 m;在晴天条件下,边界层内湖陆风日变化非常明显,湖陆风控制范围常超过边界层高度,可达对流层中部;边界层内比湿变化呈V型变化,白天减小,夜间增大,早晨08:00出现峰值。     

云贵高原洱海湖泊效应的数值模拟

采用耦合湖泊模型的WRF_CLM模式模拟山谷盆地中洱海的湖泊效应,并利用陆面(农田)和湖面的站点观测资料对模式进行了验证和校验。基于数值模式的模拟结果,分析了季风和非季风期间,洱海存在与否对山谷盆地局地环流及大气边界层结构的影响。发现非季风期湖泊对局地环流及大气边界层影响显著。相对于陆地,湖泊白天湍流通量输送少,湍流发展弱,大气边界层高度低。如果湖泊不存在,白天苍山山谷风只能上升至约200 m的高度,没有明显的山谷风环流形成;夜间则山风较强,两侧山风共同作用在山谷,环流高度约600 m。季风期,受降水天气影响,局地环流发展不充分。白天湖面辐散以及夜间湖泊南部的气旋式环流弱,湖泊作用没有非季风期明显。云的形成导致边界层高度较低。夜间,湖泊增强释放潜热、感热作用明显;此时湍流发展,夜间边界层反而比白天高。     

南疆沙漠腹地大气边界层气象要素廓线分析

利用塔中80m观测塔梯度系统采集的2006年8月、10月和2007年1月、4月的风、温度、湿度资料,结合气象站的同步气象资料,对南疆沙漠腹地近地层四季的晴天平均风速、温度、湿度廓线分布特征进行分析。结果表明,晴天平均风速白天随高度升高增加缓慢,夜间较快,低层风速白天比夜间大,高层则白天比夜间小,春夏季风速较大;四季平均温度廓线表现为夜间辐射型、早上过渡型、白天日射型和傍晚过渡型等四种类型,早、晚过渡时间四季各有不同,日最低、最高温度出现时间四季则相差不大;冬季夜间比湿随高度升高而增大,整个80m近地层表现为逆湿状态,其他季节逆湿一般出现在0．5—1m、1～2m、32—47m、63—80m等4个层次上,各逆湿层出现的时间各季节有所差异。     

湛江东海岛二月海陆风环流特征研究

利用2011年2月湛江东海岛风廓线雷达资料,系统分析了湛江东海岛2月平均风场特征及海陆风特征,结果表明:2月湛江东海岛150 m高度处以东偏北出现频率最大,在E、ENE和NE三个方位的风向出现频率之和为66.6%,偏西七个方位的风向出现频率之和仅为1%。以SSW方位为界,偏东风与偏西风的出现频率差异明显。各整点的月平均风速1:00—15:00变化较小,均在1 m/s左右波动;15:00—20:00风速及风速波动都较大,最大值出现在16:00时,为2.1 m/s。2011年2月中只有2日与14日两日符合海陆风日条件,两日共同海风时段为13:00—20:00,持续7 h;陆风时段为2:00—7:00,持续5 h。海风平均风速为2.1 m/s,陆风平均风速为0.8 m/s,海风平均风速明显大于陆风风速。海风与陆风环流垂直高度相差甚小,约1.2 km,风速随高度变化趋势均为先增后减;海风最大风速出现在750 m高度处,陆风出现在500 m高度处,500～750 m高度区间海风环流强度明显强于陆风环流。2 km之上为均匀一致的系统性西风环流。     

城市下垫面对河谷城市兰州冬季热岛效应及边界层结构的影响

利用中尺度数值模式WRF耦合单层城市冠层模块UCM,引入2005年MODIS土地利用类型资料,在对2005年1月25—28日兰州市热岛现象进行高分辨率数值模拟的基础上,设计了去除城市下垫面敏感性试验,探讨了城市下垫面对城市边界层的影响程度。结果表明,城市下垫面能使近地层大气温度升高而风速减小,并且,在夜间表现更明显。由城市热岛强度日变化分析可知,城市下垫面对兰州市热岛强度的贡献率为44%。夜间,城市上空200 m以下的近地层大气保持了白天的混合层特征,热岛环流的上升运动促进了山风环流,使得上升气流到达地面以上600 m左右;白天,由于山峰加热效应,城市上空400—600 m存在一个脱地逆温层,城市热岛环流使得11—15时（北京时）市区近地层出现弱上升气流,抑制了谷风环流的形成及发展。城市下垫面的低反照率特性和建筑物的多次反射作用导致城市下垫面的净辐射通量大于非城市下垫面;城市下垫面由于建筑材料的不透水性,导致潜热通量远小于感热通量,而储热项所占比重明显增大。     

A Study of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure During a Clear Day in the Arid Region of Northwest China

The local climate and atmospheric circulation pattern exert a clear influence on the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） formation and development in Northwest China. In this paper, we use field observational data to analyze the distribution and characteristics of the ABL in the extremely arid desert in Dunhuang, Northwest China. These data show that the daytime convective boundary layer and night time stable boundary layer in this area extend to higher altitudes than in other areas. In the night time, the stable boundary layer exceeds 900 m in altitude and can sometimes peak at 1750 m, above which the residual layer may reach up to about 4000 m. The daytime convective boundary layer develops rapidly after entering the residual layer, and exceeds 4000 m in thickness. The results show that the deep convective boundary layer in the daytime is a pre-requisite for maintaining the deep residual mixed layer in the night time. Meanwhile, the deep residual mixed layer in the night time provides favorable thermal conditions for the development of the convective boundary layer in the daytime. The prolonged periods of clear weather that often occurs in this area allow the cumulative effect of the atmospheric residual layer to develop fully, which creates thermal conditions beneficial for the growth of the daytime convective boundary layer. At the same time, the land surface process and atmospheric motion within the surface layer in this area also provide helpful support for forming the particular structure of the thermal ABL. High surface temperature is clearly the powerful external thermal forcing for the deep convective boundary layer. Strong sensible heat flux in the surface layer provides the required energy. Highly convective atmosphere and strong turbulence provide the necessary dynamic conditions, and the accumulative effect of the residual layer provides a favorable thermal environment.     

Acoustic sounder measurements of the planetary boundary layer at Maitri,Antarctica

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the Indian Antarctic station, Maitri (70.7° S; 11.7° E; 120 m asl) has been studied using a monostatic acoustic sounder. Acoustic sounder records reveal that the Antarctic PBL remains stably stratified throughout the year except for some periods in the peak summer months. The summertime PBL exhibits a diurnal variation with ground-based inversions developing at night and the convective plumes occurring during the peak sunlight hours. The cyclonic inflow of warm oceanic air towards the continent's interior from the coast helps in the development of the elevated layers and the Kelvin-Helmholtz waves observed on the sodar records.     

Planetary boundary-layer turbulence studies from acoustic echo sounder and in-situ measurements

Clear-air plume and wave-like structures are revealed in the atmospheric boundary layer by combined acoustic remote sensing and meteorological tower measurements. The magnitude of turbulent production and dissipation plus properties of velocity and temperature spectra determined from the tower measurements are well correlated with phenomena indicated by the acoustic sounder. Interpretation of either set of records is greatly enhanced by the other. For example, the onset of a sudden burst of turbulent production from the tower measurements may correspond to plume passage or breaking of stable waves recorded by the acoustic echo sounder.     

一次冷锋过境后的海风三维结构数值模拟

为研究大尺度系统风对海风的影响以及海风三维结构特征,利用山东省123个地面自动站资料、青岛地区三十多个内陆及沿海、海岛观测站以及奥帆赛场3个浮标站资料,对2006年8月21日青岛一次海风个例进行了分析,并利用美国俄克拉荷马大学风暴分析预测中心开发的ARPS(the Advanced Regional Prediction System)模式,对海风过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果发现:在较强的离岸风背景下,当内陆气温高于海面气温2℃左右时,海风也可以发生。海风首先在海岸线附近的海上开始,发展的同时向内陆及远海地区推进。海风低层环流很浅,主要位于500 m以下。在较强的偏北离岸风下,海风向内陆推进的距离很短。偏北的大尺度系统风由于渤海冷下垫面的影响,不利于青岛海风的维持。海风开始时,在1500～2500 m高度处同时有反环流出现,但直到傍晚前后,海风的垂直环流圈才发展得比较清晰,其高度也更接近地面。海风消亡后,高层的垂直环流圈及反环流维持3 h左右才逐渐消亡。