影响北京夏季降水异常的大尺度环流特征

利用1951--2004年500hPa高度场、副高特征量及北京降水量资料，采用相关和合成分析方法，研究了夏季北半球500hPa环流异常与北京旱涝的关系。结果表明：北京夏季降水与副高强度和位置的关系比较复杂，中高纬与副热带环流特征的各种配置会对北京夏季降水产生不同的影响。欧亚中高纬环流出现欧亚-太平洋遥相关型，华北上空持续受高压控制；北京及附近地区处在西高东低的形势下，持续受西北下沉气流控制是北京夏季少雨的有利环流条件。北京及附近地区位于低压槽区或处在东高西低的下游“阻塞”形势，是北京夏季多雨的基本环流条件。研究的结果为北京地区夏季旱涝预测提供了环流背景。     

亚洲中部春夏季大气环流持续性异常与我国东部夏季旱涝的关系

通过对北半球(20oN以北)1958~2002年 500 hPa月平均高度场各格点的点对点月际相关系数的分析,探讨了环流的持续性。结果表明,亚洲中部上空存在着北半球中高纬度唯一的显著的高度场持续区,它的中心区位于(30oN~50oN, 70oE~110oE),这里正是广袤的青藏高原北坡、蒙古高原及黄土高原地区,一年中各月的持续性有明显的季节变化,冬末春初的2月对3月和3月对4月基本上没有持续性可言;4~5月出现了明显的持续性,相关系数突然增长到0.6;5月对6月的持续性继续增加,相关系数达到0.8。夏季至初秋(6~9月)各个月际稳定地保持着0.8的高相关系数。秋、冬各月持续性逐渐减弱,直至春季降到了最低。将1958~2002年中5~9月的月平均高度距平正、负持续最明显的两个7年的逐月环流和季环流作对比分析,得知在正持续年夏季东亚中纬度大气环流呈“西高东低”型;而负持续年的夏季则是“东高西低”型。它们都具有气候意义的稳定性。相应的,在明显正持续年夏季中国东部降水分布呈“北少南多”;而在明显负持续年则是“北多南少”。在这45年间,夏季亚洲中纬度500 hPa的月高度距平由负持续转为正持续,与中国东部降水由“北多南少”转为“南多北少”是对应的。分区逐日识别500 hPa天气系统的结果表明,正持续年亚洲中纬地区盛行高脊,长江中下游地区多低槽和辐合流型;负持续年则盛行低槽,长江中下游多副高控制和西南流型。揭示了中国夏季发生区域旱涝灾害的两种不同的气候进程和盛行天气过程。这样在5、6月份即可预测东亚夏季或盛夏环流形势与中国的降水趋势。     

天津盛夏降水趋势与初夏华北高压的统计分析

根据初夏(6月)的天气气候演变，预测盛夏(7～8月)的短期气候趋势，一直是急需解决的难题。文章揭示了自1958年以来天津盛夏降水趋势与初夏时节临近地区上空的环流特征之间的统计关系。结果表明，初夏华北高压强时盛夏天津降水偏少，反之盛夏天津降水偏多，不仅逐年的对应关系显著，而且变化趋势相反，转折时期也一致。初步解释了20世纪70年代以前天津(华北)盛夏多雨和80年代至今天津(华北)少雨的物理原因。以此为主要根据建立了初夏对于盛夏天津降水的短期气候预测方法，1998～2003年连续6年预报正确。     

500hPa环流变化与山东春季降水异常

应用SVD技术,诊断分析了北半球500hPa高度场与山东春季降水的关系。结果表明：山东春季降水与北半球500hPa高度场关系密切,山东春季降水与东亚上空500hPa高度场具有很好的同步联系。前期(冬季)日本东北部500hPa高度场是影响山东南部春季降水的关键区,具有预测意义。500hPa高度距平场东高西低型是造成山东春季降水的主要大气环流形势,西高东低型是造成山东少雨的主要大气环流形势。     

华北夏季旱涝与同期500 hPa高度异常

采用中国气象局整编的月降水量、500hPa月平均高度场资料,利用相关、合成和奇异值分解等方法分析了华北夏季旱涝的时空分布特征及其环流异常特征,得到了500hPa高度场与同期降水的主要耦合模态。结果表明：华北旱涝年,北半球环流从高纬到低纬都存在显著的异常,其中显著区域有4个：北非到西亚的低纬地区、青藏高原地区、乌拉尔山东北部及加拿大东部。环流的异常变化与华北夏季降水的异常变化趋势较一致。亚洲地区由高纬到低纬,涝年环流异常表现为“ - ”分布;旱年为“- -”分布。     

华北夏季旱涝的环流特征分析

本文运用月降水量、500hPa、100hPa月平均高度场和海平面气压场，在对50a华北夏季旱涝等级重新评定的基础上，分析了与华北夏季旱涝年对应的环流异常特征。结果表明华北旱涝年，对应整个北半球上各层都存在显著的环流异常变化。旱年500hPa环流异常使得极涡偏心，相应乌拉尔山和北美的气候槽偏强；中纬度位于华北的平均槽东移到朝鲜日本一带，而西部脊东移控制华北；低纬西太平洋副高偏东，印度低压槽偏弱。涝年则相反。在海平面气压场上，除了在与高层对应的显著异常区有相应变化外，在我国东部大陆大部及赤道中东太平洋上也有一显著的异常区，证实夏季风和KNSO与华北旱涝存在密切的联系。在100hPa高度场旱涝年环流差异主要表现为南亚高压南北界的位置变化。     

兴安盟夏季中雨以上降水预报典型环流特征

对10年兴安盟夏季中雨以上降水天气过程进行环流形势分析，总结出7个典型环流特征模型：500hPa蒙古低涡、500hPa赤塔低涡、500hPa锡盟低涡、500hPa鄂海阻高底部切变、850hPa暖切变、850hPa副高西侧切变和华北气旋北上。这些环流特征对兴安盟夏季中雨以上降水短期预报具有一定的指示作用，试用效果较好。     

中高纬环流因子与黑龙江省初夏气候异常分析

利用1954-2010年地面气温、降水观测资料和月环流特征量、NCEP高度场再分析资料等,采用常规气候统计方法,分析了黑龙江省初夏6月气温、降水的气候特点,通过初夏6月气温、降水与北半球500 hPa高度场相关分析,建立起与中高纬度环流因子关系。结果表明：黑龙江省初夏气候异常与中高纬度环流异常有关,影响初夏气候异常的中高纬度环流因子主要有亚洲纬向环流指数,阿留申低压指数,亚洲区极涡面积指数,鄂霍次克海的阻塞高压指数等。在此基础上分析大气及中高纬度环流因子的背景,考虑外强迫因子海温的间接作用,掌握中高纬度环流因子的变化,是准确预测黑龙江省初夏气候的关键前提所在。     

用西风指数和副高脊线预报内蒙古夏季降水过程

为了提高对T106模式中期数值预报产品的解释应用，利用其中的西风指数、副高脊线及常规资料，采用两线图、经验公式的方法，对1999年6～9月内蒙地区发生的27次降水过程进行分析。结果发现：西风指数与副高脊线变化特征与内蒙地区中期大范围降水过程有明显对应关系，对中高纬度地区确定中期降水过程有实用价值。由特征图解表明内蒙夏季区域性明显降水过程有利的天气形势主要是500hPa图上是稳定的东高西低的环流背景；而盛夏旱涝时段的变化与东亚异常环流有关。     

贵州夏季严重旱涝的环流异常特征

分析研究了贵州夏季严重旱涝的异常环流特征，指出严重旱涝的形成受500hPa环流系统制约，还对贵州旱涝短期气候预测模型的建立进行了初步探索。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.