Relationships between higher moments of concentration and of dose in turbulent dispersion

Chatwin and Sullivan (1990) proposed simple results for the relationships between moments of scalar fluctuations in self-similar turbulent shear flows. They showed these relationships to be well satisfied by observations from a range of experiments. Here their theory is extended to the skewness, kurtosis and higher order equivalents. It is shown that the relationships between these normalised moments are parameter-free, and are identical to those for zero molecular diffusion. Experimental observations are presented which show a remarkable degree of collapse when these normalised moments are plotted against each other. The agreement with the theoretical results is reasonably good, and better than for some other standard statistical distributions which are commonly applied to such observations. This is true not only for the concentration, but also for generalised doses. It is concluded that the simple theory provides a satisfactory basis for a model of both the concentration and of dose. Furthermore, the results suggest that the concentration and the dose can be modelled through a perturbation to a two-state model.     

基于LAPS资料的一次冰雹过程数值催化模拟研究

基于3维冰雹云模式,采用局地分析预报系统高时空分辨率分析场作为初始场,对鄂西北地区2009年4月15日发生的一次降雹天气过程进行数值模拟,分析了强对流发展过程的流场、雷达回波、水成物粒子演变特征以及催化机制。研究表明:基于高时空分辨率资料的3维冰雹云模式,能够较好地模拟冰雹云的形成发展演变及人工催化后微物理过程响应。模式输出的雷达回波强度及回波顶高与雷达实测资料相近,最大反射率因子分别为70 dBz、65 dBz,强回波中心基本上位于6~7 km处。冰雹云发展过程中呈现典型的低层辐合、高层辐散特征,消亡过程流场相反;冰雹胚胎形成主要源于冻滴自动转化,碰并云水和雨水促进冰雹增长;不同时间、不同剂量的催化对于防雹效果差异显著,催化时间越早,催化剂量越大,效果越好。     

用典型相关分析作副高的统计动力预报模式可预报性研究

本文提出一个关于西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）的统计动力预报模式，利用它和典型相关分析方法对冬、春和夏季逐月副高预报的可行性进行研究。结果表明，模式的可预报性依赖于预报量场和因子场所提取的分量数，模式的差分形式及预报落后步长。对逐月和不同步长所作的可预报性分析发现步长为1个月有较高的可预报性，不同月份可预报性有所不同，一般夏季较冬季和春季要差。虽然如此，用该模式作夏季副高预报还是具有一定的可能性。在独立样本中所作的预报试验表明，月际预报符号相关系数一般均接近或超过0.60。     

用数字滤波方法进行数值模式的初始化

将数字滤波原理用于Ｔ４２Ｌ９全球谱模式的初始化。选取两个初值进行了实验。通过对模式短时间积分得到的时间序列进行滤波处理，有效地滤去了初始场中的高频重力波振荡，保留了其中有天气意义的扰动，同时对分析场的改变很小。５ｄ预报的结果说明，经过初始化后的预报较为平稳，场较为光滑。对比实验表明，绝热和非绝热初始化的效果很接近。这种方法简便有效，是一种实用的初值化方法     

航空短期区域气候模式预测系统研究

基于国家气候中心的海气耦合业务预测系统CGCM_1.1的预测资料产品,集成并完善了一个单向嵌套的、中尺度海气耦合的区域气候模式ASRegCM,并以其为数值计算核心,建立了一套航空短期区域气候预测业务系统ASRCPOS。对1983～2002年（共20年）的回报试验结果显示,ASRCPOS业务预测水平较前期统计预测为主业务系统的预测水平有一定程度的提高。尤其是在对连续型变量地面气温的距平,以及对非连续型变量地面降水的距平量级预测能力方面,该动力业务系统预测能力较前期业务系统有所改善。回报结果同时显示,业务系统在异常天气气温的预测方面存在较大的改进空间,对月以下时间尺度预报的解释应用方面仍存在一定的局限。     

气候变化对我国江南双季稻生产可能影响的数值模拟研究

在利用田间试验资料对双季稻生长动力（态）模拟模型进行验证的基础上,将基于GCMs的输出和历史气候资料相结合的气候变化情景与双季稻模式相连接,就气候变暖对我国江南双季稻主产区水稻生产的可能影响进行网格化定量模拟和客观评估,并就调整对策（改变播种日期和种植品种）在减缓气候变暖对双季稻生产影响中的作用作了初步的探讨。结果表明,在未来可能的气候变化情景下,若维持目前的品种和生产技术措施,双季稻产量将有不同程度的下降。产量变化的地域分布既有一定的规律性,又体现出气候变化影响的复杂性。适应对策分析表明,改种长生育期的     

The development and initial tests of an atmospheric model based on a vertical coordinate with a smooth transition from terrain following to isentropic coordinates

An atmospheric model (η model) is developed by modifying the UW θ－σ hybrid model. In the η model, the vertical coordinate transforms smoothly from terrain following to isentropic coordinates. The model is developed to capitalize on the inherent advantage of numerical modeling in isentropic coordinates and to eliminate the interface between the sigma planetary boundary layer and isentropic free atmosphere present in the UW θ－σ model. This formulation provides the potential for the data assimilation and the application of higher order schemes. This paper describes the structure of the η model and presents results from initial numerical experiments. The first experiment tests the capability of the η model for simulating the baroclinic development process. In the 48-hr numerical weather forecast experiment, the η model produces reasonable precipitation and synoptic fields at all levels which are similar to those from the UW θ-σ model. The second and third experiments test the capability of the η model for conserving 1) the joint distribution of isentropic potential vorticity (IPV) and proxy ozone and 2) equivalent potential temperature under frictionless and isentropic conditions. These experiments show that distributions of IPV and proxy ozone in the pure isentropic domain and the distributions of prognostic and diagnostic equivalent potential temperature in the model domain remain highly correlated to day 10.     

利用起放电模式开展闪电活动的直接预报试验

利用耦合有起电和放电物理过程的中尺度起电放电模式WRF-Electric,开展了华北地区连续3年（2015—2017年）的闪电活动预报试验。结合全国地闪定位观测资料,针对不同影响范围雷暴类型和预报时间,对数值预报结果开展点对点的定量检验,评估模式对闪电活动的预报能力及特点。结果表明:WRF-Electric中尺度模式具备一定的区域闪电活动预报能力,在起报后的6~12 h对闪电活动区域具有较好的预报效果。雷暴落区预报的点对点定量检验中,模式和业务预报在华北主汛期（6—8月）的预报临界成功指数（CSI）均为0.1,模式对于活动范围较小的局地性雷暴过程的预报更具参考价值。模式预报的闪电活动范围相对集中,闪电活动密度偏高,预报的主要问题存在于放电参数化方案的设计。应当考虑到模式空间分辨率对云内电场强度的影响,合理降低闪电参数化中的放电阈值以扩大预报的闪电活动范围。模式在闪电密度的定量预报上还有较大改进空间,单次放电中和电荷量应当更符合观测事实。     

The thermoinsulation effect of snow cover within a climate model

We use a state of the art climate model (CAM3–CLM3) to investigate the sensitivity of surface climate and land surface processes to treatments of snow thermal conductivity. In the first set of experiments, the thermal conductivity of snow at each grid cell is set to that of the underlying soil (SC-SOIL), effectively eliminating any insulation effect. This scenario is compared against a control run (CTRL), where snow thermal conductivity is determined as a prognostic function of snow density. In the second set of experiments, high (SC-HI) and low (SC-LO) thermal conductivity values for snow are prescribed, based on upper and lower observed limits. These two scenarios are used to envelop model sensitivity to the range of realistic observed thermal conductivities. In both sets of experiments, the high conductivity/low insulation cases show increased heat exchange, with anomalous heat fluxes from the soil to the atmosphere during the winter and from the atmosphere to the soil during the summer. The increase in surface heat exchange leads to soil cooling of up to 20 K in the winter, anomalies that persist (though damped) into the summer season. The heat exchange also drives an asymmetric seasonal response in near-surface air temperatures, with boreal winter anomalies of +6 K and boreal summer anomalies of −2 K. On an annual basis there is a net loss of heat from the soil and increases in ground ice, leading to reductions in infiltration, evapotranspiration, and photosynthesis. Our results show land surface processes and the surface climate within CAM3–CLM3 are sensitive to the treatment of snow thermal conductivity.     

Variational data assimilation experiments of mei-yu front rainstorms in China

The numerical forecasts of mei-yu front rainstorms in China has been an important issue. The intensity and pattern of the frontal rainfall are greatly influenced by the initial fields of the numerical model. The 4-dimensional variational data assimilation technology (4DVAR) can effectively assimilate all kinds of observed data, including rainfall data at the observed stations, so that the initial fields and the precipitation forecast can both be greatly improved. The non-hydrostatic meso-scale model (MM5) and its adjoint model are used to study the development of the mei-yu front rainstorm from 1200 UTC 25 June to 0600 UTC 26 June 1999. By numerical simulation experiments and assimilation experiments, the T106 data and the observed 6-hour rainfall data are assimilated. The influences of many factors, such as the choice of the assimilated variables and the weighting coefficient, on the precipitation forecast results are studied. The numerical results show that 4DVAR is valuable and important to mei-yu front rainfall prediction.     

凹坑地形风流结构对污染物散布的模拟研究

利用建立的三维非静力高分辨率高阶湍流闭合模式与随机游动扩散模式研究了一个深凹露天矿区污染物散布的规律,同时在风洞中进行了示踪实验。结果表明,由于凹坑内复环流结构的存在,使得坑内污染物浓度较大,且浓度最大值出现在源的上风侧。数值试验与风洞试验结果吻合较好。     

A Nine-layer Atmospheric General Circulation Model and Its Performance

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TRP与Logit概率预报模式计算比较分析

本文分别利用TRP模式及Logit模式与MOS相结合的方法,对南京市的能见度及云量进行了24小时概率预报试验。通过对两种模式的比较分析,结果表明：Logit模式的拟合率比TRP模式的高,而在实际预报中,TRP模式的预报准确率高。同时,TRP模式的计算更为方便灵活。     

A microscale model for air pollutant dispersion simulation in urban areas: Presentation of the model and performance over a single building

A microscale air pollutant dispersion model system is developed for emergency response purposes. The model includes a diagnostic wind field model to simulate the wind field and a random-walk air pollutant dispersion model to simulate the pollutant concentration through consideration of the influence of urban buildings. Numerical experiments are designed to evaluate the model's performance, using CEDVAL(Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Microscale Dispersion Models) wind tunnel experiment data, including wind fields and air pollutant dispersion around a single building. The results show that the wind model can reproduce the vortexes triggered by urban buildings and the dispersion model simulates the pollutant concentration around buildings well. Typically, the simulation errors come from the determination of the key zones around a building or building cluster. This model has the potential for multiple applications; for example, the prediction of air pollutant dispersion and the evaluation of environmental impacts in emergency situations; urban planning scenarios;and the assessment of microscale air quality in urban areas.     

Experience is not enough: A dynamic explanation of the limited adaptation to extreme weather events in public organizations

This study advances theory articulating the micro-level processes behind public organization adaptation to extreme weather. It tackles a persistent puzzle about the limited adaptation to extreme weather among public organizations: why does adaptation remain deficit after public organizations have experienced repeated extreme weather and some catastrophic consequences? We develop a computational agent-based model that integrates extant theory and data from semi-structured interviews of U.S. public transit agency managers, and use the model to investigate how micro-level cognition and behavior interact with environmental constraints to facilitate or impede the diffusion of adaptation. We articulate in greater detail how experience with influential extreme weather events matters to adaptation, highlighting that such experience is insufficient for adaptation to occur. A key insight is that the potential benefits from both increased risk perception and additional financial resources stemming from disaster- or non-disaster-induced opportunities can be underutilized, absent effective coupling between heightened risk perception and availability of resources that creates windows for adaptation. Using this insight, we further identify managerial and policy interventions with maximum leverage to promote adaptation to extreme weather in public organizations. The experiments show that slowing risk perception decay and synchronizing opportunities with extreme weather occurrences can stimulate adaptation.     

Geometric Alignments of the Subgrid-Scale Force in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

In recent years field experiments have been undertaken in the lower atmosphere to perform a priori tests of subgrid-scale (SGS) models for large-eddy simulations (LES). The experimental arrangements and data collected have facilitated studies of variables such as the filtered strain rate, SGS stress and dissipation, and the eddy viscosity coefficient. However, the experimental set-ups did not permit analysis of the divergence of the SGS stress (the SGS force vector), which is the term that enters directly in the LES momentum balance equations. Data from a field experiment (SGS2002) in the west desert of Utah, allows the calculation of the SGS force due to the unique 4 × 4 sonic anemometer array. The vector alignment of the SGS force is investigated under a range of atmospheric stabilities. The eddy viscosity model is likely aligned with the measured SGS force under near-neutral and unstable conditions, while its performance is unsatisfactory under stable conditions.     

A Lagrangian Solution to the Relationship between Source Strength and Concentration Profile Under Conditions of Local Advection

We propose a two-dimensional Lagrangian analytical solution for relating source strength and concentration profiles within and above a plant canopy. The new solution describes passive scalar dispersion under conditions of local advection through a fetch correction function in a one-dimensional Lagrangian analytical dispersion model. The model is capable of predicting absolute concentration profiles of passive scalars for different fetches for situations in which the reference concentration is known or the background concentration is available. Tests of the model showed good agreement with measurements from field and wind-tunnel experiments.     

GRAPES-MESO模式不同空间分辨率对中国夏季降水预报的影响分析

国家气象中心业务运行的中尺度数值预报系统GRAPES-MESO（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System mesoscale model）在升级到4.0版本后采用了与以往版本不同的三维空间分辨率设置,本文通过计算精度分析、个例分析及统计分析的方法详细阐述了两者水平分辨率和不等距垂直分层的差异,并由此深入分析了不同模式三维空间分辨率对中国夏季汛期降水预报的影响。主要结论表明,GRAPES-MESO预报系统4.0版本在水平分辨率提高到10 km并同时使用更为合理的加密垂直分层设置后,不仅提高了计算精度和计算稳定性,同时仍能满足业务预报的时效要求。对个例降水特征的分析结果表明,提高模式空间分辨率可以在一定程度上改善对降水中心的预报,但对降水落区的预报改进较为有限。对2012年7月整月批量试验的统计检验结果表明,月平均技巧评分总体变化不大,但对逐日大到暴雨评分提高较大,通过各气象要素统计检验分析可以认为,模式空间分辨率提高的主要作用是通过降低了中低层高度场、温度场和水平风场的误差,改进了对流层中层环流背景场以及对流层低层降水直接触发系统的强度预报,从而能够提高大到暴雨的降水评分。     

LICOM Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

The datasets of two Ocean Model Intercomparison Project(OMIP)simulation experiments from the LASG/IAP Climate Ocean Model,version 3(LICOM3),forced by two different sets of atmospheric surface data,are described in this paper.The experiment forced by CORE-II(Co-ordinated Ocean–Ice Reference Experiments,Phase II)data(1948–2009)is called OMIP1,and that forced by JRA55-do(surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models based on Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis)data(1958–2018)is called OMIP2.First,the improvement of LICOM from CMIP5 to CMIP6 and the configurations of the two experiments are described.Second,the basic performances of the two experiments are validated using the climatological-mean and interannual time scales from observation.We find that the mean states,interannual variabilities,and long-term linear trends can be reproduced well by the two experiments.The differences between the two datasets are also discussed.Finally,the usage of these data is described.These datasets are helpful toward understanding the origin system bias of the fully coupled model.     

二阶闭合模式在污染气象学中的某些应用

本文采用二阶闭合的湍流边界层模式,进行一系列数值试验以模拟边界层中连续线源的扩散状况。试验表明:无论在稳定的或不稳定的边界层中,高源的扩散能力都低于低源;在稳定层中,粗糙地表上的大气扩散能力高于光滑表面;在相同风速和地表净辐射情况下,粗糙表面上的大气扩散能力反而低于光滑表面;对流边界层中存在反梯度输送,因而K理论的应用受到限制。试验还表明,修正的Kazanski-Monin参数可能比Monin-Obukhov长度更能反映大气的扩散能力。