非绝热加热对冷锋锋生过程影响的比较研究

本文利用半地转模式研究了非绝热加热对冷锋锋生过程的影响。计算结果表明，非绝热加热包括大尺度凝结潜热、积云对流加热和感热都可以在加热区诱发出附加的锋生场。从而使加热区内的锋区强度得到明显加强；三种加热都能使上升速度增大，其中大尺度凝结潜热释放可在锋前出现一条宽约２００ｋｍ的强降水带．积云对流加热可使上升运动区范围缩小或在低层出现中尺度雨带，感热加热是产生中尺度雨带的一种可能机制。计算还表明，大尺度凝结潜热对锋生过程的影响最明显。它可以影响锋生过程中所有物理量。而积云对流加热和感热加热只对位温场和垂直速度场有明显影晌。但影响程度没有大尺度凝结潜热大。     

梅雨静止锋积云群整体属性的诊断研究

本文利用积云群整体诊断模式，对一次梅雨静止锋暴雨过程的积云对流活动进行研究，计算了质量通量、云内温度、比湿、液态水等积云属性，讨论了云中凝结蒸发过程以及对流能量输送特征。结果表明，梅雨积云质量通量比热带扰动大，但积云的发展高度不及热带深厚对流；积云群的降水效率约为50％；潜热在对流能量铅直输送中占显著地位，其量值远大于热带扰动中的对流活动。     

公里尺度分辨率WRF模拟梅雨暴雨对积云对流参数化的敏感性试验研究

本文利用中尺度模式WRF V4.0.2(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,Version 4.0.2)对浙江省两次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分别选用WSM6和Thompson云微物理方案、YSU和MYJ边界层方案、以及11种对流参数化方案进行试验,探究不同积云对流参数化方案对梅雨锋暴雨的1 km高分辨率预报的影响,结果表明：（1）在对各试验的降水预报评估过程中,使用传统点对点方法和邻域法都能客观表现出各试验的预报水平,而邻域检验法能更客观地评估模式对小范围强降水的预报水平。（2）三类积云对流方案（包括：无积云对流方案、传统积云对流方案和尺度自适应积云对流方案）都能较好地模拟出小雨降水的发生情况,但随着降水强度增强至暴雨、大暴雨量级时,尺度自适应的积云对流方案对降水的预报结果有明显改善。（3）在不同微物理和边界层组合方案下,尺度自适应积云对流方案的模拟结果差异更显著,而传统积云对流方案的模拟结果的效果差异不明显。（4）在1～10 km的“灰色区域”范围内,当网格分辨率逐渐提高到1 km时,尺度自适应积云对流方案较传统积云对流方案对模式的预报结...     

不同微物理方案对一次梅雨锋暴雨过程模拟的影响

中尺度模式中描述湿物理过程的方案主要有对流参数化方案和云微物理方案,当网格距达到可以分辨积云对流尺度时,云微物理方案对描述云和降水物理过程的作用将变得更为重要.利用GRAPES高分辨率中尺度数值模式对2007年7月7-9日中国梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,从降水量、雷达回波、水成物分布方面结合观测资料,分析了NCFP简...     

一次梅雨锋降水结构及暴雨中心的形成机制

1981年6月27—28日,长江中下游地区出现了一次梅雨锋强降水过程。本文利用有关探空资料,分析了梅雨锋的空间结构;利用雷达和逐时的地面气象资料,分析了梅雨锋云和降水的结构特征。发现在梅雨锋强降水区的南侧,往往产生一条与降雨带大致平行的辐合线,继而在辐合线上形成新的强降水区;锋前暖区强积层混合云不断得到来自大别山地区积云单体的补充,从而连续出现强降水,形成暴雨中心。     

环境大气对积云发展的影响

为了能更实际客观地模拟天气的发展变化，在胡志晋教授的一维时变积云数值模式的基础上考虑了环境大气与积云群的发生、发展及降水之间的相互作用，保留了原模式所有的微物理过程，建立了一维积云时变套柱模式。此模式不仅能模拟积云，还可以模拟积云在层状云中发展变化，以及模拟环境大气具有辐合辐散场时积云的发展。     

第一次全球大气研究计划试验期间华南前汛期暴雨过程及其环流特征的 …

对１９７９年第一次全球大气研究计划试验（ＦＧＧＥ）期间华南前汛期３次暴雨过程及其环流特征进行了诊断研究。发现：（１）３次暴雨过程均与锋面活动有关,每次锋面过程都与锋生区对应,暴雨多见于锋前暖区内。锋面的特征既不同于冬季的冷锋,又不同于夏季长江流域的梅雨锋。（２）对视热源和视水汽汇作了计算,发现３次暴雨过程中,华南地区的视热源和视水汽汇项有明显作用,积云对流所造成的对流凝结加热作用很重要。（３）华南     

东北夏季副高后部MCC暴雨的诊断分析

本文对1989年7月22日出现在副高后部的一次MCC过程进行了动力诊断研究。结果表明:温度平流，积云对流加热和大尺度凝结加热是系统发生发展的主要物理因子。在MCC出现之前和形成初期，Q矢量的散度、旋度和用Q矢量表示的准地转锋生倾向以及不稳定区内水汽辐合量的大幅度增长均能提供大量可供预报员使用的信息。     

环境大气对积云发展的影响

为了能更实际客观地模拟天气的发展变化，在胡志晋教授的一维时变积云数值模式的基础上考虑了环境大气与积云群的发生、发展及降水之间的相互作用，保留了原模式所有的微物理过程，建立了一维积云时变 套柱模式。此模式不仅能模拟积云，还可以模拟积云在层状云中发展变化，以及模拟环境大气具有辐合辐散场时积云的发展。     

不同积云微物理特征的卫星反演分析

利用NOAA卫星多光谱资料反演了云滴有效半径,采用多信息组合的RGB彩色显示方法,分析了云顶微物理特征;运用Rosenfeld的卫星微物理反演分析方法,根据云中物理过程与T-re分布关系,着重分析了不同积云的云物理过程和微物理特征.结果表明:中高纬内陆地区积云底层一般具有较深厚的凝结增长带和较小的云滴有效半径,晶化增长起始温度较低,具有典型的大陆性云物理特征;低纬度海岛与近海地区积云与大陆性积云相比,底层云滴有效半径普遍较大,碰并作用较强,晶化增长起始温度较高,具有大陆性到海洋性过渡的云物理特征;海洋上空积云底层的云滴有效半径最大,晶化增长起始温度高,降水带较深厚,具有海洋性云物理特征.     

南方夏旱期积云含水量和降水效率的云模式估算

在胡志晋二维对流云模式的物理框架上增加了对整块积云的含水量、地面降水量、降水效率的估算部分.改进后的模式模拟了福建夏旱期37 个降水个例,并估算出南方夏旱期冷云、混合云和暖云的含水量、地面降水、降水效率,其结果与湖南积云的实测值较接近.分析了含水量在关键时段的主要分布情况,为研究南方夏旱期积云的人工影响方法提供物理依据.     

Some characteristics of cumulus convection over the Tibetan Plateau

The diagnostic model of the cumulus convection proposed by Yanai et al. (1973) was applied to the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau, and used to estimate the vertical mass flux, entrainment and detrainment, excess temperature and moisture, liquid water content, and condensation and precipitation rates of highland cloud clusters. The re-sults illustrated that in clouds over the Tibetan Plateau, the water vapor condensation rate, liquid water content, and efficiency of the rain generation process are less than those in the tropics (represented by the Marshall Islands region). Therefore, the condensational latent heat released over the Tibetan Plateau, overall, is much smaller than that in the tropics. The water vapor and liquid water detrainment from shallow nonprecipitating cumulus clouds, and their entrainment into deep cumulus clouds, serve as a growing mechanism for the deep precipitating cumulus towers over the Tibetan Plateau. It should be noted that there is a stronger detrainment of liquid water from cumulus clouds and a stronger re-evaporation rate in environment. The process of the condensation-detrainment-re-evaporation-entrainment is repeatedly in progress. It would play an important role in maintaining of cumulus convection on the condition that the supply of moisture is not plentiful over the Tibetan Plateau.The analyses also showed that the cloud mass flux Mc over the Tibetan Plateau is less, and the large-scale av-erage upward motion is much less than those over the Marshall Islands. Stronger compensating downward motion in the cloud environment over the Tibetan Plateau, responsible for the area’s strong environmental heating rate was re-vealed, and would link to the stability of the South Asian High in summer.     

下曳气流在积云对流中的作用

利用国家气象中心高分辨率有限区域业务预报模式（ＨＬＡＦＳ）对有无下曳气流的积云参数化方案进行了对比试验,通过对积云内容各物理量及大尺度物理量场的诊断分析研究下曳气流对积云对流发生发展的作用以及对大尺度热力,动力场的影响。结果表明：（１）下曳气流具有湿冷的特征,主要出现在强对流时段时流层中下层;（２）下曳气流的引入,促进了模式中强积云对流的发生发展,并在更高更多的空间层次上更强地加热及干化环境大气,     

A model of fair-weather cumulus convection

By assuming that cumulus clouds grow from patches of air that extend from the well-mixed layer bear the surface, a model of fair-weather cumulus convection is developed. The model predicts the structure of the well-mixed layer and the cloud layer; in particular, cloud cover is estimated as a function of time. The model results are compared with laboratory and field observations.     

Some physical aspects of summer monsoon clouds—comparison of cloud model results with observations

The physical characteristics of the summer monsoon clouds were investigated. The results of a simple cloud mod-el were compared with the aircraft cloud physical observations collected during the summer monsoon seasons of 1973,1974,1976 and 1981 in the Deccan Plateau region.The model predicted profiles of cloud liquid water content (LWC) are in agreement with the observed profiles. There is reasonable agreement between the model predicted cloud vertical thickness and observed rainfall.The observed cloud-drop spectra were found to be narrow and the concentration of drops with diameter >20μm is either low or absent on many occasions. In such clouds the rain-formation cannot take place under natural atmos-pheric conditions due to the absence of collision-coalescence process. A comparison of the model predicted and ob-served rainfall suggested that the precipitation efficiency in cumulus clouds of small vertical thickness could be as low as 20 per cent.The clouds forming in the Deccan Plateau region during the summer monsoon are, by and large, cumulus and strato-cumulus type. The vertical thickness of the cumulus clouds is in the range of 1.0-2.0 km. The LWC is found to be more in the region between 1.6-1.9 km A. S. L., which corresponds to the level at almost 3 / 4 th of the total verti-cal thickness of the cloud and thereafter the LWC sharply decreased. Nearly 98 per cent of the tops of the low clouds in the region are below freezing level and the most frequent range of occurrence of these cloud-tops is in the range of 2.0-3.0 km A. S. L.. The dominant physical mechanism of rain-formation in these summer monsoon clouds it the col-lision-coalescence process.     

Numerical study of mesoscale cellular convection

Mesoscale cellular convections over the East China Sea during cold air outbreaks are simulated with a high-resolution numerical model. The model incorporates important physical processes involved in shallow convection, such as the exchange of heat and moisture between water and air; condensation; evaporation; and vertical turbulent transfer of heat, moisture, and momentum.The results show that open cells develop with aspect ratios as large as 14. The structure of the convection is examined in detail. The organized mesoscale circulation is responsible for breaking up the initial stratus cloud deck and enhancing turbulence in the upward-moving area (especially inside cumulus clouds). However, it is found that the heat flux contributed by MCC's themselves is much smaller than the eddy heat flux.     

On the modelling of mixed layers and entrainment in cumulus cloud

A boundary-layer model, which incorporates an eddy diffusivity for turbulent transports, is presented. It is shown that this model can predict the appropriate behaviour for mixed layers produced by surface shear, free convection and mechanical mixing. The model is used to consider the development of cumulus clouds, which are shown generally to be convectively unstable at cloud top. Thus the entrainment of dry air leads to a very low cloud-water content in cumulus cloud.     

An improvement of the mass flux convection parameterization scheme and its sensitivity tests for seasonal prediction over China

A modified cumulus parameterization scheme, suitable for use in a seasonal forecast model, is presented. This parameterization scheme is an improvement of the mass flux convection scheme developed by Gregory and Rowntree (1989; 1990). This convection scheme uses a “bulk” cloud model to present an ensemble of convective clouds, and aims to represent shallow, deep, and mid-level convection. At present,this convection scheme is employed in the NCC T63L20 model (National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration). Simulation results with this scheme have revealed some deficiencies in the scheme,although to some extent, it improves the accuracy of the simulation. In order to alleviate the deficiencies and reflect the effect of cumulus convection in the actual atmosphere, the scheme is modified and improved.The improvements include (i) the full estimation of the effects of the large-scale convergence in the lower layer upon cumulus convection, (ii) the revision of the initial convective mass flux, and (iii) the regulation of convective-scale downdrafts. A comparison of the results obtained by using the original model and the modified one shows that the improvement and modification of the original convection scheme is successful in simulating the precipitation and general circulation field, because the modified scheme provides a good simulation of the main features of seasonal precipitation in China, and an analysis of the anomaly correlation eoetfieient between the simulation and the observations confirms the improved results.     

Temperature and humidity structure of the sub-cloud layer over land

Observations of temperature, pressure and humidity have been made from an aircraft beneath cumulus clouds which formed over extensive flat country. In fair weather over land, cumulus cloud base is generally above the average top of the well-mixed convection layer so that penetrative convection is necessary to initiate cloud formation. The convective layer does not evolve and deepen uniformly over large areas (say greater than 100-km radius). Rather, it develops a patchy structure at 1–10 km scales. Such patches, close beneath cloud base, have thermodynamic properties very like those of the convection layer and in such regions that layer effectively extends right up to cloud base. Meso-scale effects (e.g., 50 km) seem to be important in determining where clear and cloudy areas occur, and although it appears reasonable to attribute this to local dynamic effects (e.g., subsidence), it is not possible to eliminate other possibilities on the basis of the present data.     

拉萨地区汛期积状云及其人工增雨作业研究

本文利用拉萨地区1981 ～2010年汛期5～9月4个台站的地面观测资料,统计分析了汛期5～9月各类积云的发生频率及其降水过程,分析了各类积云的降水能力;从卫星云图、天气雷达图识别及目测三个方面对拉萨地区汛期适宜高炮（火箭）人工增雨作业云系做了初步探讨.结果表明：拉萨地区平均每年有40d以上的积云降水;其中伴随碎雨云的积雨云（Cb＋Fn）降水概率最大.各县区平均积云降水过程占总降水过程的52.6％,平均积云降水量占总降水量的54.8％;汛期降水过程中由积云带来的降水占一半以上,一般产生小雨及小到中雨的雨量,产生大雨及暴雨的概率极小.降水性积云不仅人工增雨潜力很大,实施人工增雨催化作业的机会也较多.适合人工增雨作业影响的积云降水云系按其对降水量的贡献大小依次为伴随碎雨云出现的积雨云（Cb＋ Fn）、伴随碎积云出现的混合层积云（Sc＋Fc）、积雨云（Cb）、层积云（Sc）.