北半球冬季海平面气压场的气候基本态与气候变率特征及其影响的初步研究

研究了近100多年冬季北半球海平面气压场的气候基本态、气候变率的特征及时间演变规律。指出北半球冬季海平面气压基本态的标准差的高值区在北太平洋的阿留申低压区、冰岛低压区的西北部及西伯利亚高压区。基本态的第一特征向量表现为弱西伯利亚高压、强北大西洋高压的强纬向环流的特征;第二特征向量表现为弱阿留申低压及强北太平洋高压。研究还指出,阿留申低压区及冰岛低压区在基本态改变的同时,标准差也有长期变化,而且主要表现为近百年中变率线性增大。此外,北半球冬季气温及我国冬季气温的长期变化都与北半球冬季海平面的基本态变化有关。     

北半球冬季海平面气压场的气候基本态与气候变率特征及其影响的初 …

研究了近１００多年冬季北半球海平在气压面场的气候基本态、气候变率的特征及时间演变规律。指出北半球冬季海平面气压基本态的标准差的高值区在北太平洋的阿留申低压区、冰岛低压区的西北部及西伯利亚高压区。基本态的第一特征向量表现为弱西伯利亚高压、强北大西洋高压的强纬向环流的特征;第二特征向量表现为弱阿留申低压及强北太平洋高压。研究还指出,阿留申低压区及冰岛低压区在基本态改变的同时,标准差也有长期变化,而且主     

南北半球大气环流与气候的相互作用

本文研究了冬半球大气环流对夏半球热带气旋及降水的影响。发现近百年北大西洋、北太平洋、北印度洋热带气旋数的变化分别与南大西洋高压、澳洲高压以及南印度洋高压的强弱有明显的关系。南半球澳洲附近、南太平洋、南印度洋的热带气旋数的变化与北半球亚洲大陆的冷空气活动有密切的联系。 冬半球的环流对夏半球降水的影响也很显著。我国旱涝与澳洲高压强度相关密切,而南半球印尼及澳洲附近的降水则与北半球西伯利亚高压的强度和位置的变化有较密切的联系。 在两个半球的相互作用中,冬半球经常处于主动的地位,而夏半球的气候则深受其影响。并且在东亚到澳洲一带这种两个半球间的作用最为活跃。     

太平洋,印度洋海温与夏季亚洲季风系统的联系

本文采用相关普查法,对太平洋、印度洋海温变化与夏季亚洲季风系统(100hPa南亚高压、500hPa西北太平洋高压和南海高压)的遥相关分布特征作了详细分析和讨论。结果指出:前期(冬、春季)SST场的赤道东太平洋地区、黑潮区的海温变化对夏季季风系统的影响特别明显,且随着季节变化而不同。 同时,本文还分别通过北半球遥相关的水平结构,讨论了前期(冬、春季)SST影响夏季季风系统变化的可能途径。     

北半球副高带的长期变化(一)

一、前言 近两年我们就北半球副热带高压带(以下称副高带)长期变化的基本规律进行了分析。在这里介绍的是这一工作的初步结果。 绕球的北半球副高带是大气环流中的一个重要成员,它对于副热带及邻近地区的天气气候有十分明显的作用。在副高带盘据的大部分地区,是降水少、天气干热的干旱和半干旱区,世界上几个有名的大沙漠,如撒哈拉沙漠,中亚西亚沙漠等正是处于副热带区。由于海陆分布、地形等原因,北半球副高带常常分裂成几个单体,在对流层中部主要有太平洋高压、大西洋高压、北非高压等,其中太平洋高压对我国天气气候的影响尤为重要。所以以往对西太平洋副高的研究较多,而对整个副高带的分析却较少。 天气实践和大气环流理论研究表明,作为一个环     

NCEP／NCAR再分析资料中南北半球大气质量交换的特征研究

用1948～2000年共53年的NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,分析了南北半球大气质量交换的周期变化特征和两半球大气质量交换通道的空间分布。结果表明：两半球的大气质量交换从长时间来看基本上是平衡的。两半球质量交换的季节变化表现为明显的半年周期,冬季和夏季的交换比较显著,且以夏季为主;具有显著的十年际变化;年际变化特征总体来看不显著,只在1980年代～1990年代存在较为显著的2-5年的年际振荡。NCEP资料存在较大变更的三个时段（以1968、1979年为分界）的周期变化特征确实存在一定的差异。全球平均异常向南的越赤道质量输送不存在很强的季节依赖性,主要由低空北半球太平洋．大西洋副热带高压南侧东北信风和亚洲季风区对流层高层副热带高压南侧的越赤道东北气流决定,亚洲季风区冬季南下的冷空气也起到很大的作用;而异常向北的越赤道质量净输送则主要发生在夏季,主要由亚洲季风区越赤道西南季风决定,特别是索马里越赤道急流从对流层低层到高层整层的向北输送,同时对流层低层赤道中东太平洋．大西洋信风区的东南信风也有较大的贡献。     

远距离热带低压影响下山东半岛特大暴雨成因分析

用1948～2000年共53年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了南北半球大气质量交换的周期变化特征和两半球大气质量交换通道的空间分布.结果表明:两半球的大气质量交换从长时间来看基本上是平衡的.两半球质量交换的季节变化表现为明显的半年周期,冬季和夏季的交换比较显著,且以夏季为主;具有显著的十年际变化;年际变化特征总体来看不显著,只在1980年代～1990年代存在较为显著的2～5年的年际振荡.NCEP资料存在较大变更的三个时段(以1968、1979年为分界)的周期变化特征确实存在一定的差异.全球平均异常向南的越赤道质量输送不存在很强的季节依赖性,主要由低空北半球太平洋-大西洋副热带高压南侧东北信风和亚洲季风区对流层高层副热带高压南侧的越赤道东北气流决定,亚洲季风区冬季南下的冷空气也起到很大的作用;而异常向北的越赤道质量净输送则主要发生在夏季,主要由亚洲季风区越赤道西南季风决定,特别是索马里越赤道急流从对流层低层到高层整层的向北输送,同时对流层低层赤道中东太平洋-大西洋信风区的东南信风也有较大的贡献.     

1994年北半球环流特征及其影响

１９９４年北半球主要环流特征表现为：５００ｈＰａ副高明显偏强西伸，盛夏位置异常偏北；欧亚地区盛行伟向环流，北半球极涡向极地收缩，强度偏弱；盛夏东亚中纬地区维持稳定的高压脊，西风带锋区位置偏北；夏季１００ｈＰａ南亚高压强度偏强、位置偏北、东伸明显；热带海洋出现明显异常，一次新的厄尔尼诺事件形成。北半球大气环流和热带海洋的异常对我国天气气候产生了明显影响。     

近45 a冬季北大西洋涛动异常与我国气候的关系

利用1873～1995年的北半球海平面气压月平均资料,定义了北大西洋涛动指数.用近45a资料研究了北大西洋涛动与我国冬、夏季气候变化的关系.指出,北大西洋涛动异常变化与我国冬、夏季天气气候关系密切.强涛动年,冬季我国是偏暖、多雨的气候特征;夏季我国江淮之间地区气温明显偏低.还表明,强涛动年冬季,西太平洋副热带高压强度与西伯利亚高压及高空经向环流都明显偏弱,大气环流具有弱WA遥相关型、弱的东亚冬季风特征,对应的夏季环流特征与强东亚夏季风特征较接近.     

近45a冬季北大西洋涛动异常与我国气候的关系

利用1873－1995年的北半球海平面气压月平均资料，定义了北大西洋涛动指数。用近45a资料研究了北大西洋涛动与我国冬、夏季气候变化的关系。指出，北大西洋涛动异常变化与我国冬、夏季天气气候关系密切。强涛动年，冬季我国是偏暖、多雨的气候特征；夏季我国江淮之间地区气温明显偏低。还表明，强涛动年冬季，西太平洋副热带高压强度与西伯利亚高压及高空经向环流都明显偏弱，大气环流具有弱WA遥相关型、弱的东亚冬季风特征，对应的夏季环流特征与强东亚夏季风特征较接近。     

Politics eclipses climate extremes for climate change perceptions

Whether or not actual shifts in climate influence public perceptions of climate change remains an open question, one with important implications for societal response to climate change. We use the most comprehensive public opinion survey data on climate change available for the US to examine effects of annual and seasonal climate variation. Our results show that political orientation has the most important effect in shaping public perceptions about the timing and seriousness of climate change. Objective climatic conditions do not influence Americans’ perceptions of the timing of climate change and only have a negligible effect on perceptions about the seriousness of climate change. These results suggest that further changes in climatic conditions are unlikely to produce noticeable shifts in Americans’ climate change perceptions.     

湖南气候对全球气候变化的响应

利用湖南省96个台站1960—2010年逐日气象观测资料,在进行均一性检验和订正的基础上对湖南省气候变化事实进行检测分析。结果表明:湖南气候与全球气候变化一致,呈现以变暖为主要特征的变化,且变暖存在季节、地域上的差异,冬、春、秋气温变暖趋势显著,增暖幅度最大的区域在湘北地区;对气候变暖响应敏感的要素主要是与平均气温、冬季气温相关密切的要素,如季平均气温、年平均最低气温、活动积温等;湖南气温在突变时间上具有较好的时间逻辑关系;湖南降水量无显著趋势变化,但极端降水增加,地域性差异明显,湖南东部地区降水量呈现明显增加趋势,日降水量大于等于100 mm的日数呈显著增加趋势;湖南日照时数、风速、相对湿度均呈现显著减少的变化趋势。     

Perceptions of climate and climate change by Amazonian communities

The Amazon region has been undergoing profound transformations since the late ‘70s through forest degradation, land use changes and effects of global climate change. The perception of such changes by local communities is important for risk analysis and for subsequent societal decision making. In this study, we compare and contrast observations and perceptions of climate change by selected Amazonian communities particularly vulnerable to alterations in precipitation regimes. Two main points were analysed: (i) the notion of changes in the annual climate cycle and (ii) the notion of changes in rainfall patterns. About 72% of the sampled population reports perceptions of climate changes, and there is a robust signal of increased perception with age. Other possible predictive parameters such as gender, fishing frequency and changes in/planning of economic activities do not appear overall as contributing to perceptions. The communities’ perceptions of the changes in 2013–2014 were then compared to earlier results (2007–2008), providing an unprecedented cohort study of the same sites. Results show that climate change perceptions and measured rainfall variations differ across the basin. It was only in the southern part of the Amazon that both measured and perceived changes in rainfall patterns were consistent with decreased precipitation. However, the perception of a changing climate became more widespread and frequently mentioned, signalling an increase in awareness of climate risk.     

BCC_CSM气候系统模式移植优化及其气候模拟验证

为了提高BCC_CSM气候系统模式运行效率,保障业务科研工作的顺利开展,进行BCC_CSM气候系统模式在IBM高性能计算系统的移植工作;通过性能优化使BCC_CSM模式运行效率显著提高,通过气候要素形势场分布和相对误差量化指标对BCC_CSM气候系统模式模拟性能进行验证。结果表明：移植优化后,BCC_CSM气候系统模式计算效率提高为原来的1.4倍;基于CMIP5 piControl试验,完成531-540年10 a的气候模拟,年平均地表气温形势场分布合理,相对误差小于0.5%,BCC_CSM气候系统模式计算和模拟性能均能满足应用需求。     

IPCC AR6报告解读：短寿命气候强迫因子的气候及环境效应

影响气候变化的大气成分,依据其在大气中存留的时间,分为长寿命的温室气体和短寿命的气候强迫因子（SLCFs)。考虑到SLCFs在气候变化和大气环境中的重要作用,IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）首次有了专门针对SLCFs的章节（第六章)。本文解读IPCC报告关于SLCFs的主要结论,特别强调AR5以来的最新结论,包括：SLCFs的定义、SLCFs排放和大气含量的变化特征及其对辐射强迫和全球气候的影响、不同共享社会经济路径（SSP）情景下SLCFs对未来气候变化和空气质量可能的影响,以及COVID-19疫情期间减排对气候变化的影响。文末也讨论了结论的不确定性以及结论对我国的启示。     

Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change

The atmospheric and ocean environment has changed from human activities in ways that affect storms and extreme climate events. The main way climate change is perceived is through changes in extremes because those are outside the bounds of previous weather. The average anthropogenic climate change effect is not negligible, but nor is it large, although a small shift in the mean can lead to very large percentage changes in extremes. Anthropogenic global warming inherently has decadal time scales and can be readily masked by natural variability on short time scales. To the extent that interactions are linear, even places that feature below normal temperatures are still warmer than they otherwise would be. It is when natural variability and climate change develop in the same direction that records get broken. For instance, the rapid transition from El Ni?o prior to May 2010 to La Ni?a by July 2010 along with global warming contributed to the record high sea surface temperatures in the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans and in close proximity to places where record flooding subsequently occurred. A commentary is provided on recent climate extremes. The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be.     

Present climate and climate change over North America as simulated by the fifth-generation Canadian regional climate model

The fifth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5) was used to dynamically downscale two Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM) simulations of the transient climate change for the period 1950–2100, over North America, following the CORDEX protocol. The CRCM5 was driven by data from the CanESM2 and MPI-ESM-LR CGCM simulations, based on the historical (1850–2005) and future (2006–2100) RCP4.5 radiative forcing scenario. The results show that the CRCM5 simulations reproduce relatively well the current-climate North American regional climatic features, such as the temperature and precipitation multiannual means, annual cycles and temporal variability at daily scale. A cold bias was noted during the winter season over western and southern portions of the continent. CRCM5-simulated precipitation accumulations at daily temporal scale are much more realistic when compared with its driving CGCM simulations, especially in summer when small-scale driven convective precipitation has a large contribution over land. The CRCM5 climate projections imply a general warming over the continent in the 21st century, especially over the northern regions in winter. The winter warming is mostly contributed by the lower percentiles of daily temperatures, implying a reduction in the frequency and intensity of cold waves. A precipitation decrease is projected over Central America and an increase over the rest of the continent. For the average precipitation change in summer however there is little consensus between the simulations. Some of these differences can be attributed to the uncertainties in CGCM-projected changes in the position and strength of the Pacific Ocean subtropical high pressure.     

Violins and climate

Summary This paper explores the possibility of using ring-width measurements derived from string instruments as a potential source of palaeoclimate information. From a data-base of 1800 measured series, we have identified two sub-sets that compare well with living high elevation spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) chronologies from the Bavarian Forest and Austrian Alps. The problems of using historical tree-ring data for dendroclimatic purposes are addressed and by combining the living and historic ring-width data from these two regions, a preliminary proxy of past June/July mean temperatures is developed. This proxy summer temperature record shows striking similarities with a tree-ring based temperature reconstruction for the Central Eastern Alps, the CLIMHIST June/July temperature record from Switzerland and glacial records from the Austrian Alps. This explorative study demonstrates that ring-width series from string instruments may allow the identification of generalised source regions of wood used for instrument making and, most importantly, provide a new unique source for palaeoclimate information at a variety of both temporal and spatial scales for high elevations in central Europe.